فهرست مطالب mostafa mozaffari

IoT, as a new technological paradigm, is advancing with significant economic and social implications. While network connectivity brings functional infrastructure, challenges regarding licensing and enforcement of essential patents within the Standard Essential Patents (SEP) framework in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector cast a wide shadow on IoT technology development. Focusing on the European Union's legal approach based on competition law, this article explores existing legal aspects mainly arising from the mobile industry's challenges to address IoT tools and their encompassing technologies. Using a descriptive-analytical method, it seeks to answer whether the current patent regulations framework adequately aligns with the needs and Standard Essential Patents (SEP) for IoT development or not. Ultimately, it concludes that updating and aligning current regulations with the unique features of Standard Essential Patents for IoT will enable the creation of a more flexible and effective legal framework for patent protection in this domain domain.

Globalization has been effective in legal ambit and especially on law of contracts as such in way that international commercial customs are stated instead of national and domestic commercial customs and beyond that private international law instead of international private law. Today, countries are interdependent to obviate their needs and alternatively have to make contract to oblige their counterpart, however, since on the one hand national laws impose some restrictions to counterparts to protect their nationals and on the other hand most of developing and undeveloped countries do not possess political and economical security and safety, the counterparts either avoid dealing with them or calculate the cost of risk, increasing the price of goods and services. Such an affair has made uniformity of international regulations over contracts unavoidable and one of the ways to generating uniformity is using standard contracts. Since these contracts are result of expanded researches and use of experiences of merchants having expertise in particular contracts and regulated completely impartially in way that at least rights of seller and buyer is secured, have a great deal of credit internationally and among the international merchants. Standard contracts do not need legislation and have been widely common among international merchants and this originates from such a point that standard contracts possess current customs in that business, providing for most important and most trivial provisions that is presumed to cause argument. How ever, today standard contracts play an important role in international contracts in way that in many of transactions, merchants prefer to use these contracts to obtain normal grade of assurance. Such a thing as such causes a sort of legal uniformity in international transactions.