moslem heydari

Seed priming is the simplest and the best method to increase seed germination speed.

To address this, in a study aimed at the effect of priming of different barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars on various germination characteristics, in the form of a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan province in 2022. Treatments including priming of seeds with fertilizers 1. Biozar, 2. Seafull amino zinc, 3. Sabzine, 4. Royesh, 5. Ecobooster, and 6. control (no fertilizer application), and different barley cultivars including Jolgeh, Bahman, Azaran, Abidar, Ghaflan, and Sahand.

The results indicated a significant effect of seed priming on the evaluated characteristics compared to the control treatment. The highest enzyme activities of catalase (0.117 Unit/ml) and peroxidase (85.08 Unit/ml) were obtained in seedlings obtained from seeds priming with Seafull amino zinc, which were 72 and 33% more than control treatments, respectively. The highest seedling vigor index was related to the seeds priming with seafull amino zinc fertilizer (26.55), which was significantly higher than the control treatment (22.84) and other treatments. Also, the germination percentage of seeds priming with seafull amino zinc fertilizer was significantly higher (3.5%) than the control.

Considering that seed priming is a cost-effective and easy method and at the same time it is simple and does not require complex technical knowledge, it can be easily implemented by farmers. Therefore, this method is recommended to improve germination, seedling growth, and the quality and strength of barley seeds.

Germination is one of the most critical, sensitive, and main phenological stages in the life cycle of a plant and a key process in plant growth. To investigate the effects of seed priming on different germination characteristics of different wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment is conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan Province in 2022. The treatments include priming of seeds with fertilizers 1. Biozar, 2. Seafull amino zinc, 3. Sabzine, 4. Royesh, 5. Ecobooster, and 6. Control (no fertilizer application) and different wheat cultivars include Pishgam, Zarineh, Heydari, Sadra, Hashtrood, and Baran. The results show that seed priming have increased the coleoptile length, root and stem length, root and stem weight, percentage, speed of germination, vigor index, and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes in wheat seedlings in comparison with the control. The highest enzyme activities of catalase (0.129 Unit/ml) and peroxidase (88.58 Unit/ml) are obtained in seedlings obtained from seeds priming with Seafull amino zinc, being 65.8% and 32% more than the control, respectively. Considering that seed priming is a simple and cost-effective method and at the same time it is simple and does not require complex technical knowledge, it can be easily implemented by farmers. Therefore, this method is recommended to improve germination and seedling growth and increase the quality and strength of wheat seeds.

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has caused contamination of soil as well as surface and groundwater resources. For this purpose, an experiment has been conducted to investigate the possibility of reducing surface water pollution with nitrate and also the effect of nitrogen on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of beans as a factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in Hamadan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center between 2013 and 2014. The first factor includes four types of nitrogen fertilizers, X1 (zeolite - EN), X2 (zeolite - AcAcEN), X3 (zeolite - HED), X4 (urea fertilizer), and X0 (control sample - no fertilizer use) and the second one involves two bean species, namely red beans (Phaseolus vulgarize L.) of Derakhshan cultivar and genotype 29005 of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). Applying functionalized zeolite nanofertilizers reduces nitrate leaching from the experimental units (pots). Meanwhile, zeolite X3 fertilizer is capable of reducing nitrate leaching by 48% in comparison with urea fertilizer. The amount of soil nitrogen in pots, containing X3 fertilizer, is 0.115 ppm and, compared to the urea fertilizer treatment, it improves this element’s maintenance in the soil by 30%. Accordingly, X3 fertilizer increases chlorophyll, protein, and grain yield by 44%, 64%, and 56%, respectively, in comparison with the control. In general, the application of functionalized nano zeolites has a beneficial role in reducing nitrate leaching and improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of bean plants.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on growth indices of maize (Zea mays L.) in lead-contaminated soils, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the greenhouse of soil science department at Zanjan University in 2015. Factor I included: soil contamination levels of lead (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg soil) and Factor ΙΙ, No inoculation (C), inoculation with soluble bacteria, Phosphate (Pseudomonas putida) (P), inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae (M), inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae + phosphate solubilizing bacterium (M + P), inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices mycorrhizal (I), inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus intraradices + phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (I + P).  The measured parameters were leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, lead of shoot and root, Copper and Iron of root and shoot. Inoculation of soil with mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria improved plant growth and yield indices in the absence of lead. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae + phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (I + P) increased leaf chlorophyll index 11.65% compared to the no-inoculation treatment (control). Also, biofertilizers were able to increase the amount of absorbed lead in the plant root compared to the control treatment by 61.9%. In other words, they are able to retain the absorbed lead from the soil by plant root. According to the obtained results at the critical concentration of lead (400 mg/kg soil), biofertilizers could not have a beneficial and increasing effect on chlorophyll index and plant height. However, at lower concentrations of Pb, biofertilizers can decrease the harmful and adverse effects of these heavy metals on shoot and root of plant.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on growth characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) in lead contaminated soils, a experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University in 2015, Factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD) in 3 Replication. The treatments included soil contamination levels of lead (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg / kg soil), and inoculation with different bio-fertilizers was including phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Glomus museae mycorrhiza and the Glomus Intardis mycorrhiza. The measured factors included: leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, and phosphorus and potassium of root and shoot. The results indicated that application of bio-fertilizers significantly increased leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, potassium, phosphorus, and weight of root and shoot significantly compared to control treatment. Glomus fungus and + solubilizing bacteria (M + P) improved the leaf chlorophyll content and plant height by 11.93% and 21.89%, respectively. With increasing levels of soil contamination to lead, leaf chlorophyll index significantly decreased. In general, the results showed that soil inoculation with biological fertilizers can be reduce the harmful effects of lead in plant growth.

