فهرست مطالب motamed

It is argued that students have less tendency to communicate in English classes even after several years of attending language courses. The general objective of this research was to find the effective factors for willingness to communicate in English across medical classes.

The participants in this study were 252 medical students from Zanjan University of Medical Sciences who were majoring in one of the fields of dentistry, medicine and pharmacy and were taking the course of English for Specific Purposes. Macintyre’s Willingness to Communicate questionnaire was used to compile the data. After collecting the data using the questionnaire, they were processed in the statistical package. The collected data were then tabulated and analyzed via SPSS (20) and AMOS.

In the structural model, there were significant pathways between self-confidence and motivation and WTC in ESP classes. Motivation had a positive effect on self-confidence. The teacher's immediacy, with its negative impact on shyness, increased the motivation to communicate in the ESP class. On the other hand, the paths of shyness to motivation and self-confidence were negative. All pathways were significant at 0.05.

The findings of this study showed that, as in the previous studies, the tendency to communicate in language classes depends on several variables. Given that communication and speaking are the most important language skills, language learning planning is recommended to consider the importance of this skill. Language teachers should create conditions with low anxiety to encourage learners to speak and communicate. Shyness was another variable during the study that had a negative effect on the WTC. The results of this study also emphasize that highly motivated learners are more likely to participate in classroom activities and communication due to their self-confidence. Also, in this study, the teacher's intervention had a positive effect on reducing anxiety. Thus, it is recommended that teachers play an important role in motivating students to communicate I ESP classes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical efficiency of male calf fattening units in Guilan province and to determine the yield to their scale using the data envelopment analysis method. The cost and income information required was collected by completing the questionnaire using 52 units of fattening in Guilan province. The results showed that the average technical efficiency was 0.961 and 0.494 using the variable and constant returns approach to scale, respectively, which showed the efficiency of the production of fattening units. In order to evaluate the factors influencing the technical performance of the fattening units, two components of the equipment and facilities of fattening units and knowledge of fattening knowledge were used. Using the interval of standard deviation from mean (ISDM) method, scores for these two components were categorized into four groups. Then, using ANOVA and paired comparison of the groups determined by the ISDM method with the help of Tukey test, the impact of facilities and equipment privileges and fattening knowledge was studied on the technical efficiency score of fattening units. The results showed that the couples of the four groups of facilities and equipments and fattening knowledge were significantly influenced by the technical efficiency of the units.

The haemolytic biovar of Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis) is responsible for urogenital, gastrointestinal, and respiratory diseases in chickens. There are numerous reports on the resistance of G. anatis to antibiotics and recurrence of the disease, which raise concerns about antimicrobial treatment efficiency. Vaccination has been considered as the most feasible procedure of prevention in high risk farms. Subunit vaccines containing immunogenic components can have practical protective value in preventive measures regarding the infection. The present study aimed to introduce a polytopic vaccine candidate based on epitope detection. All registered sequences of four immunogenic proteins, includig Flfa, GTxA, Gab_1309, and Gab_2348 were retrieved and directed for variational analysis. A vaccine isolate was selected for each protein and tested for B-cell epitope mapping using different tools. Furthermore, consensus selected immunogenic regions with special patterns fused together by flexible linkers were integrated into two constructs and checked for the best status of proteasomal cleavage sites, as well as hydropathy plot. Moreover, back translations, along with codon optimization were performed, and then some tags were added to the constructs. The selected consensus B-cell immunogenic epitopes were for 12656: AA114-181, 7990: AA114-181, Avicor: AA42-77, 134-197, and IPDH: 61-155 for Flfa protein, AA185-235, AA372-457, and AA807-941 for GtxA-N, AA260-305, AA340-400, and AA110-146 for Gab-1309, and AA125-AA175 for Gab-2348. Two suitable patterns of attachment were selected from the different fusion patterns of epitopes in B-cell polytopic vaccinal constructs. Finally, the examination of these constructs showed their effect and efficacy for immune system stimulation. Based on bioinformatics results, these immunogens could be utilized as potential candidates to develop polytopic protective vaccines and design diagnostic kits.

