mostafa hashemi

In this paper, a higher-derivative model for electrodynamics is presented in a  D+1 dimensional Minkowski space-time by introducing a form factor into the kinetic term of Maxwell theory as -1/4µ0 FµνFµν→ -1/4µ0 FµνFHD2(ℓ2□)Fµν , where  is a characteristic length scale. Our calculations show that for DÊÎ{3, 4, 5} the electrostatic potential of a point charge is finite at the position of the point charge in this higher-derivative modification of Maxwell's theory. For D=3 the explicit form of the potential and the electric field of a point charge are obtained analytically in this higher-derivative electrodynamics. According to numerical estimations, the upper bound for the characteristic length scale ℓ is ℓmax ~1/100ℓelectroweak  , where ℓelectroweak= 10-18m is the electroweak length scale. Finally, it should be emphasized that for ℓ<<1 the results of this paper are compatible with the results of ordinary Maxwell theory.

Establishment and development of settlement is in relation to environmental condition and geomorphic condition. . The aim of this study is to identify to limitations and capabilities in this area in conjunction with residential development to the development of residential areas in Tafresh.In order to aim using of combination model AHP-Fuzzy relation with geomorphologic planning. Data analysis in this research is that it is 14 natural parameter geomorphological forms such as elevation, slope, aspect, land use, geology, soil, geomorphology, erosion, distance of road, distance of river, distance of fault and distance of landslide point as effective parameters in study question selected. Eventually after standardization, integration and geomorphological mapping based on fuzzy model and manipulate results showed that 68% of the area of 1861 square kilometers is unsuitable for residential development that This shows the limited nature of the right places according to the geomorphological conditions of the region to develop and create new settlements. Geomorphological units such as mountains, plains, salt plains, dunes, sand dunes, rocky hills and badlands with limits for human settlements and development of alluvial fan and alluvial plains are more suitable for the development of settlements.

One of the key geopolitical regions adjacent to Iran is the South Caucasus region. This region has been important for Iran and Russia for a long time due to its geographical proximity and exchanges and historical, cultural and other roots with Iran and Russia. Due to its geostrategic position, the South Caucasus region attracts regional and spherical actors. The historical roots and proximity of this region to Iran and Russia have caused the fate and events of this region to have a direct impact on the security and national interests of Iran and Russia, which has created obstacles to the path of regionalism in Iran by Russia and other actors. The present study seeks to study the effect of the neighborhood policy of the Russian Federation on Iran's regionalist approach in the Caucasus. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and exploratory in nature. Is. In this study, the statistical population included a collection of political geography experts, officials of related organizations and relevant institutions who, in addition to collecting information, helped in other areas such as (interviews and questionnaires). In this research, we have tried to address all the political, defense, security, etc. countries of the South Caucasus region and the actors present in this region. Then the results of the field method are performed in the form of statistical analysis T. Therefore, in order to gain a superior position over its rivals and ensure its security and national interests, far from Russia's violent confrontations, Iran must consider strategies based on linking its interests with the Caucasus countries and bring them to the operational stage.

The profound geopolitical changes in the South Caucasus have had a significant impact on relations between Iran and the three republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. The Islamic Republic of Iran has expanded political-economic cooperation with the people of the region due to its historical relations and socio-cultural ties. The active presence of regional and trans-regional actors has had a direct impact on this relationship. This study seeks to select an effective strategy to achieve Iranian regionalism in the Caucasus against Russia and to design operational strategies using game theory. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and exploratory in nature, in which library and field methods including interviews with elites have been used to collect research data. the statistical population included a collection of political geography experts, officials of related organizations and relevant institutions who, in addition to collecting information, helped in other areas. In this study, an attempt is made to select an effective strategy to achieve Iranian regionalism in the Caucasus against Russia in this region. Then, the results of statistical analysis have been implemented in the form of game theory;

