mostafa fazaeli

Ecocide refers to the extensive damage or destruction of ecosystems within a specific territory. In a specific legal sense, it refers to the destruction of the environment in pursuit of military objectives and extensive environmental damage during war. From the perspective of green criminology, the fundamental challenge in this area is the criminalization of actions by individuals, companies, industries, and governments that, in light of extensive scientific evidence, contribute to the perpetuation of this problem. To overcome environmental challenges and prevent crimes with the scope and severity of ecocide, a shift in approach from superficiality to depth is the key element in both domestic and international criminalization efforts. On the other hand, ecocide is the result of an understanding of the deep and intertwined relationship between human rights and environmental protection. Because the climate change and biodiversity emergency threaten global human rights. Another challenge in the criminalization of ecocide is proving the facts and collecting evidence of severe, long-term, and widespread harm. Because the environment cannot speak for itself, victimology aims to articulate and clarify it as a potential party or subject of rights. This descriptive and analytical research utilizes library studies and combines inductive and deductive reasoning to elucidate the philosophical, human rights, victimological, and criminological foundations. It examines the current state of ecocide and evaluates the feasibility of its criminalization as the fifth crime under the Rome Statute, despite existing challenges.

Resolution of ethnic conflicts (ECs) is crucial for restoring international peace and security, which implicates the role of international law (IL). Employing a descriptive-analytical method and relying on desk research, this contribution seeks to examine the most significant challenges to and opportunities of IL in the context of resolving ECs. The analysis identifies three principal challenges: 1) the internal contradictions inherent in peacebuilding processes that impede the realization of sustainable peace in multiethnic societies; 2) the lack or insufficiency of a minority-oriented approach in United Nations’ structure and reaction mechanisms, rendering the achievement of lasting ethnic peace elusive; and 3) the organizational discoordination and one-dimensional approach within the UN framework, which has led to the inability or difficulty of taking effective, concentrated, comprehensive, and case-specific measures to resolve ECs. Conversely, the authors propose several existing solutions in international law for addressing these challenges including: 1) mainstreaming minority rights at the UN level; and 2) establishing a specialized institution for ECs within the UN structure. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the aforementioned challenges and opportunities faced by international law in the context of resolving ethnic conflicts.

The conceptual evolution of peace and security has extended the term beyond the narrow concepts of war and military threats; to the extent that today the establishment of peace and security in the international community is considered dependent on the provision of human needs and a dignified life. A humanitarian approach to the concepts of peace and security, on the one hand, and the inevitability of having access to sufficient and safe water to meet human needs, on the other, raises the idea of exploring the relationship between water resource management and international peace and security. Therefore, the main question of the research is: what is the relationship between water and international peace and security and what is the political-legal mechanism for achieving international peace and water security. Using a descriptive-analytical method in this paper, based on library data and review of the views of political thinkers and international instruments, show that water and international peace and security are closely related to each other so that water, on the one hand, can be a factor in establishing international peace and security, but on the other hand, if this valuable material is not properly managed, can be a stimulus for disrupting peace and security at various national, regional and international levels. Meanwhile, the water cooperation policies of governments facilitate and supply water security in the international community, and international law can regulate, strengthen and guarantee this cooperation.

The emergence of ISIS led to changes in the concept of terrorism in its traditional form, so the crimes of ISIS in Syria were among the most heinous crimes, and thus we can classify these crimes as war crimes or crimes against humanity and even crimes of genocide. Although it is clear that Syria can prosecute and prosecute members of this group based on its territorial jurisdiction, it is also possible for the United Nations Security Council based on Article 17 of the Cooperation Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court, and Article 13 of the Statute of the Court, referral International crimes of ISIS members to the International Criminal Court, but dealing with impunity in the face of crimes of terrorist groups such as ISIS in Syria faces challenges in reality. The perpetrators of these crimes are in violation of the regulations that all governments share in protecting and implementing, so it is the duty of every government to exercise its criminal jurisdiction over those responsible and supervising these crimes and to take such a decision, to respect the application of justice to ensure international protection against violators of the basic values and systems of the international community, and accountability that can Executing it through one of the three methods 1- Referring the case to a member state to the court. 2 - The Security Council requests the Prosecutor General to conduct an investigation. 3- Investigations under the supervision of the Public Prosecutor. The possibility of prosecuting ISIS in the International Criminal Court and the challenges it faced in this regard are the focus of the following article, which was dealt with using the descriptive and analytical method.

