moslem taheri

The Qur'an, serving as the primary source of guidance for Muslims, offers a comprehensive framework that safeguards the rights of mothers and provides counsel on a multitude ​of facets pertaining to the lives of mothers. The 21st principle underscores the government's responsibility to ensure women's rights in accordance with Islamic principles. This includes providing assistance to mothers, particularly during pregnancy and child custody matters, and appointing guardianship of children to deserving mothers as compensation for their envy in the event of Although it was not, it is nonetheless regarded as Shari'i.Consequently, the right to custody is governed by Article 1169 BC, Article 946 BC governs the right to the mother's inheritance, and Article 1107 BC governs the right to the mother's alimony. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the Quranic underpinnings of maternal rights from a social perspective, in accordance with clause 2 of Article 21 of the Constitution. Consequently, the objective of this article is to analyze the Quranic underpinnings of certain societal rights pertaining to mothers, as explicated in the Quran and the Iranian legal system in a thoroughly documented and argued fashion. Through an analysis of the Qur'anic verses in conjunction with Clause 2, Article 21 of the Constitution concerning the social rights of the mother, it was determined that these rights are consistent with the principles outlined in the Quran.

Considering the fundamental role of organizational citizenship behavior and environmental behavior of hospitalemployees in the quality of services provided and the general health of society, the current research was conducted aimingto determine the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and environmental behavior in the employees ofeducational hospitals of Yazd University of Medical Sciences.

The present analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 on 181 employees of educational hospitals ofYazd University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data collection wasconducted using the two standard questionnaires, including the Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Questionnaire andthe Environmental Behaviors Scale. The descriptive and analytical statistical method of Pearson’s correlation coefficient was usedin SPSS 22 software for data analysis.

The total mean score of organizational citizenship behavior was reported as 52.28 out of 75, and the consciencesubscale gained the highest score (12.79) and the politeness and consideration subscale gained the lowest score (5.96). Thetotal mean of environmental behavior was obtained at 106.26 out of 140, and the highest mean score was related to saving gasconsumption (20.75%) and the lowest was related to the use of products with environmental standards (15.6%). A significantpositive correlation was also observed between the total score of the use of products with environmental standards (r = 0.031;P = 0.160) and protection of natural resources (r = 0.011; P = 0.190).

Incorporating training into the curricula and in-service programs, encouraging a culture of appreciation, and alsoproviding rewards are the keys to strengthening the synergistic association between these two behaviors

George Homans' perspective as a sociologist is categorized in the micro-approaches of sociology.He explains social phenomena objectively And Paying attention to the individual and explanation based on individual interest is the main issue in Homans' approachRational choice theory, social behaviorism and Skinner as a scientist are among the influencers in the formation of Homans' social exchange theory.He believes that the general rules of sociology are ineffective in explaining behavior.For this reason, he believes in the objective explanation of behavior.by objective explanation he means the daily and basic behavior of people in life, which is unmediated and immediately ends in reward. Homans criticizes structuralists for believing in the use of organizations and institutions in maintaining society. After Homans, Peter Blau fundamentally changed the exchange theory and moved it towards accepting social realities and analyzing social institutions and organizations.With help from fundamental analysis method, which is based on Islamic wisdom, it is clear that Homans' method is materialistic in existential discussion and positivist and empiricist in epistemology.

The present article seeks to examine the "display of women in cyberspace as a social injury" and offers solutions to deal with it. Today, a large part of the social presence of people in cyberspace is organized. This space can be considered as a golden opportunity or a crisis and serious injury. On the other hand, the tendency to beauty is inherent in all people, especially women. Individual life is not human, but is also reflected in society and the public sphere. The display of women in cyberspace can be considered an influential factor that has significant consequences. This article is based on a descriptive and analytical qualitative method and seeks to address the causes of women's ostentation in cyberspace and effective methods in the process of ostentation and ways to deal with the damage caused by this crisis

Thinking on the concept of "culture" is understood as the happens in the field of human action, this is the realm of the interaction of human mental life and the life of his objective. This paper is a comparative study on the views of two thinkers, Georg Simmel (1858-1918) and Allama Mohammad Hossein Tabatabai (1902-1981) focused on the culture and the formation of human communities; Although it has investigated each of these two thinkers aspect of this phenomenon, but philosophical depth and detailed analysis of this phenomenon will be investigated by each of them the result of their work with greater accuracy. Simmel be justified conditions of culture based on the needs of human life. He is convinced that culture is a product of human action in response to their needs. Allameh tabatabaei applied the concept of Contingents to that part of human life that change is inseparable from the characteristics and it knows the outcome of the relationship between man and environment requirements of his life.

Estimating the population who use drugs is essential for planning, monitoring, and evaluation of substance use prevention and treatment. This study aims to estimate the population who misuse tramadol in urban population in Iran.