The interaction between organs is a crucial part of modern medicine. As a very prerequisite to manage a disease, practitioners should have a full awareness of the related organs. Kidney and heart are two vital organs that are closely interconnected in various fields. These two organs have a lot of common risk factors for making a person unhealthy; therefore, if you prevent the disease in one of them, the other’s morbidity might be alleviated as well. Among them, nephrolithiasis and myocardial infarction (MI) have more risk factors in common, and both could be fatal. Also, these two diseases are important regarding the prevalence, incidence, and burden of disease. Some studies confirm the relationship between MI and nephrolithiasis; however, further researches are needed to discover the exact direction of their relationship. The present review aims to explain the mechanism of MI and nephrolithiasis; clarify the relationship between these two disease based on physiological, pathological, and clinical studies; and propose some solutions for the prevention and treatment of such diseases.

 The purpose of this study is to investigate the Logical Behavior of the Tehran stock exchange Based on the simultaneous failure of increasing and decreasing Long-term and short-term trends of performance criteria (including earnings per share, operating profit per share, operating cash flows of each share and Net growth of assets of per share adjusted by inflation( and Corporate Dividend. for this purpose, According to different financial theories, Six hypotheses are developed and data on 301 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period between the years 1993 to 2017 are analyzed. The research method using Panel data method with fixed effects approach and using comparative tests reviewed and tested. The results showed that for the main hypothesis of the first and second, with the exception of the functional criterion, the net changes in the assets of each share, the information content of future performance and market reaction on the basis of the failure of long-term and short-term trends are increasing and decreasing for bad news is more than good news. In addition, for four main thirty to sixth hypotheses, the results show that the information content of future performance and market reaction do not follow reasonable and theoretical behavior to compare long-run and short-term patterns of failure of the performance criteria and Dividend, and Displays conflicting results. As a result, these four main hypotheses have been rejected

"Psoriasis" is a chronic skin disease characterized by silver plaques on the skin and affecting various parts of the body, especially head and face. Since the disease can affect the strength of marital relations and due to its great similarity with Vitiligo, in this study we intend to examine the possibility of considering this disease as a vice and revocation of the marriage through it based on the principles of Islamic jurisprudence.

The present study is a descriptive analytical study based on library resources. First, based on medical findings, "psoriasis" and its similarity with Vitiligo has been studied, Then the possibility of permission of revocation of marriage by this disease has been analyzed in terms of the basics of Imami jurisprudence.

Because in religious texts, the reason for the permission of revocation of a marriage in Vitiligo is people hate from the patient, and this cause is also present in "psoriasis", Permission of revocation of marriage can be extended to this disease and if the disease occurs in one couple, the other party can revocate the marriage.

This study was carried out to compare mucociliary function (MCF) of nasal cavity before and after septorhinoplasty surgery by saccharin test.

This study was carried out on 70 patients who needed septorhinoplasty surgery in Kashani and Alzahra Hospital during 2013–2014 to measure MCF. Saccharin test was performed on the patients before surgery and on three more intervals 1 day, 1 week, and on month after ward and the readings were recorded. Saccharin test is performed by placing saccharin granules on the anterior part of inferior turbinate and the time the patient feels the sweet taste is recorded the normal range is below 30 min.

Mean of test for each time interval was obtained and comparison of measurements was made reading were mean of saccharin test before surgery (7.74 ± 1.65 min) the day after surgery (7.75 ± 1.7 min), on week after surgery (15.04 ± 3.4), and 1 month after surgery (8.49 ± 2.08 min). The readings before surgery did not have statistically signifi cant difference with the readings 1 day after surgery P = 0.99, but comparison of test results at other time intervals were signifi cant (P < 0.001). A relative increase in saccharin test time was seen in a period of 1 month after surgery the rise was more noticeable in the 1st week compared to 1 month after surgery.

This study in the period after septorhinoplasty surgery MCF undergoes slight impairment that gradually progresses to normal values during 1 month after surgery.