Every year, the outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza occurs when migratory birds migrate to different countries.. Because of high economic losses and its effects on public health, increase in the outbreaks of this disease,have increased concern in global societies.Most of the non-waterfowl wild bird Species are susceptible to HPAI and for various reasons, including free-range flying, contact with domestic poultry and in some cases contact with industrial poultries, migrating some species and moving between different countries, international trade, in some cases smuggling of them, andclose contact with humans because of their maintenance as entertainment or as games bird, they arepotentialy important in the ecology HPAI viruses. Most reports of this disease in the nonwaterfowl wild birds are the H5N1 subtype. The least susceptibility to HPAI viruses has been observed in the pigeon and starling spicies, and probably these spicieshavethe least role in the epidemiology of these viruses. While other Passeriformes, Falconiformes and parrots are highly susceptible to HPAI. In the most reported outbreaks in the Falconiformes and crows, the main causes of the infection were using the carcasses of the affected birds or contact with them. The main cause of the susceptibility of these birds to the influenza viruses is the presences of the alpha 2 and 3 sialic acid receptors in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of them. The most common signs that observed in these birds are neurologic signs and the highest viral concentration has been observed in the brain.Due to the susceptibility of non-waterfowl wild birds, and the large number of these birds and the close contact between migratory birds with domestic and industrial birds and the possibility of transmission of infection to other birds and humans, these birds should be considered in the designing of influenza surveillance programs and in the outbreaks of HPAI.

Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is an endemic viral disease in middle east. On the otherhand Infectious bursal disease virus is a widespread infection in chicken which causes vast destruction of immune response to various diseases. Few studies on effect of the virus on innate immunity has been done. In this research we assesed NK cell activity after coinfection of chickens with IBD virus and Avian influenza virus H9N2. Thirthy two chickens were divided in four groups randomly. Group 1and 2 were inoculated with 103 CID50 IBD virus at one day old intra bursaly.at thirthy days old chickens in groups 1 and 3 were inoculated with 106 EID50 oculonasaly. Seven days after influenza virus infection chickens were euthanized and their spleens used for NK cell activity evaluation by Cytotoxicity Detection assay Kit plus LDH, Roche. The most activity was belonged to influenza infected groups but the differences was not Meaningful. So we can concluded that IBD and AI infection has no effect on NK activity.

Proportional statistical methods can help to find real relationships between genetics and phenotypes for analysis of genomic data. In recent years, various statistical methods have been used to understand these relationships. The results show that different methods have better performance, in different conditions and traits. Among these methods, it is possible to use methods based on maximum likelihood, least squares and non-parametric such as Bayesian methods. In contrast to parametric methods, in Bayesian methods, the effects of genetic variables can be analyzed in more than one statistical distribution. Considering the inheritance of quantitative traits were as the result of different effects of genetic variables the statistical distribution of these effects can be different from each other. Therefore, it seems that Bayesian methods can provide a better understanding of the effective genomic regions on quantitative traits and their effects. Thus, in the present study, cellular immunity phenotype was studied using di-Chloro Benzene injection and bird genotype with the 60k SNP chip of Ilumina Company per 198 bird of the F2 generation from the two-sided cross between Arian strain and Urmia indigenous chicken using the Bayes Cπ method. In this method, the value of π and the number of rounds of the chain were 0.1999 of 100,000 respectively. Due to the nature of the trait (low heritability) and the observation of the plot of convergence of the components of variance and π values were selected by using the test and error so that the convergence and dispersion of the effects of the markers correctly displayed. Specified SNPs were located within or close to 25 genes, among which the genes SULF2, MKNKI, LRRTM4, NCK2, CAMK1D, RBFOX1, DUSP14 provided important functions in creating the immune response through the synthesis of T cells, the formation of an immunological synapse , interfered with the formation of neutrophils and response to environmental stress considering the key role of the genes mentioned in the development of cellular immune response, the BayesCπ method can be validated for genomic scan in this trait and similar traits.

