فهرست مطالب morteza eshraghi nejad

The highest concentration of protein is found in plant-based sources, whereas animal protein production tends to be more challenging and costly compared to plant-derived proteins. Within plant sources, legumes emerge as a primary reservoir of protein. A notable proportion of protein compounds within legumes boast relatively high nutritional value. The amount of protein in most plants of the legume family, including beans, is reported between 18 and 32%. guar or cluster bean (Cyampsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an annual plant from the legume family, which is cultivated in dry plains as an alternative crop due to its high tolerance to drought and salt conditions. This plant, like most legumes, is important in the balance of soil mineral elements in agricultural systems due to its ability to symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Planting date and optimal plant density are two effective factors to achieve the potential performance of plants. Considering the importance of guar as an edible, industrial, fodder and medicinal product, it seems necessary to conduct research on the growth response of this plant to management factors, especially the date and density of plant planting. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of planting date and row spacing on guar plant as an alternative plant for the climatic conditions of southern Kerman and other similar climates, in order to achieve the highest yield and grain quality.
 

The experiment was carried out as split plots based on the completely randomized blocks design with three replications in the research farm of South Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Jiroft) in two years 2018-2019. Jiroft region has a latitude of 57 degrees and 32 minutes north and a longitude of 28 minutes and 32 degrees east and is located at an altitude of 628 meters above sea level. The experimental treatments include planting date as the main factor in six levels (10 and 25 May, 9 and 24 June, 9 and 24 July) and seed planting intervals as secondary factors in four levels (20, 30, 40 and 50 cm).
 

The results showed that the maximum dry weight of leaves and stems, the number of leaves in the secondary stem, the height of the plant and the length of the pod were observed on the date of 24 June and the row spacing was 50 cm, and in all planting dates, increasing the row spacing led to an increase in the mentioned traits. The comparative analysis of average planting dates reveals that the highest metrics were achieved on June 9th. This includes a 43% increase in the number of pods per plant, a 23% increase in the number of grains per pod, a 66% increase in biological yield, a 45% increase in grain yield, and an 18% increase in harvest index. The highest leaf surface index (15%) and number of leaves in the main stem (91%) was observed on the 24 June. In general, with the delay in planting after early June (9 June) to late June (24 June), the yield and yield components of guar gradually decreased and reached the lowest value. The results comparing the mean effect of row spacing showed the highest number of pod per plant and seeds per pod at 50 cm row spacing, but the highest grain yield was obtained at 30 and 40 cm row spacing.
 

In general, among the planting dates, guar planting in June to early July in Jiroft region is the best planting date. While, early planting (May) and late planting (late July) were not favorable for guar and led to a decrease in plant yield. Therefore, in order to obtain the best yield and agronomic characteristics of guar plant in the south of Kerman province and similar conditions, it is recommended to cultivate this plant from early June to early July and at a row distance of 30 to 40 cm, because in the mentioned dates and row spacing, the plant makes the best use of environmental factors and with the reduction of competition between the plants, its performance and components increase Because.

Maize is an important crop that is cultivated in many parts of the world. The evaluation of genotypes in breeding programs often faces two important challenges, the genotype × environment interaction effect for the target trait and unfavorable relationships between the target traits. Even though many methods have been offered for stability analysis, especially graphical tools and their relatively good efficiency in interpreting the results, it seems that the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) method estimates the means with high accuracy, especially in mixed models, in multi-environmental trails (MET). Therefore, the stability index of weighted average absolute scores (WAASB), which is estimated from the integration of the two stability methods of additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and best linear unbiased predictions, can be used in METs to estimate more accurately the stability of genotypes. Maize breeding programs prioritize high grain yields and earliness as important traits. The multi-trait stability index (MTSI) is a valuable tool for the simultaneous selection of multiple traits. It is estimated based on the average performance and simultaneous stability of genotypes in different traits and environments. Therefore, the current research aimed to identify stable and high grain yield maize hybrids along with the optimal level of grain moisture percentage at harvest time and days to physiological maturity using the integration of AMMI and BLUP methods with WAASB, WAASBY, and MTSI indices.