This study is an applied research and methods considered in the project is a combination of the analytical method Isfahan province.. Expert-Choice-V11 for calculating and standards as well as the importance of software Arc GIS 10 for integrating layers and final map was produced. To better understand the current situation in terms of SWOT techniques have been used.s. The researchers sought to take advantage of the rich potential of the economy, especially tourism, paves the way for the revival of empty areas, especially villages populated by immigrants have not.The number of settlements in terms of number of 30276 people occupy the status quo; that in 9158 households in the province have been distributed. While this amount is included 16442 women and 18664 men. In addition to the settlement, the researchers zoning desired range into 5 levels, very good, good, average, poor, very poor, is based on tourism and economic criteria based on the existing capabilities identified in the province. The areas of the northwest and the southern half of the province best scope to create or strengthen settlements and settlements are available.

The aim of this research is to analyze the performance of 8 drought’s index in Isfahan, Kerman and Yazd province and choose the best index. For this purpose, used monthly and yearly rainfall data in the period of 30 years (1985-2014) and also used 8 drought indexes in 20 meteorological stations of central Iran which the accuracy of each index in determining drought is examined. Also zoning in ARC GIS 9.3 has done for driest year in the time period. And it has performed according to the best selected index. For choosing the best index in annual and monthly scale has used the efficient measure of minimum precipitation occurrence year with severe droughts in region’s stations. The results showed that in the monthly scale only 6 and 12 months of SPI index in order to analyze the drought even in low rainfall months which confront with zero data contains. In this temporal scale, static indexes such as RAI and DI in all the stations showed the minimum precipitation year according to severe droughts and named as the best index. Also the weakest index belonged to NICHE that had not the ability of determining the drought intensity in all the study’s region. In comparison the performance of RAI and SPI determined which RAI index showed the severe drought in all the study’s region but SPI index could not show the severe drought category in the period of 30 year in the region of central Iran in some stations.

Introduction Recently, inequalities are the fundamental problems for human society, as they are discussed in academic places and they cause governmental concerns, inequalities can risk national unity and social stability. Spatial planning is a set of coordinated and coherent knowledge, policies, techniques and operations that are used to eliminate inequalities and organize and regulate biological and geographical spaces (natural and unnatural). The concentration of facilities and services in the cities and provincial centers in recent decades has created regional inequalities in accessing to services and facilities; finally, it leads a decline in quality of life, income gaps and ultimately spatial injustice. Therefore, logical and credible analysis of the regions and areas is essential in order to achieve spatial justice and major economic development. Alborz province, as one of the centers for spatial distribution and deconcentrating of Tehran which is separated in 2010 from the province, is now involved in the intense spatial concentration in the provincial capital. There are various threats in this province that cover a wide range of issues. In this regard, one of the most important parts of spatial planning is the recognition of political, security and defensive threats in different provinces. This study surveys spatial distribution of services and facilities in different counties of Alborz province. Since good distribution of facilities and services in the regional and provincial levels lead to reduction of the security threats. This research also seeks to answer the fundamental question: What are the security and defensive threats of spatial planning in Alborz province?
Theoretical Framework Security and defense are the most important foundations of development for each country, which are achieved through smart planning and good policies. In an overview, we can say that the most important goal of recent planning is to achieve development, especially sustainable development. Sustainable development does not have clear definition despite it is extensively used. For this reason, the development takes an available meaning only in case that it is considered in four economic, political, cultural and social areas. Therefore, attention to a range of key variables in different environmental, cultural, economic, social and political sectors is necessary in political, security and defensive studies. No attention to each of these sectors can cause irrepairable damage, for example, the lack of attention to environmental issues can lead to the creation of a Green Party and new environmental advocacy movements based on radical ideas such as extreme ecology, eco-anarchism and ecofeminism. Oriurdon (1989) states how societies are divided between two groups of people. A group that considers nature to be inherently exploitative and recoverable and another group that knows that human ability to destroy its environment is more than its ability to compensate. Therefore, providing development and accessing to various regional and provincial levels can equally serve a basis for policy advancement, security development, strengthening defensive capabilities and reducing regional inequalities that countries are taking along. Also, dealing with the issue of security and defense is one of the most important factors for development of the country.
Methodology The present research is applicable in terms of its purpose and it has descriptive-analytical and exploratory nature. Library materials, interviews and a questionnaire were used to collect data. In library studies, research related topics, including dissertations, articles, books and research projects have been used. Necessary indices for research have been extracted from library studies. Elite interviews were conducted to find out if the indices that were extracted from the library method adequately measured the existing threats in Alborz province. Each of the threats was selected by elite questionnaires.
Also, a questionnaire with 76 indicators was used to measure the importance of each of the threats in the various counties of Alborz province. The number of respondants was 35 people. Also, purposeful sampling has been used to select experts. Vikor method has been used to analyze the indices. Then, the results are displayed by using the arc map 10.2 software.
Discussion and Findings Proximity to Tehran as the capital of Iran and center of all sectors, services, facilities, employment, and so on is one of the most prominent features of Alborz province. Despite proximity to the capital leads to access of Alborz province to the various services, but this has caused a number of different problems. Being near to Tehran and Karaj-Tehran subway line, being the province capital, easy access of Karaj residents to Tehran and many other problems have leaded Karaj to be the largest residential city in Iran compared to other sectors. It also has the most informal settlements. The huge difference in Karaj population with other counties of Alborz province has caused that more provincial budgets are allocated to Karaj, and industry and service sectors are also concentrated in Karaj. Proximity to the capital, the unreasonable concentration of population, facilities and services have exacerbated various political, security and defensive threats in Karaj. Finally, experts believe that establishing justice in the territory of the land and increasing the level of access in the poor counties by using different methods of spatial planning are the best ways to reduce the threats in Alborz province. Therefore, problems and challenges could be reduced by distributing facilities, services and accesses among different counties of Alborz Province, and also eliminating unemployment and low access to facilities in other counties.