The aim of the present study was to compare mother of children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and mothers of normal children in quality of life. Therefore 51 mothers of children 7-14 years old with hyperactivity disorder were non-randomly selected from rehabilitation clinics and 50 mothers of normal children were selected with screening method. The adapted version quality of life questionnaire (WHO) was administrated on them. Multiple regression analysis showed that mothers of children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder were lower in all dimensions of the quality of life (mental health, social relationships, physical health and spiritual health) (F(3,96)=9.03 , p

A key aspect of sustainable development in a country is how energy, environment and economic sectors interact. Greenhouse gas emissions and their impacts are among important environmental issues that have been in focus. The increase in the concentration of these gases in atmosphere to levels above the natural level results in global warming, depletion of the Earth’s protective layer against harmful solar radiation, and threatening whole natural life. The present study aimed at examining the factors affecting CO2 emission in Iran in 1981-2015. The studied variables included per capita CO2 emission, fuel price, per capita production, and per capita energy consumption. The relationship was examined by auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. It was found that CO2 emission is related to actual price of fuel indirectly and to per capita production and per capita energy consumption directly. According to the findings, 1% higher price of fuel would decrease CO2 emission by 0.14%, while 1% higher per capita production would increase it by 0.59%. Given the effectiveness of subsidy reform policy and the increased price of fuel on the alleviation of greenhouse gas emissions by road transport sector, it is advisable to gradually increase fuel price until it reaches FOB price in the Persian Gulf.

Delinquent behavior of adolescents is one of the major concerns of societies, families and social institutions. Therefore, a comprehensive and multi-component analysis of this issue can lead to effective interventions. This study was an effort to find the relationship of personality factors, emotion regulation, antisocial cognition, mental health, and life fields in juvenile delinquency behaviors. Materials and
In this descriptive cross-sectional and correlational study, 394 male high school students in Zanjan, from the second, third and fourth grades were selected using the cluster sampling in the academic year 2015-2016. Data were collected using Neo Personality Questionnaire, Grass & John Emotion Scale, Mental Health Questionnaire, Singer Family Scale, Collaborating with criminal Peers by Pascal Grossmic Self-Control Questionnaire, Scale Otting school satisfaction, Walter’s antitrust cognitive questionnaire, Iranian adolescent risk taking questionnaire and delinquent behavior questionnaire and analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.
The results of the multiple regression showed that delinquent behaviors had a positive and significant relationship with self-control variables (P Delinquent peers, self-control, antisocial cognition, family monitoring, conscientiousness, and neuroticism have independent relationship with juvenile delinquency behaviors.

By rising of Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), it has been revolutionized medical sciences in fields of diagnostic kits and therapeutics drugs. One of well developed and increasing progressive field in immunoinformatic science is antibody bioinformatics. This field includes: designing of antibodies, modeling by different methods, refinement and affinity maturation, docking, humanization and reducing immunogenicity, stability, troubleshooting of structural degeredent and application of databases in industrial scale for drug-therapeutics and diagnostic usages. Antibody bioinformatics is one of complex and hardwork topics in highly profeesional designing which in near future will chage drug industry and diagnostics. Even now these drugs are introduced with this technique and using with high efficacy. Current review article explains on different aspects of bioinformatics and for first time tries to introduce Iranian researchers, engaged in different disciplines in basic biology sciences and pharmacology and its challenges.

Due to the numerous side effects of synthetic analgesics, attention has been paid to find new analgesic agents with fewer side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic properties of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil in mice.
In this study, eighty male NMRI mice were randomly assigned to 5 groups including a control group, groups receiving Satureja bachtiarica essential oil at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg and a group that received morphine at a dose of 10 mg/kg. After intraperitoneal injection of morphine and essential oil, pain response was determined using hot plate and tail immersion tests.
In the hot plate test, 100 mg/kg of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil showed significant analgesic effect compared with the control group but, 50 and 25 mg/kg doses of essential oil did not show any significant effect. Intraperitoneal injection of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil at a dose of 100 mg/kg increased resistance to the hot water at 0, 2, 4 and 6 minutes after the beginning of the tail immersion test (P The results of this study showed the analgesic effect of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil on mice.

