mostafa dinmohammadi

The present research has been carried out in two parts with the aim of identifying the design requirements of the financial decision support system and the experimental implementation of an example of strategic financial decisions based on the design model of the financial decision support system in the university. The required information in the first part was collected through semi-structured interviews with scientific-executive experts in the fields of higher education economics, financial decision makers in the university and information technology specialists. They were selected by purposeful sampling and snowball method. The findings were analysed using content analysis and a three-step coding approach. The data in the second part included financial and statistical data and information from the budget and credit office and the university's planning vice-chancellor, which were used to analyse the cost in the system. Based on the analysis of experts' opinions, the design requirements of the financial decision support system in the university are: Content, human, managerial, educational, cultural, infrastructural, technical and operational, software, hardware, legal, economic, security, environmental and cross-sectoral requirements, and acceptance of changes. The results of the experimental implementation have also shown that the financial decision support system improves the efficiency, effectiveness and quality of financial decisions and optimizes the process by accurately estimating costs, reducing time and cost, removing mental limitations, effective use of limited resources, etc. Therefore, the use of ICT and its capabilities to remove biases and cognitive errors and mental limitations of decision makers, introducing the path to improve the intelligentization of financial resource allocation decisions in the university, helping to promote knowledge-based allocation of financial resources, etc. were among the most important results of the present research.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the multi-period optimization model of capacity expansion planning in the electricity industry considering different scenarios of carbon dioxide emissions. In this study, using interperiod dynamic linear programming model, the capacity development of power plants has been designed and modeled in GAMS software.
The objective function of the model has been to minimize the total discounted present value of investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, fuel cost and environmental cost in a 30-year horizon and with the constraints of supply and demand balance, power system security operation, the upper boundary of newly installed capacity, resource potential and grid stability. The proposed model was evaluated in different scenarios and sensitivity analysis.
The results of the study showed that in the basic scenario without environmental considerations (reduction of production costs), only the capacity of fossil power plants should be expanded. Meanwhile, in the basic scenario with environmental considerations, the capacity of combined cycle, solar, atomic and wind power plants have been expanded by reducing production costs and environmental costs. Considering the environmental considerations, the generation share of steam and gas power plants in the planning horizon has decreased from 27.7 and 22.7 percent to 9.5 and 4 percent compared to the base year, but the generation share of combined cycle, nuclear, solar and wind power plants have increased from 41.8, 2.3, 0.1 and 0.1 percent to 72.7, 6.5, 2 and 2.3 percent. The investment cost (capacity expansion) of the basic scenario with environmental considerations compared to the basic scenario without environmental considerations will reach 183 billion dollars in the planning horizon with an increase of 60%, and the basic scenario with environmental considerations significantly increases the development costs. Also, in the scenario of the continuation of sanctions, when the maximum annual capacity of renewable power plants decreases, the environmental goals will not be met, and there is a need to invest in expanding the production capacity through fossil power plants. In the sensitivity analysis of the model, the results indicate that there is a need to invest in expanding the capacity of renewable power plants in the three cases of reducing the investment cost, increasing the carbon price, and fuel price.

In this study, by using the technical-economic approach of virtual water and related indicators in 13 selected agricultural crops in the province of Kurdistan has been evaluated and analyzed.Water productivity is the inverse of virtual water consumption. Alfalfa had the lowest and tomatoes had the highest water productivity in crops. Walnuts and nectarines also had the lowest and highest water productivity among garden products.Crops implicitly exchange the lowest market value for water for consumption. Among these products, alfalfa has exchanged the lowest price range of water due to its special water consumption. Among crops and horticulture, potatoes and nectarines have the highest market productivity. The results showed that horticultural products have on average 9 times the market revenue of virtual water compared to agricultural products.Analysis of the relations test between the two variables of technical water efficiency and market value of virtual water consumed at the selected products in the province shows that their relationship is negative at 95% confidence level. In other words, products with more virtual water had lower prices and market value in the market. Both the lack of market value of water consumption and the amount of virtual water consumption show that the structure of the production system and cultivation pattern is not commensurate with the weight and size of water consumption of products and is even inverse.

What is the status of the Parliament’s changes in public spending? In what fields is it? Or even when it takes place? The answers to these questions are analyzed in the context of the political economy of the budget in the parliament. The political economy of the budget observes the function of goals different from efficiency and effectiveness in the budgeting process, which imposes itself on the goals of budgeting. When the budget bill is sent to the parliament by the government, it is exposed to the demands of the representatives of different geographical areas. In the analysis of the public sector, there has been a literature called “pork barrel”, which has observed the role of political and legislative institutions in changing the public budget in line with regional and party political goals. Pork barrel was originally meant to store meat.