This study involved the evaluation of seven promising maize hybrids along with four commercial check varieties, including SC647, TWC647, SC704, and SC715, in maize METs based on a randomized complete block design with four replications across 10 regions (Karaj, Moghan, Shiraz, Kermanshah, Kerman, Mashhad, Dezful, Miyandoab, Jiroft, and Mazandaran) during two cropping seasons of 2019-2020. The recorded traits were grain yield adjusted at 14% moisture content, grain moisture percentage at harvest time, and days to physiological maturity. The WAASB was used to estimate genotypic stability for each genotype. It was computed from the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the matrix of best linear unbiased predictions of genotype vs. environment interaction effects generated by a linear mixed-effect model. The WAASBY index for simultaneous selection based on grain yield (Y) and stability (WAASB) was  estimated by assigning different weights to grain yield and stability. The simultaneous selection for grain yield and stability based on several traits was conducted using the scores obtained from an exploratory factor analysis (MTSI).

Based on the grain yield across 10 environments over two years, promising hybrid NO. 3 had the highest grain yield with 12.80 tons per hectare. According to the likelihood ratio test (LRT), the genotype-by-environment interaction was significant for the traits of grain yield, grain moisture percent at harvest time, and the days to physiological maturity. Therefore, BLUP analysis can be performed on these data due to the significant genotype by environment interaction. The BLUPs performed for hybrids were followed by stability analysis using the AMMI method on these BLUPs. The results indicated that the first and second components justified 27.7% and 24.6% of the hybrid by environment interaction variances, respectively. The highest predicted grain yield by the BLUP method belonged to hybrids No. 3, 2, 4, and 1, with higher than average predicted grain yields. Based on the biplot for the first principal component of the environments against the nominal grain yield, hybrids 2, 6, 3, and 1, having the lowest scores of the first principal component (coefficient b or line slope), had a negligible contribution to the hybrid by environment interaction and were distinguished stable. To enable simultaneous selection based on both grain yield and stability, the WAASBY index was estimated by integrating grain yield (Y) and the WAASB stability index. Considering the 50% contribution of each of the two grain yield and yield stability components, five hybrids (1, 2, 3, 6, and 4) showed above-average WAASBY. Among these, hybrids 1, 2, and 3 had significantly higher WAASBY than the other hybrids. All four control cultivars SC647, TWC647, SC704, and SC715 had lower-than-average WAASBY. Based on the MTSI, hybrid 3 was selected as the best hybrid. In addition, the estimated variance components by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) for grain yield indicated that 75.72% and 7.57% of the phenotypic variance were explained by the environment and GEI variances, respectively, whereas the contribution of residual variance to the phenotypic variance was 16.77%.

Based on the results, hybrid 3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17) was identified as a high-yielding hybrid, which can be introduced to farmers as a new superior maize hybrid. It seems that the use of the ratio of the WAASB stability index to grain yield (WAASB/Y) and the selection of superior genotypes based on the MTSI could identify hybrids with high grain yields, stability, and desirable levels of important agronomic traits.

Abiotic stress from drought inhibits plant growth and decreases yields. Salicylic acid (SA) is classified as a compound that effectively reduces crop susceptibility and environmental stress by mitigating the harmful effects of many stressors. Numerous levels of SA protect several plant species from environmental stresses by initiating different processes involved in the stress tolerance mechanism. Fruit productivity and quality under dry stress conditions were examined by evaluating the effects of the application mode and various concentrations of SA. The split factorial experiment based on a completely randomized block design with four replicates in the Jiroft University Research Greenhouse was carried out. In this study, drought stress is the main factor at three levels (control, moderate and severe stress). Factorial treatment included interaction at two levels of (SA application method as foliar spray and soil drench) and (SA concentration include control, 1 and 1.5 mM SA). The results showed that relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage, titratable acidity (TA), average fruit weight, fruit yield, and the number of fruits per plant were affected by the interaction of drought stress, SA concentration and consumption method. Strawberry fruit production per plant was highest with 315.20 g from non-stress treatment with 1.5 mMof SA. Under severe drought stress, the maximum fruit production per plant of 201.80 g with 1.5 mM of SA was obtained, which increased the strawberry fruit productivity with an ascending concentration of SA. In strawberry plants, drought stress manifests in elevated levels of antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in the leaves. Interestingly, moderate and high drought stress led to improvements in certain fruit quality indices such as vitamin C content, compared to those not subjected to stress. Another significant finding was that the application of SA increased the activities of CAT and POD enzymes, while also elevating the concentrations of chlorophyll and proline considerably. Finally, it is recommended to use 1.5 mM of SA as a foliar spray under drought stress conditions on greenhouse strawberries.

