فهرست مطالب mousa abedini

Active geomorphology studies the dynamic and dynamic processes that are effective in the formation of the earth and its features (Taghian and Malekzadeh, 1401; Keller and Pinter, 2002). Geomorphic indices can be used as a useful and efficient tool in investigating tectonic and neotectonic activities, because by using them, you can easily identify areas that have experienced fast or slow tectonic activities in the past (Abedini, 2015). These indicators show the relationship between tectonics and surface effects well, and with the knowledge of this relationship, tectonic events can be interpreted by examining the shapes and unevenness of the earth's surface (Morisava and Hack, 2020).Iranian plateau is a folded alpine region. Currently, it is under pressure from all sides and neotectonic movements are still continuing in it. The occurrence of frequent earthquakes in Iran is one of the consequences of active neotectonic movements at present. The location of the epicenter of most of the recorded earthquakes along the two folded and young belts of the northern and southern margins (Alborz and Zagros), Iran, shows this connection well (Berberian & King, 1981). Almost no region in the world can be found that has not been affected by neotectonic changes during the last few thousand years (Keller & Pinter, 2002).

The Dizj Safar Ali Chai watershed is located in the 100,000th sheet of Varzeghan in a part of the Alborz-Azerbaijan tectonic unit that includes Qara Dagh and Arsbaran mountains, and it is one of the sub-basins of the Varzeghan watershed in East Azerbaijan province. (figure 1). Barracks and alluvial cones can be seen on the southern edge of Varzeghan around the Dizaj Safar Ali Chai river. Due to the hard rock units and the mountainous nature of the region and the high slope of the rivers in the northern part of the basin, they have often created narrow valleys. Except for the southern part of the region, which consists of Pliocene deposits and has smooth and worn surfaces, the rest of the region is formed of sharp and rough ridges due to the presence of hard rocks despite rainfall and erosion. Locally and regionally, due to the processes Chemical weathering and alteration, mountains with worn and smooth surfaces are also observed. In Figure (1), the geographical location of the studied area is presented. Figure 1- Geographical location of the studied area, source: authors, 2022.

The AF values for the studied basin are calculated as 300. As can be seen, the degree of symmetry in the Safar Ali basin is low and indicates the uplift on the left bank of the main waterway and tectonic activities and asymmetry (Figure 8 and Table 1). This index reflects the balance between erosion forces (with a tendency to create sinusoidal fronts) and tectonic forces with a tendency to create straight fronts (Verios et al., 2004). Different researchers have expressed different values to indicate the level of activity of the basin by this index (Table 4) and (Figure 10), numerical values close to 1 of the Smf index indicate mountains that are associated with active uplift and have straight fronts and depressions and outwards. They have less impact, but if the amount of uplift is reduced or becomes zero, the erosion process starts and shapes the mountain forehead in a sinusoidal and irregular manner, which becomes more irregular with the passage of time. Therefore, the increase in the slope of the mountain front (Smf index) indicates the tectonic stability of that front. The level of the slope of the mountain front in the Safar Ali watershed is 2.16, which is semi-active. In general, the lower this value is, the more active the area is. The obtained value indicates the semi-active tectonics in the region. Figure (10) shows the SMF index map of the studied basin.