Smoking is one of the most important risk factor in increasing of non‑communicable disorders, especially chronic diseases such as cancer, stroke, heart and respiratory diseases. Cigarette smoking could damage the cochlea and causing hearing loss. The otoacoustic emission (OAE) is a source of information for determining cochlear responses to sound stimuli and how to change the response of the auditory system in some diseases. OAE test was sensitive to outer hair cells (OHCs) activity.

In this study, tried to evaluate a hearing threshold of the smoker group versus non‑smoker ones through pure tone audiometery, transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) tests.

The results indicated that significant decrement of 8000 Hz threshold, reduced DPOAE/TEOAE amplitude in the smoker group than non‑smoker one (P < 0.05). DPOAE amplitudes decline reflects the cochlear damage caused by smoking.

OAEs test was clinically non‑invasive, accurate, and objective evaluation of the performance of cochlear OHCs.

This study was done to evaluate the effect of itraconazole on clinical symptoms and radiologic findings in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis after surgery.

In a clinical trial which was conducted in Alzahra and Kashani hospitals, from November 2011 to December 2012, 22 patients with recurrent postsurgical chronic sinusitis and polyposis entered the study. At the start of the study demographic data, subjective clinical symptoms (severity of rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, hyposmia, and dyspnea), quality of life (QoL) by sinonasal outcome test-20 (SNOT-20), serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), and score of computed tomography (CT) scan (by Lund-Mackay) were recorded. Itraconazole (100 mg, twice per day) prescribed for 3 months and patients were followed in the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months. Liver enzyme tests and side effects were evaluated monthly.

Severity of rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, hyposmia, dyspnea, and QoL (by SNOT-20) improved during 3 months of treatment. Serum IgE was 265 (±277) at the start of the study, and decrease to 193 (±183) after 3 month. After 3 month, Lund-Mackay score of CT scan lowered from 19 (±4) to 15 (±6) (P < 0.05). At the 6th month, severity of clinical symptoms except dyspnea and QoL were better than first evaluation.

This study showed the beneficial effect of 3-month itraconazole treatment on clinical symptoms and radiologic findings and QoL in patients with recurrent postsurgical chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis.