Water shortage in Iran is one of the main factors limiting in the development of agricultural activities.Development of new irrigation technologies is one of the most important solutions for the development of agriculture and increase production. To reduce water restrictions in agriculture¡ the expansion of pressurized irrigation systems is in the government''s priority development programs. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effective factors in the adoption of Sprinkler irrigation by farmers in Kangavar city of Ilam province. The questionnaire was the main toll for collecting data. By Kokran formula 310 samples were selected with random sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by 10 subject specialists and reliability assessed with Cronbach''s alpha 0.78 Obtained. The population of this research was 310 wheat farmers including two groups (Sprinkler irrigation group 140 wheat farmers and traditional irrigation group 170). Statistical indicators such as frequency¡ Percent frequency¡ mean¡ standard deviation and X squrae and Kramer coeeficient (V) was performed using spss software. The results showed that there is a correlation (95%) among the independent variables of education¡ agricultural experience¡ reduce weeds¡ reducing the cost of electricity consumption¡ saving water consumption¡ the amount of available water¡ the amount of annual income land holding with the dependent variable¡ adoption sprinkling irrigation methods And there is a correlation (99%) between independent variable of yield with dependent variable of sprinkler irrigation methods. There are not correlations (99%) among independent variables of age¡ family size¡ reduced pest with the dependent variable.

ýIn this paperý, ýthe notion of the radical of a filter iný ýresiduated lattices is defined and several characterizations ofý ýthe radical of a filter are givený. ýWe show that if F is aý ýpositive implicative filter (or obstinate filter)ý, ýthený ýRad(F)=Fý. ýWe proved the extension theorem for radical of filters in residuated latticesý. ýAlsoý, ýwe study the radicalý ýof filters in linearly ordered residuated latticesý.

In this paper the Fajan Formation of Paleocene age with a thickness of 172.5 meters is studied in northwest Shahroud (Eastern Alborz). Main lithology of this formation, at the studied section, consists of conglomerate and sandstone. The formation disconforably overlain upper Cretaceous limestones and its upper boundry with Ziarat limestone of Eocene age is of transitional type. Dominant lithology of mentioned formation, at the studied section, consists of polymodal and polymictic orthoconglomerate which contains rounded to subrounded grains. These clastic grains are generally oval to spherical in shape and originated from limestone, sandstone and chert materials. Paleocene Conglomerate is characterized by two distinc lithofacies: clast-supported massive gravel (Gcm) and clast-supported horizontally stratified gravel (Gh) which are formed in a braided river system. This subject is interpreted by evidances as condensed texture gravels, imbrication fabric that indicate on one hand paleocurrent, non-existence of fossil by reason of oxidation conditions of sedimentary environment, sandstone lenses that have through cross bedding (St) and existence of gravels that are mostly rounded to subrounded and denote distance from origin. Abundant bed load mostly rang in size from pebble to cobble and partially boulder, gravelly beds with long extended lateral spread and lack of flood plain muddy sediments, are reasons in distinguish between recognized sedimentary environment and meandering river. The studied Sandstone layers are described by ripple marked sand (Sr) and planar-cross-bedded sand (Sp) which contain sublitharenite and quartzarenite type are deposited in tide-dominated deltaic system.Interpretation criteria are propounded by means of interference ripple mark that prove direction change of current bearing clastic particles, rounded to subrounded sands that can present repeated reworking of grains after deposition in sedimentary environment, well sorting, high textural maturity, insignificant matrix as criterion in distinction specified delta from other deltaic environments and herringbone cross bedding which is the most important evidence of tidal currents.

In this research, paleo-climatic conditions and diagenetic system of Bahram Formation (Middle-Upper Devonian) have been investigated using geochemical data of major and minor elements and also oxygen and carbon stable isotopes. For this purpose, three stratigraphical sections of this formation including Cheshmeh-shir section (north east of Tabas) with a thickness of 180 m, Kamar-kuh section (south of Kashmar) with a thickness of 188 m and Hoze-dorah section (east Tabas) with a thickness of 192 m have been studied.The studied sections have been composed of thin to thick bedded, gray colored fossiliferous limestones. Based on the obtained geochemical data, the insubstantial values of δ18O isotope (mean -7.66‰ at Kamar-kuh, -8.11‰ at Cheshmeh-shir and -8.21‰ at Hoze-dorah section) in most of samples and also normalized ratio by calcite for strontium versus iron and manganese values indicate a relatively open system and high rate of water-rock interactions.The combination of elemental analysis results (including low ratio of Sr/Mn and high Mn content) and the trend of carbon and oxygen isotopes values reveal that the meteoric diagenesis has had the most important effect on these deposits.
The calculated sea water temperature at the time of deposition of the studied sections using δ18O values has been estimated between 41° and 45° Celsius which is somewhat higher than the expected temperature for this period of time and might be due to the effect of diagenesis.