Paying attention and understanding the dynamics and dynamics of the natural environment with a systemic and basin approach is of great importance and necessity in regional development and construction planning, because the accurate knowledge of these features can lead to the improvement of the environment and prevent the occurrence of hazards and financial and life losses. reduce Knowing the morphotectonic and morphodynamic issues and features in the Safar Ali drainage basin, the main purpose of this research was to investigate and analyze the amount of tectonic activities using geomorphological indicators such as asymmetry indicators (Af), drainage density index (D) and hypsometric integral. , the amount of sinuosity or meandering of the river (RS), the sinuosity of the mountain front (smf) and the ratio of the basin shape (BS) indicate the tectonic activity in the Safar Ali Dizaj catchment, and according to these results, it can be said that the Safar Ali Dizaj basin It has relatively high and active tectonic activity and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults of the region. The study and investigation of geomorphological and morphometric indicators in Dizj Safar Ali basin indicates that tectonics is active in the region. The results of this research showed that the Dizaj Safar Ali basin has a relatively high and semi-active tectonic activity, and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults in the region. Due to the existence of many faults around, near and inside the Dizj basin. Safar Ali and tectonic activity in the region, it can be said that the intensification of morphodynamic activity in the Safar Ali basin is related to and affected by tectonic factors in this basin. Finally, due to the presence of numerous faults in Varzghan region and near and within the study area, tectonic movements and earthquakes and range processes (creep, subsidence, landslides and soliflexion) are not far from expected in the area. Therefore, officials and subordinate organizations should apply special measures in civil works and constructions in this area in order to reduce the occurrence of human and financial losses and not to harm the well-being and comfort of the people.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the amount of soil loss in the land uses of the Nirchai watershed using the RUSLE model in Ardabil province. In order to carry out this research, first, the satellite image of the studied area related to the year 1400 and the month of June was received from the American Geological Research Center, and after atmospheric and radiometric corrections, a land use map was prepared using the supervised classification method using the support vector machine method. Then the RUSLE model was used to estimate the erosion rate. SPSS 21, Excel, ArcGIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to analyze and produce maps in this research. RUSLE model parameter layer includes rain erosion layer, soil layer, topography layer, vegetation layer and soil protection factor as well as various statistics related to rain gauge stations, hydrometry, topographic maps 1:50000, geology 1:100000 as well as DEM (20 meters area) and GIS geographic information system and remote sensing have been used. The results of this study showed that the average amount of annual soil erosion for the whole basin ranges from 0.5 to 14.25 tons per hectare per year. Also, the investigation of the regression relationships between the factors of RUSLE model and the amount of annual soil erosion showed that the topography factor (LS) with the highest value of the coefficient of determination R^2=0.93 is the most important in estimating the annual soil erosion using the RUSLE model.

Soil erosion is one of the serious environmental threats that can affect the political, social and economic aspects of countries. One of the widely used experimental models for estimating the amount of soil erosion is the modified global soil erosion equation known as the RUSLE model. The purpose of this research is to analyze and zonate the amount of soil erosion and its relationship with hydrogeomorphic indicators and vegetation cover of Khiavchai Meshkinshahr watershed in Ardabil province. RUSLE model factors include rain erosion (R), soil erodibility (K), topography (LS), vegetation (C) and protection operations (P). respectively, by using rainfall data, soil texture layer, digital model of height and land use were prepared in the environment of geographic information system (GIS) and after overlapping the layers, the amount of annual soil erosion between 0 and 150.54 tons per hectare per year in The area level was estimated. In the next step, the hydrogeomorphic and vegetation indices that are effective in soil erosion include topographic moisture index (TWI), waterway capacity index (SPI), domain curvature index (Curvatore), section curvature index (Profil Curvatore), surface curvature index (Plan) Curvatore) and Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) were created in ArcMap environment and zoning maps were prepared. The results of this research also showed that the topography factor with a correlation coefficient of 0.92% had the greatest impact on the estimation of annual soil erosion by the RUSLE model. In another study, the relationship between hydrogeomorphic indices and vegetation cover with annual soil erosion rate was conducted, and the results showed that normal vegetation cover indices and cross-sectional curvature were the most and least effective with correlation coefficients of 0.57 and 0.05, respectively, compared to other indices.The results of this research confirm the possibility of combining the effective indicators of hydrogeomorphic and vegetation on erosion, as well as the possibility of using other effective indicators and the capabilities of RS and GIS to quantitatively estimate the amounts of soil erosion.

The sun is known as the source of energy, the beginning of life and the source of all other energies. The global radiation of the sun is considered one of the fundamental structures of every climate. Therefore, knowing the characteristics and predicting these basic structures has a great impact on energy-related planning. The use of satellite images and remote sensing models as a suitable and low-cost tool for estimating solar radiation has been in recent years. In order to carry out this research, the images of 2020 Landsat 8 satellite, OLI sensor, TIRS sensor and Sabal algorithm were used. ENVI software was used for geometrical, atmospheric and radiometric corrections of satellite images, as well as the execution of calculations related to the Sabal model, and ArcGIS software was used for creating a database, spatial analysis, cartographic operations and finally implementing the model. The results show that the average maximum incoming shortwave radiation was 816 watts per square meter in July and the lowest value was 302 watts per square meter in February. Meanwhile, the highest amount of net radiation in June is in the range of 602-680 W/m2 with a value of 32%. The difference in the amount of net radiation reaching the earth in the studied area is caused by the difference in the angle of the sun and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. Finally, it can be concluded that the solar radiation in the region has the necessary potential for the implementation of solar photovoltaic projects in the year under review.

The phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the dangers that has occurred in many areas of the plains of our country in recent years and has led to many problems. Identifying areas subject to land subsidence and estimating its rate has an important role in managing and controlling this phenomenon. The radar interferometry technique is a powerful tool in estimation and has the amount of ground subsidence with an accuracy in the millimeter range using phase observations. In this research, the data of Sentinel 1A satellite from 2017 to 2021 have been used in order to monitor the subsidence that happened in Chenaran city by sensor-radar interference method. To investigate the subsidence of Chenaran city, radar interferometric method, Sentinel 1 satellite images and available information of piezometric wells in the area were used and the piezometric changes of the water level of the wells were analyzed. According to the results of the current research, the amount of land subsidence for each period is 9 cm for 2017-2018, 10 cm for 2018-2019, 10 cm for 2020-2019, and 13 cm for 2020-2021. be Also, the results of the radar interferometric technique showed that during the statistical period, 42 cm of subsidence occurred in the studied area. In addition, the areas with severe land subsidence, especially in the areas of Seyed Abad, Akhlamed, Haji Abad, Chahcheh, Hashem Abad, Kalate Sheikha, etc., corresponded to the areas with the highest level of underground water level drop. In general, the most important and main cause of land subsidence in the studied area is the excessive extraction of underground water resources, which has caused the dangers of land subsidence.

The landscape of the earth's surface as a complex system is the result of the interaction of factors such as geographical, climatic, temporal processes and human activities. The physical development of cities, without observing the principles of urban planning and taking into account the potential of their natural hazards, leads to the high vulnerability of cities. One of the most important dangers in the plains and plains of our country is the dangers caused by land subsidence, which for various reasons, such as over-harvesting of underground water resources and climate changes, causes many problems for agricultural lands, roads, and transmission lines. has become power and energy; Therefore, it is very necessary to investigate the causes and to control and reduce its risks (Abedini et al., 1402). Groundwater is one of the most important sources of water needed by the agricultural, drinking and industrial sectors, especially in the dry areas of the central plateau of Iran. Therefore, investigating the process of its qualitative changes is very important in the sustainable management of water resources (Arshad Hosseini et al., 1400). . Yilaghi city of Shandiz, which is a part of Targaba Shandiz city, is 1400 meters above sea level and is located at 59 degrees and 17 minutes of latitude and 36 degrees and 23 minutes of latitude. This city is adjacent to the central part of Mashhad from the north, Targaba city from the south, Neishabur from the east and Golbahar from the west, and has an area of about 37,825 square kilometers. Since Shandiz Mashhad is known as one of the holiday areas of Khorasan and is surrounded by thick and dense vegetation of towering sycamore trees and flowing rivers and tourist attractions (Karizno Aqueduct, Shandiz Historical Tower, Shandiz Padideh, Cozy Cottage Garden, Panjan Nama, Park It is mountainous and...), has a cool and summery climate and is one of the main centers of travelers and tourists in Mashhad and all over Iran. All over the south of this city are the heights of the Binalud mountain range of Khorasan, and Shirbad peak in the Zashk region of Shandiz is also considered the highest point of this mountain range and Khorasan province.

In order to investigate the subsidence rate of Shandiz city and its relationship with the drop in the underground water level, first the rate of land subsidence in the period of 2016-2023 was calculated annually by radar interferometric method and then the trend of changes in the water level of piezometric wells during 29 years was investigated. took Finally, the research results were verified by field surveys. In order to process by radar interferometric method, SNAP software was selected to obtain the final results of the subsidence rate based on the phase difference between the images taken on different dates. In order to study the latest status of the groundwater level in the study area, the statistical information of piezometric wells from 1370 to 1399 was obtained from Razavi Khorasan regional water, which was then prepared in the GIS software after annual averaging using the IDW interpolation model to prepare the groundwater level map. and was evaluated.