This study tries to use the theoretical approach of pork barrel and field studies to investigate and analyze the process of changes in the structure of public credits of government investments, which is known as the capital assets acquisition budget of the government bill in the parliament in Iran. This study requires knowing the status of budget changes in the parliament. On the other hand, the evaluation of the considerations of the pork barrel literature regarding the budget of public credits, the acquisition of capital assets, also takes into account the changes in the budget presented to the parliament compared to the budget approved by the parliament. The present study is an applied research in terms of type and a descriptive one in terms of method. In this study, the qualitative changes of the parliament in the rulings of the single article and the budget notes have not been addressed, and only the quantitative (Rials) changes in the appropriations tables for the acquisition of capital assets in the budget have been considered. The data of this study have been calculated and extracted for the first time. The review period of macro and total budget figures covers a 25-year period from 1997-2022, and micro-indexes and budget lines include a 13-year period from 2009-2022.

The findings of this study show that the share of the parliament in the change in credits for the acquisition of capital assets was 36% during the review period. The calculated index shows that the parliament in Iran significantly changes the budget bill and about one third of the budget changes are made by the parliament. The issue of how much the parliament is allowed to change in the bill presented by the government is one of the most challenging issues in the political system in Iran.
The Parliament's approach to changes in appropriations for the acquisition of capital assets in the budget bill has often been to increase appropriations. About 88% of the Parliament's changes in the budget lines of capital asset acquisition have been in order to increase the validity of the existing stable lines and create new construction lines. The issue of roads, water supply and distribution has been the main priority axes of the representatives to press and request to change and increase property acquisition credits in the parliament. Parliament's changes in the bill have increased significantly in the second half of the study period. This issue is related to the change in the composition of the consolidation commission and the government's relationship with the parliament. The exclusive role of the Consolidation Commission and its effective members provides a wide possibility to apply rent-seeking behaviors in the bill. The inferential analysis of the research results shows that the pork barrel approach is confirmed in the budget bill changes by the parliament during the review period. By definition, in the pork barrel approach, credit is used from national sources with a regional approach.In terms of the time structure of political changes in the parliament and the government, the first year of each new parliament period coincides with the last year of the incumbent government or the fourth year of the government. The results indicate that the highest volume of changes in the appropriations for the acquisition of capital assets in the law compared to the bill occurs in the years of political change of the government and parliament (the first year of the beginning of the parliament), which is the last year of the government. The findings of the study show that the size of the changes in the growth of the asset acquisition budget is not affected by the political alignment between the parliament and the government, which can be due to the dependence of the budget on oil and the non-partisan system of the parliament.

The summary of the results shows that the parliament in Iran has a very strong and direct role in the changes of the budget bill, although these changes are not due to the dominance of the pork barrel approach in line with the public and macro interests in the national economy. Since one of the most important debates regarding the amendment of the budget bill is related to the amendment and organization of the budget bill formulation and approval process, it is necessary to make meaningful amendments in the bill review model in the parliament. Of course, representatives usually do not pass laws that limit their powers. In this case, there is a need for national and interagency consensus in correcting the budget review path in line with the interests and macro goals and the trans-local and regional approach.

The purpose of this study is to identify the pattern of quantitative changes in budget bills in the Iranian parliament. Analyzing the Iranian parliament's role in budgeting shows that 30 percent of the general budget increases have occurred in the parliament in the 24 past years. The parliament has played a stabilizing role and increasing public expenditures. Political alignment periods have not made a significant difference in budget changes in parliament. In the political change years (the last year of the government and the first year of the parliament), the total growth of the general budget expenditures of the bill has been significantly higher than the other years. Organizations outside the executive branch have more bargaining and rent-seeking power. They have the largest budget increases in the parliament by a share of 76 percent. The study shows that the parliament in Iran has unlimited powers in amending the budget bills. This conclusion is without considering the qualitative changes in the notes of the single article of the budget؛ if these qualitative changes are also considered, the role of the parliament will increase in the budget changes.

This paper investigates the relationship between the unemployment rate and economic growth (Okan Law) in Iran. Our results show that there is a weak relationship between our variables of interest. Further, over the last two decades, the significant relationship between economic growth and employment growth was lost which was an indicator of an increase in unemployment rate in some years. We also define and estimate the effective unemployment rate to exclude active population from the official unemployment rate. We find that a decrease in the participation rate explains changes in the unemployment rate in comparison with an increase in the economic growth.