The illegal hunting and trafficking of various wildlife species, which is a leading factor in their destruction, has increased significantly in recent years.The Houbara bustard is an internationally vulnerable species, listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List, as well as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), a pivotal international instrument for wildlife protection. Additionally, the Houbara has been designated as an endangered species under the Bonn Convention. Safeguarding this vulnerable and valuable Iranian wildlife species has become a pressing issueWhile Iran has enacted various regulations and permitting systems related to the hunting and capture of wild animals, ostensibly in alignment with CITES, numerous challenges remain in preventing the smuggling of Houbara to Persian Gulf countries. This study aims to examine the dimensions and significance of this problem, as well as potential solutions grounded in domestic and international law, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology based on library research.

Certainly ISIS in Syria carried out terrorist operations that can be classified at the same time as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. But the problem here is whether the actions of ISIS can be, as a failed insurgent group, attributed to the Syrian government. The study showed that the criminal and non-governmental acts of ISIS are not attributed to the Syrian government, and thus Damascus is not internationally responsible for them. Exceptionally, however, if the Syrian government fails or falls short in suppressing and prosecuting ISIS or granting amnesty to its members, their behavior can be attributed to the Syrian government and, the economic, administrative, and judicial violations that ISIS carried out on the lands under its control in Syria can be attributed to the Syrian government if the conditions of Article 9 of the draft articles on international responsibility are met. The basic issue is that, given the overthrow of the so-called ISIS rule and the non-existence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, who is the authority that would be responsible for the acts contrary to international law committed by that self-appointed government during its span? Therefore, the issue at hand is the international responsibility of the ISIS government, which no longer exists, but the criminal responsibility of ISIS members is another category and is not the subject of this research. While many papers have been written on criminal liability, but the issue of international responsibility due to the illegal actions of ISIS has not received special attention.

At the first glance, discrimination concept is so clear that no other clearer definition could be presented but its own definition. But in practice, it turns into a complicated and unresolved issue. Some rules are not apparently discriminatory but they lead to some discriminatory effects. Sometimes, internal intentions turn neutral actions into discriminatory behavior and some other times, positive measures which have been adopted to be compatible with equality turn into discriminatory behaviors in the end. It is essential for human right organizations and institutions and a main goal for the current research to present an evaluation criterion to determine whether a legal regulation or an action is discriminatory or not. In this research, three evaluation models (the model based on deontological point of view, the teleological model-trace consequences- and finally the model based on religious teachings-Islamic view) have been presented which have been successful to recognize real discrimination. This research has analyzed the human right documents and popular points of view in international courts.

In some disarmament treaties, assisting, encouraging, or inducing prohibited activities is declared illegal. Prohibited activities are actions that States are prohibited from doing according to the disarmament treaty.However, the exact scope of this prohibition is still debated by experts.The basic question is: what is the extent of the prohibition of assist, encouragement and inducement? what it's boundaries? For this purpose, the provision of assistance in the five main disarmament treaties has been investigated and two important findings have been obtained by using library data and the application of the analytical descriptive First, although the lack of a consensus definition for assistance, encouragement or inducement and the States' lack of interest in explaining the issue In the domestic and international pactice, it has led to continuation of ambiguity in the scope of this provision, but this ambiguity also has benefits. Second, the views of the States in the preliminary negotiations and their subsequent practices confirm the narrow interpretation of the assisting provision. Therefore, any action that contradicts the purpose and subject of the treaty and is done knowingly with the intention of facilitating the commission of prohibited acts or incitement to commit them is considered as prohibited assistance or encouragement.