In order to evaluate the tolerance to water deficit stress in bread wheat genotypes, 144 genotypes in square lattice with two replications and in two modes of supplementary and water deficit irrigation were evaluated in the rainfed research station of Zanjan Agricultural Research Center during the 2016-2017 crop year. Based on grain yield under supplementary and water deficit irrigation conditions, different stress tolerance indices were measured. The results of analysis of variance showed the existence of genetic diversity between the studied genotypes based on water stress tolerance indices. Comparison of mean genotypes in terms of yield in supplementary and water deficit irrigation conditions showed that 82, 101, 116, 13, 86, 131 and 65 have the highest yield in both environmental conditions. Based on STI, MP, GMP and HM indices, G88 and based on TOL, SSI and YSI indices, G41 genotype were identified as tolerant genotypes. Apart from SSI and YSI indices, other studied indices had a significant correlation with environmental performance and therefore can be used effectively to select cultivars tolerant to drought stress. Using bi-plot diagrams obtained from analysis to the main components, genotype tolerance indices were divided into two separate groups. The genotypes identified by STI, MP, GMP and HM indices were grouped and the genotypes identified by TOL, SSI and YSI indices were placed in a separate group. The genotypes identified in this study can be used in future breeding programs of bread wheat to tolerate water deficit stress in the region.

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in crop production, but its efficiency in urea fertilizer is low, especially in paddy fields. Nitrogen yield can be increased by reducing the dissolution of urea in the soil. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of polymer-coated urea fertilizer on growth and yield of rice cv.Tarom Hashemi. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations. Experimental treatments included T0: control, T1: two splits of ordinary urea (OU), T2: coated urea (CU), T3: OU (30%)+CU (70%)(use after transplanting) and T4: OU (30%)+CU (70%). CU was used at the time of transplanting and OU at heading. The results showed that the location effect was significant only on tiller number and head number/heap. However, the type of urea fertilizer and application method significantly affected tiller number, head number, plant height, grain number, straw yield, grain yield, Harvest Index, and N recovery. Average of the maximum numbers of tillers (24.5) and heads (20.33) in T3 treatment in the two sites showed, respectively, 52% and 47.5% increase compared to the control treatment. Average grain yields in T3 treatment in the two fields were 43.1%, 17%, 18.1%, and 18.1% higher than, respectively, the control treatments, T1, T2, and T4. For Tarom Hashemi cultivar, while application of polymer CU mixed with OU was effective in increasing nitrogen recycling and reducing its losses in both places, the effectiveness of this treatment in the field with loamy sand soil was more. Therefore, this can be the most appropriate method of fertilizer application in these soils.

Most of the Produced fodder in Iran is provided by alfalfa and corn. These two forage products have a relatively high water requirement. Among cereal forage plants, sorghum is a great plant due to its high production capacity, adaptation to different climatic conditions and different uses. Iran, with an average rainfall of 240 mm per year, is classified as arid and semi-arid regions. One of the most fundamental issues of the country is water and irrigation. Food security concerns are a major threat due to climate change and water scarcity, hence replacing plants with high water use efficiency is essential. this experiment was carried out for 1(investigate the possibility of cultivating sorghum as a substitute for common forage plants in drought stress conditions in the south of Kerman province and 2) also to determine the most suitable sorghum cultivar under the different Irrigation levels in terms of forage characteristics in Jiroft region.

In order to identify the most suitable cultivar resistant to drought sorghum, an experiment was carried out as strip plot design based on randomized completely block design with three replications in 2019-2020. Vertical plots were drought stress levels (irrigation after 90, 130, 180 and 220 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan). Horizontal factors were sorghum genotypes (Speedfeed, Pegah, KFKFS18 and KFKFS2. Each experimental plot consisted of four planting lines. Plant density was 220,000 plants per hectare. The planting date was April 17th. The first irrigation was done after measuring soil moisture and calculating moisture deficiency. Irrigation was done uniformly every 5-7 days until the 4-leaf stage. The time of application of stress was after 4 to 6 leaf stage and ensuring complete establishment of plants. Early cultivars such as Speedfed were harvested based on the beginning of flowering and late cultivars were harvested based on 150 cm plant height by cutting from 10 to 15 cm above the soil surface. In each row, all plants were harvested from two middle lines of each plot and the fresh weight of leaves and stems was immediately measured. Water use efficiency in kilograms per cubic meter was calculated from the ratio of dry forage yield in kilograms per hectare per water consumption in cubic meters per hectare. Finally, combined analysis of variance of data was performed using SAS statistical software version 9. The means were compared using the LSD test at the level of 5% probability.