One of the characteristics of the modern era is the range of Information and Communication Technology in all academic activities including financial decision-making process. One of the real instances of applying information and communication technology in financial decision making, is using financial decision support application. In this regard, the current research has been carried out to provide a model for designing financial decision-making support application in universities. Thus, in order to identify and consider the capabilities, dimensions and the major elements of financial decision support applications in universities, descriptive method is applied in this research. The present research population includes scientific and executive specialists in higher-education economics, financial decision makers in universities and information technology specialists. Findings from the analysis of opinions indicate that financial decision support application can help the decision makers effectively in all levels of decision making, especially in financial strategic decisions, optimizing the process of financial decisions, proper financial management, optimal allocation of financial resources, effective, accurate and efficient use of financial resources, abolishing human limitations in decision making, evaluating the financial burden of activities, plans and projects, prioritization, integrated approach of decision-making system, increasing efficiency, effectiveness and improvement of financial decision quality, etc. this research is also seeking for identifying the essential dimensions and elements of designing a financial decision support application in universities. To this end, the researchers have emphasized data base, data warehouse, model database, knowledge base, inference engine, analysis tools, dashboards, explanatory materials and facilities, graphic features, user interference and the users.

This study aims to analyze determinants of military expenditure in Iran, using the neoclassical demand model. For this end, the latest available data is used for a period of 47 years ending 2017. This study evaluates the effect of macroeconomic variables such as per capita GDP, oil revenue, non-military expenditure, real exchange rate, democracy level, war and conflict on military expenditure using Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) method. The results show that the oil revenue and non-military expenditure of government have positive and significant effects, and the per capita GDP variable has a negative effect on military expenditure. Democracy has a positive effect in the short run, and a negative impact on military spending in the long run. The real exchange rate has a negative impact in the short run, and a positive effect on the military expenditure in the long run. In addition, regional war as dummy variable has a positive and significant effect on military expenditure. Accordingly, the factors affecting military spending in Iran are not merely economic. Thus, political, strategic and even geographical conditions should be considered in order to assess the amount of military spending

Profitability is one of the important goals of a bank or a financial institution. So it is necessary to identify effective factors in profitability of bank and the way they influence a financial institution. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of Business cycle on state and private banks profit in Iran during 2005 to 2017. Therefore, the effect of macro variables variations and Business cycle on profits of 22 state and private banks is modeled and analyzed by using GMM method. The findings indicate that there is a positive and significant correlation between investment of private sector and business cycles and banks’ profits, while there is a negative correlation between investment of public sector and banks’ profits. Moreover, results show that the inflation rate does not have negative and significant relation with banks’ profits. At last Business cycles have significant and positive relation with bank’s profit.

This study attempts to analyze the economies of scale and scope of Iranian public universities through estimating the cost function of 75 public universities. For this purpose, the quadratic cost function form is used to estimate the cost function of universities. Furthermore, the research model is estimated by using the panel data technique. The results show that there are no general and specific economies of scale in the studied universities. Moreover, there is a significant gap in the average scale of the studied universities with respect to a desirable economic scale. The economic scale of the universities is different in different degrees, and overall, the economic scale of different degrees are about 1.25 to 2 times their extant situation. Due to the growth policy of the new universities in the past two decades, many small-scale universities have been established that still have a considerable capacity for quantitative and qualitative development. Investigating the economies of scale and scope indicates the existence of economies of scale in Iranian public universities; Accordingly, it can be concluded that the average cost of non-comprehensive universities is higher than that of comprehensive universities. Hence, the integration of universities is strongly advised to achieve economies of scale.

The current study has been simulated the population of higher education and unemployed highly educated people by dy dynamic system method for the period 2016-2025 in Iran.
Simulation of a higher educated population is based on changes in the total population, supply of the population of students, economic factors affecting the higher education demand and the ratio of labor force to the number of students. Results show in the baseline scenario (continue the status quo) student population will be decreased from 4.8 million in 2016 to 3.5 million in 2025. The main reasons for the decline in student population, are decrease in the high school student population and reduce in the number of people 18 and 19 years old.
Baed on the simulation of the model the number of educated unemployed population increase from 1 million in 2016 to 2.4 million in the year 2025 even if the economy achieves a high economic growth.