Despite the abundance of international environmental norms, for various reasons, such as their implementation conflict with the developmental concerns of countries or the lack of consensus at the global level regarding environmental hazards, these norms have not been effective. The GEO-6 report in 2019 states that without additional policies, the trends in environmental degradation are projected to continue at a rapid rate and neither the Sustainable Development Goal targets nor other internationally agreed environmental goals are expected to be achieved, including the set goals regarding climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, excess nutrient run-off, land degradation and ocean acidification, and so on.  The usual procedure in legal research in such cases is to turn the audience's attention to the lack of a sufficient guarantee of these norms, the separation of domestic legal systems from the international, or the absence of necessary criminalization. Without intending to question these conventional legal researches, this essay has tried to take a different path to deal with the challenges related to the "efficacy” or “effectiveness” of such laws with a sociological approach. Generally, having in mind the link between society and law, which is expressed in some famous and proverbial sentences such as "where there is society, there is law (Ubi Societas ibi jus) ", reference to the society and providing a sociological analysis of individuals’ behavior and their reaction to the legal rules in domestic societies or the international community seems useful and even necessary. A sociological look at the factors of the underlying ineffectiveness of environmental norms brings forward theories about environmental sociology and social or economic justice, whose possible role and effects in international environmental law the current research aims to evaluate, with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library research.

Research Question(s):

An important question that we should seek to answer is why the mass of environmental norms are not as efficient as they should be, and governments, as the main members of the international community, have not shown much interest in employing and implementing them. The fact is that to increase the efficiency of legal norms, it is useful and even necessary to pay attention to the coordination between the rules and regulations and weigh them according to the standards of justice, rationality, social values, freedom, equality, etc. This is what we are trying to demonstrate through the concept of socialization of laws. In examining the effectiveness of laws, the formal legal binding of a rule is not taken into account alone, rather, some cases should be studied through a meta-analysis to analyze the individuals’ behavior towards these norms. the result of such analysis is the effective implementation of legal rules as much as possible.

Literature Review:

The current article deals with the efficacy of environmental norms in an interdisciplinary manner and it has not been yet researched and investigated to the extent of the authors' knowledge.

Although, the efficacy of legal norms is raised after the formation or the identification of them, by observing the executive effects of legal norms and their pathology after their creation or recognition, we pave the way for their possible revision and proposing a reform in the legal system. Therefore, the purpose of this article is not only to look at the establishment of the norms and to examine the effectiveness of environmental sociological theories, but it also examines the behavior of international actors, especially governments, concerning pre-established norms. In this way, the methodology of this research in some parts is “Intrasystem” although it is mostly “Intersystem”; because, beyond the international environmental law system, it considers the role of other regimes. As an Intersystem study, in the framework of the present topic, the researcher is allowed, after observing the degree of realization of the rules in social practice, to review the entire process before and after the formation of the rules until their implementation.

Currently, despite the adoption of numerous environmental norms, for various reasons, countries, in general, have not shown much approval towards the implementation of environmental obligations. Two important factors of the inefficacy of these norms are: 1) their conflict with governments’ developmental concerns and, 2)Lack of consensus and sufficient scientific knowledge at the global level.
through referring to some sociological theories, the following article seeks to find ways to strengthen environmental norms (at the stage of establishing these environmental norms) and to influence the behavior of governments towards environmental obligations (at the stage of implementing the mentioned norms).
This research hypothesizes that by opening the door of international environmental law to some sociological theories and distancing it from others, it would be possible to achieve more efficient and effective environmental norms.

A major part of the State’s water resources is used, in the form of "virtual water", to produce products, especially agricultural products. Today, the smart trade of virtual water is considered a way to resolve the world's water shortage crisis. This research has answered the question of what capacities does the current legal framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have for managing and facilitating virtual water trade? The primary hypothesis is that WTO can facilitate the smart trade of virtual water by removing trade barriers. The results of the studies indicate that only trade liberalization, regardless of the economic value of water in the production process, does not facilitate virtual water trade in line with the management of global water resources. Also, although the management of import and export of goods based on the amount of water consumed in the production process seems to violate the principle of non-discrimination in WTO, some exceptions included in the agreements of this organization can help to virtual water trade and reduce the water crisis. Using the capacities of this organization to remove agricultural subsidies that disrupt the virtual water trade and evaluating the water footprint through the creation of a labelling system are other ways to facilitate the virtual water trade.