Irrigation canals leading to increased resistance against scour the walls and water losses. They can be reduced influence that water in the soil. So the irrigation canals are essential for increased efficiency of water. Primer irrigation canals need for operating and maintaining that is costly and should be paid by government and public sector. Therefore, the participation of farmers in the operating and maintaining is essential. This study surveys has been conducted fieldwork in the third grade irrigation canals city of Rasht. The specific objective of the study is to investigate the factors affecting farmer's social-economic and professional farmers in the participation of, operating and maintaining of irrigation canals. The questionnaire was the main toll for collecting data. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by 15 subject specialists and reliability assessed with Cronbach's alpha 0.75 Obtained. The population of this research was 203 paddy farmers. By Gorgesi-Morgan formula 133 samples were selected with random sampling. The results showed the individual characteristics age, education, land holding, total income, social and economic condition of paddy farmers with participation of operating and maintaining of irrigation canals have significant positive relationship.

Rangelands renewable resources play a very important role in ecosystem regulating, preserving plant genetic reservoirs, water cycle as well as providing large parts of forage requirements. These resources were considered to be a basis for sustainable development and also a basic platform for various economic activities. During the recent years in Iran, these valuable sources were subjected to strong destruction due to the excessive exploitation and unethical of ranchers. Nowadays, it seems necessary to suggest appropriate grazing management programs, organizing systematic exploitation and preventing the destruction of rangelands. The aim of present study was to evaluate the role of educational and extension strategies in reducing rangelands destruction, grazing management and principally organization of its exploitation. Statistical community of the present study was Ilam Province, Iran. Sample size was calculated using Cochran formula as 255 ranchers and individuals were selected using Simple Randomized Sampling Method. Data were analyzed through Spearman correlation co-efficient and Mann Whitney U test using SPSS software. Results showed that there was no significant relationship between age, number of livestock and the use of educational and extension strategies related to reducing rangeland’s degradation but there was direct and significant relation of gender, education, participation of exploiters in educational and extension training courses and also adoption of educational and extension strategies relate d to reducing rangelands degradation.

Due to constraints in the agricultural sector, improve the productivity factors of production is the important factor for achieving sustainable economic growth. The aim of this study was to measure total factor productivity (silkworm egg, labor and mulberry) and affecting Variables Intercommunity, Motive, Job satisfaction, Interest, Scientism, innovation in productivity of sericulture units. The study sample is 1150 sericulture in Mazandaran province that was calculated with using a sample size of 240 sericultures. Sampling was multi-stage cluster and samples were selected randomly from each cluster. The main collecting tool in this study was a questionnaire. For measuring productivity of total production factors, the Cobb-Duglas and to identify factors affecting on productivity, of multiple regression was used. The production factors in Mazandaran Sericulture units are including the Caspian silkworm egg, labor and mulberry leaves. The results showed that average productivity in Mazandaran province was 0.787 and factors such as Motive, Scientism, Innovation and With a confidence level 0.95% it is significant, and Variables Interest, Intercommunity and Job satisfaction With a confidence level 0.95% not significant relationship in productivity of sericulture units.