In order to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizers on contamination rate of plants to heavy metals, a factorial experiment based on completly randomized design with three replications was carried out in greenhouse of soil science department at agriculture faculty of Zanjan University in 2015. The proposed treatments were: contamination levels of soil to cadmium (0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg of cadmium per Kg of soil) and inoculation with bio-fertilizers including; phosphate solubilizing bacteria Pseudomonas putida, mycorhiza fungi Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices. The measured factors were leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, shoot and root fresh and dry weight, phosphorus and potassium of shoot and root and cadmium concentration in plant. The results indicated that the use of bio-fertilizers increased the leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, shoot and root fresh and dry weight, phosphorus and potassium of shoot and root significantly as compare to the control. The treatment of Funneliformis mosseae and Pseudomonas putida (M+P) could improve leaf chlorophyll index and plant height by 11.93 and 21.89 % in comparing whit control respectively. The chlorophyll index was significantly decreased by increasing cadmium levels in the soil. Simultaneous application of Funneliformis mosseae and Pseudomonas putida (M+P) and cadmium increased the shoot and root dry weight by 6 and 7 % as compared to treatment of 100 mg cadmium per Kg of soil. Totally, the results indicated that the inoculation of soil whit bio-fertilizers could reduce the harmful effects of cadmium on plants growth and yield.

Increasing temperature, decreasing rainfall, soil salinity, a severe decline in groundwater aquifers, prolonged droughts, revising the crop cultivation pattern, and replacing products that are compatible with the current conditions have become inevitable. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to locate areas susceptible to cultivating saffron and taking into account the ecological needs of this product. In this regard, based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis method in the ARC/GIS10.3 software environment, modeling was performed and then the information was spatially analyzed. The parameters and data used included earth and soil data and climatic data with the duration of a 30-year common statistical period (1985-1015) were collected from synoptic and climatological stations in different regions of Hamedan province. Then, based on the importance of each parameter, using the AHP model, the weight of the criteria was measured at the study area level. For spatial analysis, the information was entered into the Expert Choice Software, and clustering, criterion evaluation, and data integration were performed and finally, the final layer was produced.The results showed that 56.56% of the land in Hamedan Province was used for saffron cultivation in perfectly suitable and suitable classes, 27.7% was in relatively suitable conditions, and 15.69% was in unsuitable classes. Plains suitable for planting saffron included Kaboudar Ahang, Hamedan, and part of Razan. And Asadabad, Tuyserkan, and parts of Malayer and Nahavand were in inappropriate classes. According to the final map, as we move from the south, southwest, and southeast to the north of the province, the potential of the regions for saffron cultivation will increase and this situation will continue until the cultivation of this crop is more justifiable due to ecological factors