The international community today generally accepts the fact that terrorism in all its forms and manifestations is one of the most serious threats to international peace and security, and that any terrorist operation, regardless of its motive, time, place and perpetrators, is criminal. The region of West Asia and the Middle East, especially Afghanistan, has been the center of terrorist operations in recent decades, and at the same time, this region has witnessed numerous international and non-international armed conflicts, and in some cases these two phenomena are intertwined to cause , What is the relationship between terrorist operations and armed conflict? Terrorist operations are subject to which legal system in cases where they are part of violence related to armed conflict? Will it be governed by international humanitarian law and international criminal law, or is it a criminal act that, although in the context of an armed conflict, is subject to the domestic law of the countries concerned and subject to the international obligations of governments in the fight against terrorism? Or will it be subject to both categories of legal regulations at the same time? Using library data and international procedures, this article has tried to prove the hypothesis that terrorist operations related to armed conflicts can be an example of multiple criminal titles at the same time and also be subject to domestic law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law. and cause the international responsibility of the relevant government or governments and the criminal responsibility of individuals.

The Covid-19 pandemic has created challenges and concerns for the whole world, so that it has forced international organizations to take measures at the global level in this critical situation to reduce the problems of governments and people. In this article, an attempt has been made to answer the question of what measures international organizations have taken to protect children's rights during the outbreak of Covid-19. For this purpose, the actions of a number of these organizations, especially those that have the mission and claim to protect children's rights, have been examined. Investigations showed that with the spread of the pandemic and the resulting crises that put children's rights under serious threat, each of these organizations tried to take appropriate measures to protect children during the pandemic. Among these measures, the cooperation of these organizations with the governments has been in the form of providing solutions, guidelines, as well as providing humanitarian aid and health items and financial support to the governments involved in the disease and in need of help, especially the developing countries. Although these measures have been of great help to the governments involved in the disease to adopt a strategy appropriate to the rights of the child to control and contain the epidemic, it has not been enough, because we witnessed the occurrence of severe damages in the field of children's rights, which can be said that it has even overshadowed the progress of the past years.

International environmental law faces pluralism in both normative and institutional aspects. Some view the existing plurality with a pluralistic or specialization approach, arguing that not only it is not harmful, but that it is useful. Inspired by Kant's unitarianism, the opposite view leads to normative integration and institutional centralization. The present article, through a descriptive-analytic method and by means of content analysis, aims to illustrate the desired outlook in this field and propose an appropriate model, taking into account the existing conditions. Taking into account some managerial and sociological aspects of the topic, the paper concludes that the actual pluralism needs to achieve unity and centralism, in some sectors, so that the positive effects of specialization can manifest themselves.

The return of Palestinian refugees to their ancestral lands remains a pressing human, political and legal issue in the third millennium. The present study aims at exploring the legal status of Palestinian refugees as well as investigating their right of return to their lands in an international law framework. In so doing, the role of nationality and the principle of genuine link between claimants of the right of return and the country of origin are examined. It is concluded that considering the historical context of the Palestinian territories, part of which is now called Israel and the other part is under the control of the Palestinian state, Palestinian refugees can pursue and demand their right of return. Obviously, neither the passage of time nor the refusal of the Israeli side undermines the existence and validity of their claim for the right of return. Library data and field studies are used in delineating concepts, analyzing theories and confirming research hypothesis in the study.

According to Article 7 of the Rome Statute, the crime of Apartheid refers to actions, policies, and courses of conduct with the purpose of maintaining an institutionalized regime of systematic racism and racial domination. Based on this definition, the word "Apartheid" will not only refer to the historical regime of South Africa (1948-1994) but is also recognized as a crime against humanity on par with torture and slavery. Due to certain similarities in legal systems and roots of establishment, Israel and the Apartheid Regime of South Africa have been considered to be analogous in various international documents sponsored by the United Nations until 1991.This study aims to analyze the historical rationale behind this recognition and the reversal of course by the United Nations General Assembly, which was initiated with the revocation of A/RES/3379 resolution (the equation of Zionism with racism). Furthermore, in the light of recent developments on domestic and international levels, it seems several unaligned trends are gaining ground in this respect to reaffirm the previous attribution of the crime of Apartheid to Israel. Through using E-Library data and employing the descriptive-analytical method, the veracity of the said trends, their projection, and their perseverance will be further discussed in this paper.