We used the wisdom of the experts (WOTE) and network scale-up (NSU) methods to calculate the population of tramadol misusers in 10 provincial capitals of Iran, in 2016. The WOTE was conducted among pharmacists in drugstores and the personnel of traditional medicinal herbs stores. They guessed the best estimation of tramadol misusers population in their cities. The NSU method was conducted among the general population and participants were questioned about ever and daily, non-medical use of tramadol during last 12 months in their network. The median of the methods was used to calculate the proportion of the adult population (15-49 years old).

The population size of tramadol misusers in studied cities was 83300 [95% uncertainty limits (UL): 47960-256220]. This corresponded to 6.6 per 1000 (95% UL: 3.88-20.30) of the 15-49-year-old population. The projected number of tramadol misusers for all 31 provincial capitals was 118290 (95% UL: 68100-363130840) and 212440 (95% UL: 122310-653410) for all urban areas. NSU also estimated the number of people who misuse tramadol on daily basis. These numbers were 52000 (95% UL: 19940-176570) for studied cities, 73840 (95% UL: 28320-250740) for all 31 provincial capital cities, and 132610 (95% UL: 50860-450310) for all urban areas in Iran.

This study presents information on high prevalence of tramadol misuse in urban population. We need national control measures and demand reduction programs to control tramadol misuse.

Dear Editor, I have read with great interest the article titled "The Relationship between Caesarean and Neonatal Hypothyroidism in Chadegan City" by Naderi et al[1]. Best regards and thanks to the authors, it is an interesting topic however these few points that I would entitled to highlight. First in the method section, that author mentioned the record 86 cases. This is not likely to have such high number in only one year, the highest prevalence in this area is two case in 1000 birth. [2, 3] Also , it is mentioned that individual and group matching has been used, in this situation conditional logistic regression or logistic regression should be used to adjusted confounders[4] Finally, there is inconsistency between value in the text & in the table2 for value of control group (176 vs 126). According to the results of this table, the odds ratio is equal to 0.56(CI 95%: 0.30-1.02), but in the results of another value was reported.

Congenital heart defects are known as the state that comes from birth and influences on structure and function of baby's heart, The different types of defects can range from mild (e.g., a small hole between the heart chambers) to hard (like a flaw or weakness in a part of the heart).
This article is a review article in which the articles published in Farsi and English that the bases valid as Medline, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Springer, SID index has been used, as well as for the study of keywords associated with the use of MESH keywords in identifying and no time limit listed in the databases were searched.
Result The prevalence of congenital heart defect, in general, less than one per cent in newborn. The ventricular wall abnormalities defect (VSD), atrial septal defect of (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) Top among the most types of congenital heart anomalies. Factors such as the age of the parents at conception, maternal risk of diabetes, influenza and febrile illness during pregnancy, drug use during pregnancy and taking a multivitamin before and during the Pregnancy were influenced of newborns with congenital heart defects.
According to studies need to be conducted in the presence of multiple risk factors for these disorders, seem to have a detailed plan to Study of More about the factors that affect the risk of developing these disorders, as well as interventions to reduce risk factors identified particularly during pregnancy.

The present study seeks to re-read the approach to thinking of development that it regards as a cultural affair. Here is a critical reading of Ziauddin Sardar's developmental approach, because he has such an attitude to development. For this purpose, the researcher has obtained the necessary data by documentary method and with a descriptive-analytical approach to the critical reading of the Ziauddin Sardar's developmental approach. We first describe Ziauddin Sardar's view on the development, its evolution, the ratio of development to other categories such as globalization and academic disciplines in the contemporary era, a review of the development and the state of the Islamization process in Muslim countries: We will then review his views on these issues. The most important finding of this study is that, for Sardar, "development" as a cultural affaire so far has had the "negative" aspects of the West, through which it has colonized, the future of non-Western cultures and dominated. Therefore, in this approach, basically, a refinement of development in non-Western cultures is to justify the shortcomings of this project to be effective in showing such a category in non-Western countries. And the formation of academic disciplines in the humanities, as actors in the process of justifying and encouraging the Western model of development, which is also understood as Islamization of knowledge, in such a space.

As the congenital hypothyroidism is preventable only by the timely diagnosis of the disease, the aim of present study is to evaluate the results of the screening program carried out during 2006-2014.
One hundred and eleven out of the 54,468 newborn screened for this cross sectional study during 2006 to 2014 were identified as the cases. Fisher's exact test at a significance level of 5% was used for the analysis.
Considering the prevalence rate of 2 per 1000 births, the rate for girls and boys were 1.9 and 2.2 per 1000 births, respectively. The difference between the rates was not statistically significant. The recall rate was 46.65 per 1000 births. Twenty seven percent of the patients had a positive history of disease and 27.9% the familial relationship. The highest prevalence of the disease (33.4%) was in the summer.
The findings disclosed that the inaccuracy of the initial sampling from the heel of the cases. So for the reduction of sampling errors and not wasting the golden time of treatment, it is mandatory to employ the trained personnel for initial sampling. Although above the international standard level, the overall prevalence of the disease during these years was the same rate in the country.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of human perception in the formation of human societies and their evolution in Farabi's civil science; In other words, the aim of this study was to evaluate Farabi approach to human communities of the origin of differences in levels of perception in a society.Methodology In this study, using exploratory and descriptive-analytic approach and is tried the views of This Muslim thinker about the issue of research, clarify and review.Such research will be organized after the introduction on importance and necessity the issue and to such research, anthropological the principles of knowledge is presented from the perspective of Farabi, Then he discussed the topic of human communities is based. And the principles of cognitive and noncognitive involved in the emergence of these communities will be studied, And in the end discussed to the origin differences in human societies and their relation with the utopia that shows the difference between virtuous and non-virtuous communities.