Over the past few decades, several models such as the LP model have been used for watershed management and planning as well as determining optimal cultivation patterns for agricultural planning. Management and planning methods are the most important applied management tools for optimal allocating of environmental resources, in order to gain the most profits in the different fields including natural resources, water resources and etc. The purpose of this study was to develop an optimal land use model with an environmental approach using a combined linear programming mathematical optimization method to determine the optimal land use area through spatial optimization of multi-objective land allocation to determine the best location of land uses. In this study, by using optimization methods, we tried to produce an environmental model which is compatible with the social and economic conditions of the watershed for determining the better use, conservation and rehabilitation of existent natural resources. For this purpose, a single objective linear programming model with an environmental approach was used for land use optimization and a multi-objective optimization model for optimal allocation of resources. After collecting and analyzing the data and entering them into the single-objective optimization model of linear programming, a mathematical model was first developed that determines the optimal area of land uses in the basin and then, using the spatial optimization model for multi-objective land allocation, the optimal land uses location was determined. The proposed combined model is an efficient one because it can simultaneously determine the optimized area and location of land uses. The results showed that the proposed combined model can be the base for correct management of resources and decrease the degree of soil erosion to nine percent and increase the amount of profit to 96 percent.

In recent years, deferent methods for determination of optimal pattern of using water and soil resources have been applied. Due to importance of natural resources, watershed management through land use modification and correct application of land is necessary. However, single objective linear programming is not an efficient method in this matter. In this study, multi objective method of goal programming was applied and optimal models of land use were proposed in Chelgerd watershed. Suggestive procedure is based on optimum area determination in various land uses including, dry farming, rangeland, irrigated agriculture, gardens and forest plantation and also their optimum local position. In current research, two models have been proposed. In this models, maximization of benefit and minimization of soil erosion are in first priority respectively. More over limitations of mentioned models are production resources involving water and land as well as economic and social problems. Results obtained show that proposed method is an efficient method in land use optimization and sustainable area development and can increase benefit to 97% and decrease erosion to 12%, respectively. Also, the results indicated that under optimized condition, the area allocated to dry farming lands will decrease about 33% and the area of rangelands, irrigated agricultures, gardens and forest plantation will increase about 0%, 9%, 906% and 82% in model 1 and the area allocated to dry farming lands will decrease about 54% and the area of rangelands, irrigated agricultures, gardens and forest plantation will increase about 1%, 9%, 906% and 82% in model 2 respectively.

To investigate the effect of nanofertilizers functionalized with two organic compounds in phosphorus releasing and its influence on the growth parameters of bean plant, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design in 3 replications at the Agriculture Research Center of Hamadan. Fertilizer treatments including P0 (zeolite without functional group (control sample)), P1 (zeolite AcAcEN ligand), P2 (zeolite HED ligand) and P3 (triple super phosphate) and also two bean plant types including red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were used. Results showed that in comparison with two other zeolite fertilizers, using nanozeolite functionalized with HED ligand resulted in improving the quantitative and qualitative parameters of bean. Compared with triple super phosphate, P2 fertilizer showed better results in the case of grain yield and plant phosphorus uptake and moreover, phosphorus leaching was lower in this fertilizer. The general results of this report is representative of the useful and effective role of nanozeolite functionalized with HED ligand in improving the growth parameters as well as qualitative and quantitative characteristics of bean plant.

Over the past few decades, several models such as the LP model have been used for managing watersheds and determining optimal cultivation pattern for agricultural planning. Management and planning methods are the most important applied tools of management science for optimal allocating resources in order to gain the most profits in the different fields including natural resources, water resources. In this research, using optimization methods, a single objective fuzzy linear programming model was used to land use optimization and a multi objective optimization model for optimal allocation of resources. The results showed that the proposed combined model can be the base for correct management of resources and decrease the amount of soil erosion to 12 percent.Also, the results indicated that under optimized condition, the area allocated to dry farming lands will decrease about 59% and the area of rangelands, irrigated agricultures, gardens and forest plantation will increase about 1%, 9%, 94% and 229% respectively. It is mentioned that the new produced model is a model which is compatible with social and economic condition of watershed and can apply for better use, conservation and rehabilitation of existent natural resources and can be introduce as model which is on the basis of environmental approach.