Access to peace and tranquility and living in a peaceful environment away from war and conflict has been one of the highest aspirations of humans. In order to achieve this goal, many measures have been taken at the international level, including the prohibition of resorting to force, identifying the preservation of international peace and security as the first goal and one of the most important principles of the United Nations Charter, efforts to disarm, development of economic and trade relations and the like. Although these measures have been relatively successful, they have not led to complete success. One of the important measures in this regard is to recognize "peace" as a "human right" under the title "right to peace" and under the categories of "rights of solidarity". This issue raises questions; perhaps the most important question is, basically, on what basis can the recognition of the "right to peace" be justified? To answer this question, justice can be mentioned as a solid basis for considering "peace" as a "human right", and by referring to it, from the perspective of international documents and the verses of the Holy Qur'an, the right to peace can be proved. The present article has evaluated this hypothesis by using library data and using the analytical descriptive method and in a comparative way from the perspective of international documents and the verses of the Holy Qur'an, in the form of an introduction and three speeches.

Between 1998 to 2000, the autonomous province of Kosovo faced an armed conflict between the Kosovo liberation army and Serbian belligerents. Due to the issuance of the declaration of independence of Kosovo in 2008, an investigation took place regarding the behaviors of Kosovo liberation army members by the parliamentary assembly of the Council of Europe resulted in confirmed violent and humiliating behaviors by members of this group. In 2014, The European Union and the government of Kosovo reached an agreement on establishing a special tribunal regarding charges within the investigation report, and subsequently, the Kosovo specialist department & specialist prosecutor's office were established. From the perspective of historical evolution, International criminal tribunals divide into four generations, and the specialist branches of Kosovo is below international criminal tribunals. The importance of the position of global criminal justice in the process of international peace and security requires that this new and little-known court as an agent of global criminal justice be evaluated formally and substantively from the point of view of its structure, competences and judicial procedure, in order to strengthen its strengths and Let's consider the correction of weak points. What we obtained by studying relevant documents and practical precedent of the specialist branches of Kosovo are the failure to provide a precise definition of the crime of forced disappearance of persons and the slow activity of the specialist branches as weak points. At the same time, it should be mentioned the necessity of judges' skill in criminal law as a criterion for tenure and great accuracy and attention to related details in drafting the judgment as strengths.

Ethnic conflicts (ECs) are considered to be one of the current serious dangers for internal stability and safety as well as regional and international peace and security. Minority is a collective construction and the "group" plays a pivotal role in formation of minority groups' collective identity and the possibility of the outbreak of ECs. It appears that the Liberal International Law, due to proceeding neutrality policy and, as a consequence, paving the way for indirect discrimination against minorities from one side and radical insistence on individualism and individual demands and neglecting collective and group identity and rights on the other side, has disregarded the "group" that plays a substantial role in the outbreak and intensification of ECs. Consequently, this has led to its failure in preventing the tensions between the majority and minority or between different minority groups.

The International Court of Justice, as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, plays a decisive role in the settlement of international disputes. The subject of the present study, through various judgments of the International Court of Justice, is to examine how the Court deals with events and their description, how to understand and interpret the text and international regulations as assumptions for voting, and also to examine the general and practical methods and criteria of the Court in the process of describing the event to issuing a judgment. The present article, via a descriptive-analytic method and by means of content analysis, intends to examine and explore the factors and elements influencing each of the two stages of the court's judicial performance process (descripting and voting). Considering the existence of various factors influencing the description of the event, such as the objective means of proof as well as subjective means: mental perceptions, recognition and interpretation of the court judges, the effectiveness of each of them is relativeand not definite. Anyway, inany case, the court tries to strike a balance between these factors by taking the path that is closest to justice, and the application of the principle of fairness is a clear example of this method. Generally, there is no absolute or fixed version can be found in the ICJ procedure from describing the event to issuing a judgment.

Succession of states to obligations resulting from international wrongful acts is related to the broader topic of succession to international responsibility about which there are very different opinions. Applying a descriptive-analytical method, the present paper is seeking to explain the basis of state succession to obligations in respect of international wrongful acts. Moreover, it explains the principles of non-transmission and of continuance which the advocates of non-succession have relied on. In spite of all the dissenting opinions, especially in classical scholarship, this article comes to the conclusion that there are no impediments in international law to prevent the transfer of obligations in respect of international wrongful acts. Scrutinizing this proposition is the subject of the present paper.