IntroductionIn developing countries with less developed financial markets, banks are important institutions that act as financial intermediary and by providing a variety of ways reduce investment risk because one of the major obstacles to economic growth in developing countries is lack of capital resources and non-desirable use of existing ones. On the other hand, each dynamic economy requires steady flow of investment for continuity of its growth and development. The main responsibility of banks are absorption of resources to transfer them to the owner of business and economic activities.
Any shocks to economic system directly affect bank's activities; for example, high inflation and extreme price fluctuations directly or indirectly affect operation costs and cost of money as well as ultimate bank profits. This paper studies the relationship between resource consumption and combination of and business cycle and other macroeconomic variables.
MethodologyBy combining time-series and cross-sectional data, panel data are created to obtain more information, more variability, less co-linearity among variables, more degree of freedom, and more efficiency.
According to purpose of this study (i.e., investigating the effect of exogenous variables on resource consumption and combination in active Iranian banks during 2005-2013) dynamic panel data is used. In this model, the effect of internal variables of banks appears as the performance variable of the previous cycle, and the effects of macroeconomic variables, as exogenous variables, are analyzed.
Many economic relationships are dynamic in nature and one of the advantages of panel data is to allow researchers to identify the dynamics between variables.
Also, for business cycles, Dummy variables are used where boom cycles are equal to 1 and recession cycles are equal to 0.
This study has employed four models; three models are related to resources combination and one model is related to resource combination. Each of these models is estimated by Dynamic Panel Method, separately.
Results and DiscussionThe model presented in this study for the cycles 2005-2013 and with significance level of 5% has the following The results of combination of bank resources models
The lagged dependent variables have positive and significant relationship with dependent variables in all models.
The business cycle variable has negative and significant relationship with short - term deposits and this relationship for flow and long-term deposits is positive and significant.
To examine the ownership type, Dummy variables is used (private=0, public=1); results show this variable is not significant in three models.
Inflation rate has positive and significant relationship with long - term deposits but this relationship isnt significant for flow and short - term deposits.
The relationship between share of private sector investment and short - term deposits is not significant. This relationship for flow and long - term deposits is negative and significant.
The results of usage model
The lagged dependent variable has positive and significant relationship with dependent variable.
The relationship between business cycle and usage of banks is positive and significant.
The Dummy variable ownership type does not have significant relationship with usage of banks.
The relationship between inflation rate and usage of banks is not significant.
The relationship between share of private sector investment and usage of banks is not significant.
Also, shares of public sector investment and usage of bank do not have significant relationship.
ConclusionResults show that the most effective factors in terms of short-term deposits are internal factors of banks. Regarding external factors, the most effective factors on banks’ consumption are long-term and flow deposits.
During the boom cycles, with business and production growth, real income increases. People become two groups: producers and consumers. During boom cycles, the first group needs high liquidity and working capital, hence, the share flow deposits increase in order to obviate trading requirements. During boom cycles, real income increases, and results in higher social consumption and welfare increase as well. Because Iranian people encounter with many uncertainties and risks, people prefer saving their money as long - term deposits so as to reduce risk and uncertainty and gain profits, too. However, share of short - term deposits decreases in favor of current and long - term deposits.
The relationship between business cycles and bank consumption is positive. That is, during boom cycles bank loans increase as a result of economic activities and increasing demand for capital.
In conclusion, the relationship between business cycle and long – term deposits is positive which means increased long – term deposits share during boom cycles; thus, banks take the advantage of this situation and increase their profit.

Non-performing loans (overdue receivables, deferred and doubtful) is one of the effect of monetary activities. This phenomenon has negative effects on sources and usages of banks. Also, economic actors face with fluctuations of some variables of macroeconomics. This research investigates the impact of fluctuation of some macroeconomic variables on non-performing loans by differentiating overdue receivables, deferred and doubtful. Furthermore, this study used Bank-specific to stability results. In this way, dynamic panel applied for sample of 17 banks for 1384-1394 periods with Generalized Method Moments. In this study, the rate growth of non-oil GDP, the budget deficit, the free market nominal exchange rate, inflation and loan interest rate as independent variables and return on equity, solvency ratio, bank size and ownership of the bank as bank specific factors are used. The results showed that, the investigated bank specific factors include return on equity, debt ratio, bank size and ownership with Non-performing loans. Also, among macroeconomic factors, the loan interest rate of the facility has a positive effect on the increase in overdue receivables. Besides, increasing in the exchange rate has led to an increase in delayed and doubtful debts. Overall, the results indicate that bank-specific variables have a more effective effect on NPL’s than macroeconomic variables.

Modern Portfolio Theory is based on Harry Markowitz''s 1952 work on mean-variance portfolios. He stated that a rational investor should either maximize his expected return for a given level of risk، or minimize his risk for a given expected return. In this study the Markowitz model with cardinality constraints was studied. We extend the standard model to include cardinality constraints that limit a portfolio to have a specified number of assets، and to impose limits on the proportion of the portfolio held in a given asset (if any of the assets is held). Since considering the Markowitz model with cardinality constraints leads to NP-hard optimization problem، we introduce a Genetic Algorithm. In the usual manner، mean of the historical returns are used as inputs in the Markowitz model as rate of stock returns estimation. With studying the security prices، are shows that the rate of stock returns is difference with mean of historical returns، so with the aim of artificial neural networks، they were estimated. The proposed method was experienced on Tehran stock Exchange and the method was showed good results.