To study the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plants and on its growth and yield under drought stress conditions a greenhouse experiment was carried out in split plot using a randomized complete block design at Zabol University green house in 2013. Treatments were three drought stresses: control, mild stress and severe stress (70, 50 and 30% FC) assigned to main plots, and three species of mycorrhizal treatments (Glomus intraradices, G. versiform, G. mosseae and non-inoculation as control) to sub-plots. The effects of drought on all traits under study were significant, and reduced number of leaves per plant, plant height, root length, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll by 15.6, 7.6, 10.7, 2.5 and 8.4 % and increased proline and carbohydrates by 38.6 and 17.7 % as compared with the control. Mycorrhizal treatments did not affect the amount of carbohydrates and proline content significantly. Interaction of mycorrhiza and drought stress was significant on grain yield, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll. Among the mycorrhizal strains G. mosseae affected the traits significantly under drought conditions. The results suggested that mycorrhizal treatments of plants at different drought stresses could improve grain yield of fenugreek and reduce the negative effects of drought by increasing photosynthetic pigments and other quantitative and qualitative traits.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nano-silicon on germination and early growth of native and improved variety of wheat at laboratory research of Zabol University. Experimental design was randomized factorial design with four replications. Factors were different concentrations of nano-silicon (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mM) and different varieties of wheat including Kalak, Afghani and Bolani (native) and Hamoun and Erg (improved).  Nano-silicon application influenced early growth parameters of wheat including root and shoot length, germination percentage, germination rate andseedlingweight. Results indicated that silicon concentration increasing up to 0.2 mM increased studied parameters. Accordingly the greatest seedling length, fresh and dry weight of root and seedlings, vigor index, germinations percentage and germination rate was observed at 0.2 mM silicon.  Interaction of silicon and wheat variety was significant and the greatest influence and the least parameters was achieved at 0.2 mM silicon and Hamoun, and no silicon application and Bolani, respectively. Among wheat variety the greatest and the least parameters was observed in Hamoun and Bolani, respectively. These results suggested that silicon improved germination percentage and evenness of wheat varieties.

One of the natural hazards in mountainous areas, which always cause great losses of life and financial damages, is the avalanche fall. Since, survey the avalanche-prone areas for prevention the probable damages is considerably important, especially when the avalanche paths affect the residential areas or roads. In this research, based on local information, one of the avalanche paths in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province is identified. Then in the field works, all parts of it visited and the geomorphology and land use characteristics investigated. After that, using geographical information system, hypsometry, slope and aspect maps produced. Using these maps and the information obtained from the field works, the avalanche accumulation zone, the avalanche tracks, run-out zone of the avalanche, starting zone of the avalanche and profile of the main track are extracted.

River basin lag time is an important factor in the linear modelling of river basin response. In this study, the modelling of lag time using fuzzy regression is applied. For this purpose, the data for rainfall-runoff events of Khanmirza basin (nine events) were collected and analysed. Following on, events were divided into two groups: one for formulas based on fuzzy regression and another for the validation of these formulas. The results obtained from this study, based on RE and RMSE statistical measures, showed that the efficiency of newly developed formulas based on fuzzy regression methods is higher than for other formulas used for the calculation of time of concentration.

Lag time is a parameter that appears often in theoretical and conceptual models associated with river basin. The river basin lag time is an important factor in linear modeling of river basin response. Generally, all hydrologic analyses require at least one of the time parameters of river basin and, in the majority of cases, time of concentration or lag time are used. In this research, storm data from 6 stations in the North Karoon river basin (in Iran) were analyzed. From this analysis, 23 events were selected. Then, in one experimental sub-basin located in this river basin, the lag time was calculated using field method. In this method, performed in the Darehbeed-Samsami study area, lag time was computed from a hydrograph generated by discharge measurement of a triangular scaled spillway. After that, 23 events were divided into two groups, including, one for a newly developed empirical model (70 percent) and another for validation of this model (30 percent). The results obtained from this research based on coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and relative error (%RE) statistical measures showed that the agreement between the computed(from new empirical model) and measured data is good.