The legal-political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is based on the convergence of the Muslims in the world as a single nation (ummah) and is required by the Constitution to base its general policy on the coalition and unity of Islamic nations, is seeking to defend rights of all Muslims and support the rightful struggle of the oppressed against the arrogant everywhere in the world. The judiciary, as one of the high sovereign bodies in this system, is committed to observe these principles and general policies. This important issue has been appropriately emphasized in the Judicial Transformation Document announced in 2021 as legal support for the Resistance Front. Therefore, given the military intervention of the Saudi-led Arab states in Yemen and the violation of the rights of the Yemeni people as a result of ignoring the rules of human rights and humanitarian law, the main question that the present study, through a descriptive-analytic method, seeks to answer is that how can the judiciary of the Islamic Republic of Iran play a role in supporting the Muslims of this country? The result is that the gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law in Yemen are clear examples of war crimes regarding which the acceptance of the principle of universal jurisdiction in the Islamic Penal Code has enabled the judiciary with the capacity to prosecute the perpetrators of these crimes. However, the use of this capacity requires the amendment and enactment of domestic law as well as the use of structural facilities in the judiciary.

Succession of states to obligations in respect of international wrongful acts, is in the scope of succession to international responsibility which there are very different opinions about that. Here, a state should be considered in its general meaning. Applying descriptive-analytical method, the present paper is seeking to finding the basis regarding state succession to obligations in respect of international wrongful acts and in accordance with that, it explains the concept of the principle of non-transmission, as the basis on which the advocators of non-succession of states to obligations in respect of international wrongful acts have relied on it and then it addresses the principle of continuance as the basis on which the advocators of of state succession to such obligations relied on. In spite of all the dissenting views that, speccially in classsic thoughts in international law, have been issued, the article in hands, comes to this conclusion that there is no impediment in front of state succession to obligations in respect of international wrongful acts, in international law to prevent the transferring of obligations in respect of international wrongful acts. Scrutinizing these bases is the subject of the present paper.

Among the realms influenced by the developments of recent decades in new technologies and specifically the internet is the freedom of expression (FoE) as a fundamental human right. The close link between the internet and FoE has led to litigation of individuals against their respective states in the framework of internet-related issues, including blocking the access to the internet before the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR/the Court). Employing a descriptive-analytic method and using library data, the present article seeks to examine the European Court of Human Rights' case law to protect the right to freedom of expression against the ban or restriction of internet access. This examination implies that the Court has applied the general standards and criteria governing FoE, including the scope and legitimate limitations imposed on it in the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHRFF) framework on the related cases. In the Court's view, the wholesale and integrated prohibition of internet and access to internet websites is considered a breach of the right to FoE. In the framework of limiting access to the internet, the Court has applied the requirements stipulated in art. 10(3) of the ECHRFF on the related cases in this regard.In this regard, the ECHR considers the legality, predictability, and accessibility of restrictive Internet laws and access to them, as well as the necessity and proportionality of limiting measures in a democratic society, and the legitimacy of restricting Internet access to achieve legitimate goals such as public order and safety, among others. There are requirements, the fulfilment and verification of which, through a narrow and limited interpretation, can absolve the states of the violation of Art. 10 of the ECHRFF on FoE.

From the perspective of international humanitarian law (IHL), the main purpose of parties to an armed conflict shall be exclusively weakening the enemy’s forces and repelling them out of the battlefield. Accordingly, several principles are formed aimed at controlling military activities, means and ways of war of the parties to the conflict and their treatment of the individuals and groups caught by the adversary. What has been accepted by international community after several centuries and has transformed the law of war into humanitarian law, has been reaffirmed by Islam from the beginning. Furthermore, in spite of some diversionary and extremist claims and conducts, there are some principles derivable from sources, tradition and transcendental teachings of Islam complying with which can play a transformational role in improving the status of war victims and preserving their human dignity and value. Reconsidering these principles, especially in the condition of the emergence of some extremist groups and violent behaviors of fighters attributing themselves to Islam, has become a new necessity. These principles include some common principles between Islam and IHL and certain principles specific to legal and ethical system of Islam. The present article undertakes the analysis and examination of common principles of Islam and IHL that indicates the influence of Islamic thoughts on the development of these principles. However, there are certain principles of conduct in Islam relative to protecting victims of armed conflicts that require another study.