The aim of this article is to review the quantitative targeting of research and development expenditure in the Fifth Plan Act and executive policies of the science and technology. This article models the explaining and affecting factors of the research and development regarding to the theoretical and experimental studies. The main determinants of R&D expenditure in each economy are as follows: the intellectual property rights system; degree of government efficiency in defining، ensuring and implementing property rights; industrial structure and economy technology-intensiveness; the degree of economic openness and competitiveness; the share of large-scale firms in research and development; methods of R & D expenditure financing and the R& D production structure. The comparative comparison of main influencing factors on the research and development Intensity (RDI) in Iran with OECD RDI shows that the effective national absorption capacity of R& D expenditure in Iran، on average، is less than 20% of OECD corresponding capacity. The evidence shows that the bulk of research and development in Iran is financed by the government research credits. Naturally، we expect that effectiveness of R&D expenditure would be negligible، since the provided expenditure is not proportional to the national absorption capacity of research and development. According to pathology results، three amendments are proposed to research and development policies of the Fifth Plan in order to increase the efficiency and the productivity of R&D expenditure. The first major amendment is that the targeting of effective research and development expenditure of gross national product reach to 1. 5 % in the end of the plan. Also، a fundamental attitude change towards research credits with focus on firms and non-governmental sector is essential for efficacy of consumed resources. The second proposal emphasizes on the software research and development policies. The Iranian research system focuses on hardware components and quantitative indicators، for example، budget، organization and the first-level R&D hardware products i. e.، scholar papers. It is recommended that the software components of R &D including the property rights system، the national innovation system، the national learning system، motivation and reward system، efficacy evaluation، the research market، and interactive relationship of the research and development with economic competitiveness components are included in development plans. The third proposal is to develop the statistics and information system of R & D in Iran.

The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the modeling of the influential factors affecting the deviation and vulnerability of the implementation of general policies mentioned in Article 44 of the Constitution. For this purpose, analytic hierarchy process method was used. Evaluation period was from the notification of law until May 1389. Research data's were gathered from related experts via questionnaire.Four criteria (indicators) were described along with the following eight sub-criteria in the field of deviation from and vulnerability of Article 44. Modeling results showed that the weakness of law enforcement (30.5), weakness of law (26.5), weakness of private sector (23.2) and the empowerment of quasi-governmental sector (19.7) were the most important factors affecting the deviation and vulnerability of law enforcement.

Replacing gasoline vehicle by natural gas vehicles has advantages, such as lower CO2 emissions, and lower oil consumption. But this replacing faces significant challenges such as: lower traveled distance in comparison with vehicle gasoline, gas vehicle price is Higher than the vehicle gasoline price and as well as high investment costs in infrastructure section Such as gas stations. This paper by providing a dynamic system model, simulates and analyzes NGV fleet of long-term policies from 1390 to 1410 using vensim software. In this study, vehicles selection and Development of gas stations are two main elements of the model. In the vehicle selection between two types of car (gasoline and gas vehicle) from buyers characteristics such as vehicle price, number of stations, fuel costs and vehicle depreciation costs has been considered and modeled. The Result of study shows that the extension process of gas vehicles and number of stations will have increasing trend by assuming the continuation of the base year condition. so that NGV's share of total vehicles will reach to 27% and their numbers will reach approximately 10 million units With continuing situation of base year at the end of the year 1410. The sensitivity analysis shows that the elimination of ration of gasoline and releasing prices of gasoline and gas have the Most effect on adoption of gas vehicles and following decreasing gasoline consumption.

Steady state economic growth is mainly explained by technological and population changes. R&D activities are the main sources of technological changes. Most countries have achieved continues economic growth by raising the level of R&D activities in the framework of knowledge-based economy. This paper initially introduces a model related to the dynamic mechanism of R&D. It introduces R&D structure in OECD countries and then analyses the relationship among the components of the model by using cross-sectional data in 2000. The main components of the model comprise the property rights system, government electiveness in definition, guarantee and implementing intellectual property right, the industrial and economic structure, the degree of openness and competitiveness of economy, the level of human capital and domestic and foreign investment. The findings of the study indicate that there is an optimal rate of intensity in every economy derived from the domestic realities of the economy and the dynamism of the R&D system in a country has a close relationship with its institutional and organizational structures.