Combined analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of irrigation regimes and cultivars was significant on fresh forage yield, leaf and stem fresh and dry weight, plant height and leaf area. Mean comparison of simple effects were studied only for dry forage yield and water use efficiency. The results showed that Speedfeed cultivar had the highest fresh forage yield (298.42 tons.ha-1) at the 90 mm level irrigation. Lowest forage yield (142.49 tons.ha-1) resulted from the combination of KFS18 and irrigation after 220 mm evaporation. Highest dry forage yield was obtained at 90 mm irrigation level (46.22 tons.ha-1). Lowest dry forage yield (39.70 tons.ha-1) was related to the irrigation after 220 mm evaporation from the surface of evaporation pan. Speedfeed and KFS18 had the highest and lowest dry forage yield (41.69 and 31.17 tons.ha-1), respectively. The highest and lowest water use efficiency were related to Speedfed and KFS18 (4.08 and 3.68 Kg.m-3), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between 90 mm (4.76 Kg.m-3) and 220 mm (4.49 Kg.m-3) levels of irrigation.

According to the results of the experiment, speedfeed cultivar with irrigation after 130 mm evaporation from the surface of evaporation pan can be suggested for forage production in southern Kerman province.

In order to determine the most appropriate planting distance and cultivar and also to find the most effective traits in watermelon yield at different planting densities, this study was conducted as split plots in three replications for two cropping years 2016-2017 in Jiroft. Plant spacing (40, 50, 60 and 70 cm) and four watermelon cultivars (Patangra, Favorite, CrimsonPS and CrimsonG-53 were divided into main and sub-plots, respectively. There was a significant effect on the studied traits except the thickness of the fruit skin, so that the number of fruits and yield decreased significantly with increasing plant distance on the planting line; The highest values of these traits were 0.99 and 23.82 tons.hectare-1 at a distance of 40 cm, respectively. But the quality and appearance of the fruit at a distance of 70 cm had its highest value. Increasing the culture distance from 40 to 70 cm increased the amount of soluble solids by 12%. The studied cultivars were significantly different in all traits except Brix. CrimsonPS and CrimsonG cultivars had the highest yields during the two years of testing at 22.50 and 20.76 tons per hectare, respectively. CrimsonPS cultivar was relatively superior to other cultivars in terms of most of the studied traits, and this ultimately led to the highest yield per unit area. Path analysis showed that in different cultivation densities, fruit number and single fruit weight had the greatest effect on fruit yield; These two traits were selected as the most important traits in determining fruit yield.

To investigate the effect of different planting row ratios of parental lines and agronomic methods on synchronizing of flowering and seed production of SCK703 hybrid maize, a field experiment was carried out as a strip plot arranegemnts in randomized complete block design with three replications in southern Kerman agricukltural and natural rseraech and education center, Jiroft, Iran, in 2015 growing season. In this experiment, vertical factor included maternal:parental row ratios at three levels (4:1, 4:2 and 6:2) and horizontal factor (agronomic techniques) at four levels included: 1. different sowing dates; the first paternal line sown when the maternal’s radicle reached two centimeters and the second paternal line when 50% emergence of maternal line . 2. different sowing depth; sowing depth for the first and second paternal lines were 6 and 8 centimeter, respectively. Maternal line’s sowing depth was 4 centimeter in all treatments 3. seed hydro-priming of maternal line and 4. seed hydro-priming + 10% additional nitrogen. The effect of different planting row ratios of parental lines was significant on seed yield, however the effect of agronomic techniques applied for synchronizing of flowering was not significant. Grain yield was significantly affected by the interaction of planting row ratios × agronomic techniques. The highest seed yield (3620 kg.ha-1) was obtained from 4:2 parental planting row ratios and hydro-priming + 10% additional nitrogen. This package of treatment was not significantly different from the package of treatments of planting row ratio (4:2) and different sowing date and sowing depth with seed yield of 3590 and 3450 kg.ha-1, respectively. Therefore, for easier caliberation of seed sowing machine, it is more practical to sow the first paternal line in six centimeter depth and the second paternal line in 8 cenetmeter depth (the maternal line sowing depth would be four centimeter in all treatments). The maternal:parental planting row ratio of 4:2 is suitable for Jiroft regions in Iran.