The aquaculture industry, as a very important agricultural activity in the current situation is influenced bythe concept of sustainabilitythatcan ensurefoodsecurity andhealth ofruralsocietywithminimal harm to the environment Ensure. Because Gilan province is an important pole of aquaculture in country, so suitable content for extension of sustainable aquaculture is one of the basic measures to protect the environment and sustainable development in this province. So this research was aimed to study required educational content for extension of sustainable aquaculture inGilan province by using the Delphi technic. Delphi expert team consisted of 6 scientists, 12 engineers and 32 famous aquaculturists that responded to the questionnaire in three rounds. To select samples, among different ways purposive sampling was used of Reputational Case Sampling. Experts have said various topics in the form of required educational content to achieve sustainable aquaculture but their more emphasis is more on practical items such as introduction of new tools to reduce environmental impacts, comprehensive concept of sustainable aquaculture and strategies for its implementation, introduction of new farming systems and control, and the importance of aquaculture activities,waste, introduction of filters, variety and waste control methods. The province fisheries officials and experts are recommended to consider the referenced content while praparing and codifying the educational programs related to aquaculture by experts, so that they can be able to have appropriate training according to the real needs and opinions of aquacultures, experts and province aquaculture scientists.

Researches show that medical professionalism is threatened and it is needed a proper educational intervention. Hidden curriculum plays a very important role of transmission of professional values. Most of expert curriculum planners found that the effects of the hidden curriculum of education from the educational dimensions, in particular, in transmission of values and norms is far more powerful than the obvious curriculum.
In this qualitative content analysis, 15 students individually and 9 students in one group were selected in Bushehr University of Medical Sciences and semistructures interview was done. Participants of this study were medical students, nursing and midwifery students, operating room and anesthesia students in Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. Data were analyzed by using content analysis in seven steps. The accuracy of data was confirmed from various methods.
After coding and categorizing the obtained data, the students mentioned to the three main themes as the hidden curriculum role in transition of professional characteristic. These three main roles were "communication", "principles, laws and regulations" and "supportive atmosphere".
Inappropriate organizational structure in the health system created some serious obstacles in the paths of professionalism. Based on the findings, some factors were considered as facilitating professionalism. They included having a good relationship, having encouragement and support system, and having the rules facilitate professionalism and organizations as well as organizational and managerial failures of Ministry of Health, educational system and lack of attention to the hidden curriculum in the transfer of professionalism were considered as inhibitors.

Anemia is one of the most common problems during pregnancy, whose maternal and fetal complications have been reported in many studies, most of which do not show any correlations and some at times were in contrast.
The present study aims to compare post-delivery maternal and fetal complications among anemic and non –anemic women who have been admitted to Al-Zahra hospital for delivery.
This study was conducted through a case-control analysis among 422 pregnant women who delivered their babies in the third trimester of their pregnancy. 211 cases of anemic women with HB The mean age was 28.80±6.68 yrs for anemic women and 28. 33.71yrs for the non-anemic. There was a significant difference between various levels of BMI among anemic and non-anemic women who had delivered a baby (p=0.029) but no significant statistical difference between the means of the two groups was observed (p=0.13). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of parity (P=0.55), pre-eclampsia(P=0.79), placenta abruption(P=0.72), preterm labor(P=0.25), neonatal Apgar score (P=0.44)¡ IUFD (P=0.12), IUGR(P=0.57),neonatal meconium excretion(P=0.23). The mean, the standard deviation, and the median of ferreting among anemic women were 44.68 ± 29.04 and 40, respectively and the mean and the standard deviation of TSH were 1.53±2. 16and its median was 2.
In this study, a significant association between maternal anemia and pregnancy and fetal complications was observed. The results could be due to the removal and treatment of people with hereditary anemia. Therefore, further studies considering different types of anemia are suggested.

In tea cultivation areas¡ irrigation¡ adapting new irrigation systems¡ small and distributed lands¡ low technical knowledge¡ high cost of production¡ low yield and low income of tea farmers reflects the effect of production system in the country. In this research¡ to achieve a proper production pattern regarding irrigation aspect¡ practical investigation of production systems in tea growing regions was conducted. In this project two methods of library and field research were used. Style of sampling was cluster randomly using the Kokran formulae to find out volume and number in the society. By filling the questionnaire¡ relation between irrigation as independent variant and yield as dependent variant in different production systems were investigated. Then¡ data were analyzed with using of descriptive and inference statistics (Tuki test). In all three systems¡ irrigated gardens got more yield. Out of three identified systems in tea growing regions (rural¡ common cooperative and commercial)¡ the maximum yield was belong to the common cooperative system regarding the mentioned variable.