Taste abnormalities are common among cancer patients after starting radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Considering the role of zinc and reports on its beneficial effects in taste perception, we evaluated the preventive effects of zinc sulfate on radiation-induced taste alterations. In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, adult patients with head and neck cancers who were on schedule for radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, were allocated to receive zinc sulfate (50 mg, three times a day) or placebo; started with beginning of radiotherapy and continued for one month later. Taste acuity was determined by measuring detection and recognition thresholds for four taste qualities at baseline, at the end of radiotherapy, and a month later using the Henkin method. Thirty-five patients (mean age = 59.2 ± 16.5, 60% male) completed the trial. The two groups were similar at baseline. After radiotherapy, and one month later, there was a significant increase in taste perception threshold for bitter, salty, sweet, and sour tastes in the placebo group (P = 0.001). In those who received zinc, there was only slight increase in threshold for perception of the salty taste (P = 0.046). No relevant side effects due to zinc sulfate were reported. Zinc supplementation in head/neck cancer patients under radiotherapy can prevent radiation-induced taste alterations. Further studies with longer follow-ups and with different doses of zinc supplementation are warranted in this regard.

Obesity and increased blood pressure are identified as risk factors for cardiac and pulmonary disorders. On the other hand, iron deficiency (another preventable disease) is common in adolescence and considered as associated with health impairment. The present study evaluates body mass index (BMI) and its association with blood pressure and hematological indices in freshman students entering the University of Isfahan in 2009. All the 1675 students who entered the University of Isfahan in September 2009 were examined. Height, weight, BMI, blood pressure, hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cell (RBC) indices of these students were measured. The prevalence of high blood pressure, its association with BMI and the relation between BMI and anemia, iron deficiency and educational achievement were assessed. All participants, including 514 males and 1161 females, went under clinical observations. The average age was 20.7 ± 3.8. year Among the students, 18.2% of males and 20% of females were underweight. High systolic blood pressure was more common in the students with BMI > 25 kg/m2 (p < 0.001). Anemia was seen in 8.7% of females. In males, however, a relation between anemia frequency and BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 was more distinct (p = 0.002). There was no association between anemia and students’ average test scores. High incidence of abnormal BMI in the study population, and its association with systolic blood pressure indicate the importance of nutritional guidelines and counseling programs for freshman students. On the other hand, high incidence of anemia in this population ascertains the necessity of anemia screening programs before academic studies.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) has a considerably high prevalence in our country, and without early treatment, it would lead to irreversible sequelae like hearing impairment. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of hearing loss in children with CH in comparison with healthy children. This case-control study was conducted in two groups of children; the case group consisted of 94 children with CH aged more than 4 months under follow up in Isfahan endocrine research center; the control group included 450 healthy infants underwent routine neonatal hearing screening in a private hospital. First, Otto Acoustic Emission (OAE) test was performed, and in the case of being abnormal, then auditory brain stem response (ABR) test was conducted. Children with abnormal ABR were considered to have hearing impairment. The prevalence of hearing impairment was not significantly different between children with CH and controls (3.2% vs. 0.2%, respectively; p>0.05). The mean age of beginning the treatment for CH was not significantly different between children with or without hearing impairment (13.6±8.3 vs. 16.4±8.05 days, respectively; p>0.05).The mean T4 and TSH was not significantly different between children with CH with and without hearing impairment (5.6±4.2 mg/dl and 133.7±80.3 MIU/l vs. 6.2±3.7 mg/dl and 116.5±92.1 MIU/l, respectively; p>0.05). We did not document any difference in the prevalence of hearing impairment in children with CH and controls; this finding might be because of limited number of subjects studied and the short duration of follow up. There was no difference neither between the age of beginning the treatment for CH and hearing impairment, nor between the mean T4 and TSH at birth and hearing impairment. Hearing loss has no relationship with age at treatment onset and primary T4 and TSH level at diagnoses.