mokhtar jafari

Drought, as one of the major natural hazards, affects the environment, society, agriculture and economy. Several indices have been developed for drought quantification based on ground data and remote sensing. Traditional drought quantification methods are based on meteorological data and conventional criteria and are usually not available in near real- time. On the other hand, data based on remote sensing are continuously available and can be used to detect several aspects and characteristics of drought. The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare different indices derived from remote sensing and meteorological data for local scale drought monitoring (eastern part of Kurdistan Province).

Seven drought indices were compared, including Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Vegetation Drought Index (VDI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), Vegetation Supply Water Index (VSWI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Remote sensing indicators are derived from MODIS data. The meteorological index SPI is obtained by combining the data of rain gauge stations and gridded precipitation data. The digital maps of the seven drought indicators have been prepared for the period of 2002-2021 with the same time interval (16-days). To analyze the characteristics of each drought index, a comparative method including the selection of specific periods of drought and spatial drought identification characteristics has been used. The comparison of drought indicators was done May, which is the growing season. Finally, Pearson's correlation analysis was used to evaluate the behavioral similarity of the indicators.

The spatial comparative analysis between the drought indicators showed that all the indicators had certain adaptations in the distribution of the regional scale of drought, especially those derived from similar data sets. Meanwhile, the difference in local scale distribution was found among different groups of indicators. The results showed that the general trend of the VSWI had a better compliance with the standardized precipitation index. Based on the correlation analysis, it was proved that the VSWI  can be a better reflection of the amount of rainfall and the severity of drought due to the lack of rainfall. In addition, the land surface temperature (LST) contributes more to the VSWI results than the reflectance information. A two-period (32-day) delay of the indicators indicating the state of vegetation is a good indicator of the meteorological drought conditions in the study area. The absence and lack of rainfall in at least five periods (80 days) earlier can had a serious effect on the state of vegetation in the existing conditions. Plain and mountainside areas located in the central, eastern and south-eastern parts of the study area were more sensitive to drought conditions than other parts due to the dominance of grain farming, especially rainfed farming.

While remote sensing drought indicators have many advantages in the analysis of drought in real-time, meteorological drought indicators are still the priority for drought monitoring. This is due to the dependence of hydrological and agricultural systems on meteorological conditions. Mainly, these hydrological and agricultural systems in different regions respond to meteorological fluctuations with different time delays. Understanding these complex relationships between meteorological, hydrological and agricultural systems can be useful in early preparation programs against drought and its management.

Introduction:

 Entrepreneurship as an issue is considered by different approaches and perspectives. This topic as a tool to achieve prosperity and ultimately development, it has shifted from investing and providing infrastructure to motivating (providing psychological conditions); what is called empowerment. Empowerment has different dimensions and approaches and one of them is psychological empowerment. What is reviewed here is the role of news in promoting the entrepreneurial intention of semi-nomads.

The purpose of this study is to determine the function of news in promoting entrepreneurship in Sarvabad County.

The present quantitative research, which was conducted by survey method, seeks to investigate the effectiveness of news as a tool to promote intention to entrepreneurship. This survey was accompanied by referring to the relevant theoretical literature to extract influential variables and indicators and use questionnaires as research tools. Finally, the data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS software and used Friedman test, one-sample t-test and Pearson correlation.Geographical area of research Geographical area of the study: The geographical area of this study is the residents of the villages of Horaman Takht district, Sarvabad city in Kurdistan province, who have a semi-nomadic life.

The research findings indicate that the use of news as part of the daily program in the area is in good condition.

According to the results of Pearson test, there is a significant relationship between entrepreneurial intention and news and a positive (direct) correlation, and it can be acknowledged that with increasing hours of semi-nomads use of news, the motivation to work in the area increases.

The purpose of this paper is the criticism of social semiotics in film analysis. Social semiotics which is based on Holliday votes abandoned the contractual relationship between signifier and signified and considers it as constitutive of social relations. Among those who have applied the visual analysis of social semiotics are Kress and Van Leeuwen. Therefore, this article answers the question which are the capabilities and limitations of the social semiotics in film analysis considering their method in film analysis? To provide the method, library resources were used and semiotic analysis was conducted as an example of a scene from the series “Song of Territory ". Finally, study after the expression of different views on the method has concluded that the use of semiotic resources instead of signs, the possibility of analyzing multimodal texts, and critical view are the strengths and being descriptive, laborious and cultural constraints of the method are weaknesses of this approach.

This paper proposes a new notion for power. The Rarest power sources that can be hidden behind political messages. There are different puzzles of power in terms of political actors. In the unsorted Rubik of power the representative sides are Showed as individuals or organizations that have the power arrangement. The Rubik levels from the perspective of this research are: 1. Government offices and security forces and Army troops 2. 3. Lay out of the subsidiary organizations and the judiciary, including Justice and Attorney 4. Parliament as a representative of the Supreme Leader Amamjmh 5. 6. 7. governors as torque or driven Rubik's people. Therefore, this study answers the question that political connections cast as power levels, how ideas form the Rubik's Cube? on another level where it is and complicated equations. Distinguishing feature of this idea for the space and power of adding depth to its communication, rotation level homes as assets and trade-offs between power levels in line asked.

The purpose of this article is to address the communication discourse of Iranian historical – religious TV series based on the decoding of Sunnis and it is determined to analyze the discourse of the most important historical – religious TV series of IRIB directed by Davoud Mirbagheri from the perspective of Sunnis. Through realizing rights of religious minorities of religious TV programs it addresses the two fundamental principles of "unity" and "export of revolution discourse" consistent with "national interest" and adherence to the Constitution. This article aims to answer the question: what are the consequences of non-compliance with these two principles in the production and distribution of historical – religious TV series contents? The methodology of this study is text and hypertext discourse analysis that in the conclusion using inductive scenario building models, it summarizes and provides solution. Case studies of the present study include three works directed by Davoud Mirbagheri i.e. Imam Ali, Ray passenger and Mokhtarnameh historical – religious TV series. The applied theories in the research include use and gratification approach and encoding-decoding model by Stuart Hall. Results of this study support the notion that these series are produced by textual and hyper textual decoding, unhappiness, the absence of media and audience’s self-censorship and thus isolation, negotiation and conflict. Therefore, with emphasis on national identity, development of the series of characters and historical periods agreed by Shiite and Sunnis and developing religious series regardless of denomination and adherence to ethical principles, it is possible take steps to avoid problems.