Experience of pregnancy and childbirth in women''s lives especially in their first pregnancies has been considered a very stressful situation. Indeed neonates readmissions in the hospitals for any reason can induce even more stress and anxiety in these mothers. In these critical situations grandmothers can play a pivotal role in helping these young parents with their empathy and listening to their worries and providing valuable counseling and advices for overcoming any potential problem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional empowering of these grandmothers on anxiety of their primiparous daughters due to neonatal readmission to hospitals.
This was a quasi-experimental study¡ the research population consisted of primiparous women who their newborns were hospitalized in Rajaei hospital-Gachsaran city–Iran for different medical reasons in 2015.84 women and their mothers consisted as our sample who allocated to intervention and control groups using convenience sampling method. Grandmothers in intervention group received the emotional empowerment program that has been developed based on Mercer theory and Ravanipour self-management model through face to face sessions and telephone follow ups for one month. Anxiety levels were measured in both groups of mothers after intervention using Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSSv.18 software.
The demographic data of two groups were not significantly different (P > 0/05). Anxiety levels of intervention and control groups before intervention showed no statistically significant difference(P≥0.05). After empowerment program grandmothers in intervention group showed remarkable decrease in their anxiety levels compared to control group counterparts (P = 0/000).
Emotional Empowering based on self-management model implemented on grandmothers resulted in a significant reduction in anxiety of their primiparous daughters with hospitalized newborns. This model of empowerment should be used more extensively by nurses as routine practice in newborn wards and neonatal intensive care units.

Problematic issues associated with comorbidity of aging and cardiovascular disorders can adversely affect the ability of these elders in their everyday life management and enjoyment from social support. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of elderly cardiac patients in receiving their needed social support.
this was a descriptive – analytical study. Participants were 250 elders with cardiovascular disease in Bushehr Heart Center, selected through nonrandom convenience sampling method. Data collection tool was a self-administered social support questionnaire that developed by the researchers. Content and construct validity determination was conducted and confirmed using subject matter experts and exploratory factor analysis, and internal consistency for reliability testing through coefficient alpha which calculated as.85. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 and descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients.
The mean age of participants was 66.58±7.43. The abilities of elders in receiving needed social support estimated as follows: %0.4 Weak, %20.8 average, %62.4 good and%16.4 very good. There was a significant correlation between educational levels and global ability scores and sub scores in areas of receiving information from family and friends, managing risk factors, Functional independence and satisfaction of goals achievement satisfaction (p0.05).
The findings of this study showed that the majority of elderly cardiac patients had good abilities in receiving social support. In order to achieve higher levels of this important ability, effective interventions to strengthen their social networks is highly recommended.

More than 80% of the elderly have at least one chronic health condition nearly half of them suffer from hypertension. The disease is closely associated with the ability of older people in lacking of control of the causes of disability, which is why it is a necessity due to the empowering older people. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of management of empowering model on the empowering elderly patients with hypertension.
The present study is a randomized clinical trial which was performed on elderly patients with hypertension in Bushehr. A number of 60 elderly patients with hypertension wererandomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups. Interventions were done in 5 steps (self-identification level, performance expectations by the client themselves, goals desired by the client, planning, and evaluation of reform) and werebased on an empowerment model. The self-made tools for empowering demographic information and valid 0/82 and 0/84 reliability were collected before and 1.5 months after the intervention. A significant level of 0.05 was considered and the data were analyzed by SPSS v.18 software, using chi-squareindependent t and paired t.
The mean scores of the experimental and control groups before the intervention, and after empowering the management were 64/25 and 64/55, respectively, which was not statistically significant(P=0/89), but after the intervention difference between the two groups before and after were 85/04 and 64/07 in the control test and a statistically significant difference was observed (P=0/0001).
Results revealed that Management empowering Model, in order to improve the empowered of elderly patients with hypertension was effective. Therefore withempowering the implementation of programs for elderly people with chronic diseases, we can prevent many of their problems and take steps to improve their empowering.