The term diarrheal diseases, a conventional expression and is neither an epidemiological subject nor a class of diseases, because diarrhea is a symptom of many diseases, however, it is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day.
This is a cross-sectional study in which the records of all patients with symptoms of diarrhea encountering health centers during April and May 2015 were used.
Females, with a frequency of 56.7 percent, have a larger proportion of clinical symptoms associated with this outbreak. Most of the clinical symptoms related to watery diarrhea (74.5%), fever (62.4%), nausea (61.9%), vomiting (58.2%), and dysentery (24.2%). Most of the food eaten by encountered people with clinical symptoms related to outbreak of diarrhea are the fruits (51.6%), vegetables (42.9%), ice cream (4 %), food outside the home (3.5%), fast food consumption (2.4%).
It seems that the possible source of this outbreak is foods such as fruits and vegetables which are abundant in this province at spring and more attention, better management and control on the food is needed according to World Health Day 2015: "from farm to plate, make food safe".

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is considered as an important health problem in Iran. This disease begins as small swells (papules) and then they gradually grow and turn into wounds. Since the epidemiological study of this problem is effective in preventing and controlling it, the current research was conducted to study the epidemiological study of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Khash city during the past 7 years.
This cross-sectional study has been conducted on registered information and documents of the patients having problem in Khash city’s remedial and health care centers over the past 7 years. First, the registered demographic and epidemiological data of the patients were extracted and then they were analyzed by using SPSS 18 software with chi-square test .
175 patients included 88 males (53%) and 87 females (47%). The majority of the patients were between nine months and four years old and the minority of them were over the range of 40 to 49 years old. Most lesions were on the face or organs of the patients. It was also found that there was a significant relationship between age groups and types of Leishmaniasis (P According to our study, there has been a downward trend in disease frequency in Khash city from 2009 to 2014. This reduction of the disease is due to an improvement in health education situation as well as performance of personal hygiene tasks among the people.

As cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of disability and early death around the world and they increase the cost of health care, the prevention of these kinds of disease, is very important Since Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) is one of the most important indicators in public health, it is closely related to epidemiology and measures the effects and the contribution of risk factors in public health and also helps to assess the potential impact on public health and preventive interventions. This index as a combination of the associated risk factors and frequency of exposure, provide estimation of the relationship between risk factors and disease in the community.
Method and Materials: This survey is a review study which is done by searching in scientific resources such as Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, SID and Science Direct. In this study, related keywords were identified and chosen from existing keywords in MESH and it was limited by published year that is from 2005 to 2015.
Cardiovascular disease is a disease with multiple causes which is studied in the articles for several important factors. After reviewing the results of the literature, it is found that factors such as age over 65 years (20-35%), hypertension (10-60%), smoking (10-40%), high cholesterol (5-45%), overweight (3-50%) and diabetes (3-15%) has the most effects in the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
Given that the incidence of chronic and non-communicable diseases is multifactorial, it seems necessary to determine contribution of each factor in causing the disease, for prioritizing and preventive interventions. Although PAF is based on theory, it is a fully functional index for prioritizing preventive and therapeutic interventions. For the prevention of cardiovascular disease stronger actions on screening, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, factors associated with hyperlipidemia, obesity, overweight and diabetes are needed. So that by controlling these factors, the risk of cardiovascular diseases can greatly be reduced.

Congenital heart defects are called to a situation which comes from birth and effects on the baby''s heart and its performance، different types of these defects can range from mild (like a small hole between the heart chambers) to rigid (such as a flaw or weakness in a part of the heart). This is a case-control study. All newborn which their echocardiogram screening test at birth was abnormal during the years 2011 and 2012 were participated in the study as cases. For the control group، all the children who were not diagnosed with any disorders were participated in the study and were matched according to sex and living area. Statistical methods such as descriptive statistical analysis، t student، and logistic regression modeling was performed using SPSS 16 for analyzing data. All tests were done with significance level of 0. 05. After logistic regression modeling، it was determined that history of stillbirth in pregnant women (OR=7. 85)، not taking a multivitamin before pregnancy (OR=4. 38)، maternal obesity during pregnancy (OR=3. 02)، and maternal weight gain during pregnancy (OR=2. 09) were risk factors that had orderly the highest correlation with this disorders. It seems that factors such as a history of stillbirth in pregnant women، mothers taking multivitamins and obesity can have a significant impact in the development of congenital malformations of the heart in infants.