In the investigations carried out with SLC radar images of Sentil 1 satellite in relation to the city of Shandiz, 8 images were processed two by two in the Snap software, the image of the year 2016 with 2017, 2017 with 2018, 2018 with 2019, 2019 with 2020 and 2020-2021, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 images were checked and the amount of subsidence recorded for each period was 2 cm for 2016-2017, 6 cm for 2017-2018, 2 cm for 2018-2019, 5 cm for 2019-2020, for The 2020-2021 period was about 2 cm, 4 cm for the 2021-2022 period and about 1 cm for the 2022-2023 period. In the survey of the water level of Shandiz city from 1370 to 1399, the number of 2 main wells, Hassan Abad and Qasim Abad, which are located in the northeast and east of the city at a distance from it, were obtained with the same data, which information was obtained from the Khorasan Razavi Regional Water Organization. and was investigated. The data were averaged every 5 years and its maps were prepared using the IDW tool in the GIS environment for the study area. In the east of the region, the villages of Hesarsokh and Sarassiab were located in the area of high risk. The minimum and maximum water level drop in the 30-year period from 1370 to 1399 was calculated as 57.86 and 76.84 meters.

The results of interferometric studies showed that the amount of subsidence during 5 statistical periods in the studied area was 22 cm. The amount of subsidence recorded for each period is 2 cm for 2016-2017, 6 cm for 2017-2018, 2 cm for 2018-2019, 5 cm for 2019-2020, and 2 cm for 2020-2021. 4 cm for the 2021-2022 period and about 1 cm for the 2022-2023 period. According to the obtained results, the highest amount of subsidence has happened in the east, north and south of Shandiz from east to west. The water levels of the wells have reached their maximum decrease in the period from 1370 to 1399. The water level drop in this time period is at least 57.86 meters and the maximum is 76.84 meters, and all areas of Shandiz city have water level drops and are at risk. The subsidence has also covered most of the city areas. Shandiz city is a tourist area and all its geosites (Carizno Aqueduct, Shandiz Historical Tower, Shandiz Phenomenon, Cozy Cottage Garden, Finjan Nama, Mountain Park, etc.) are vulnerable to damage, therefore it needs special attention.

Soil erosion is a natural process that causes soil loss due to various environmental factors such as climate, soil, topography and vegetation (Abedini et al., 1402: 115). This phenomenon is one of the most critical problems that cause the destruction of land on the earth's surface all over the world. This phenomenon occurs as a result of complex interactions between natural and human-caused factors (Elson et al., 2022). Erosion is the movement of materials from one point to another, after the destruction of rock or soil, the resulting materials due to the loss of adhesion and density by various factors such as water, wind and snow, and depending on the strength It acts as a transport and deposition agent (Ahmadi, 212: 1386). Soil erosion is one of the most important factors of destruction and reduction of soil fertility, which is increasing throughout the year and leads to the loss of high-quality agricultural soil (Bayziz et al., 2011:238). The ever-increasing increase in world population, especially since the last half century, severe interference in water and soil resources (pressure on the land), has caused the study of soil erosion as one of the most important issues in its various dimensions, such as environmental effects, sustainable development of agriculture and food production. and so on, the more attention is paid to it (Abdini, 1400 and 1401(.Ghanbarlu watershed with an area of 34.50 square kilometers and 3450 hectares is one of the sub-basins of Dareh-Rood in Pars-Abad, Moghan city.

The WEPP model is a new technology for predicting erosion, which was established for the first time in 1985 by the US Soil Protection Organization (Refahi, 2016). This model has three methods of watershed, range and flow paths. The amount of soil erosion and sediment production is estimated in the watershed method, in slopes and waterways, in the slope method, in the slope and in the flow path method. In the recent method, the amount of erosion and deposition in waterways is not estimated and the waterway is the only transporter of incoming sediment. The required factors of the WEPP model are: topography, soil, climate, management and waterways. Two factors of slope and direction of slope are considered for the topography factor and GeoWEPP software is used to enter their information into the model. The slope factor was entered in two files: one in the slope file where the slope of the domain and the other in the waterway file where the slope of the waterway was entered. Slope information was entered into the software by means of a digital elevation model map (in GISASCII format) and as a longitudinal profile. Therefore, for this purpose, first the route of waterways was determined and a suitable cross-section for each domain was selected on the topographic map, and then the relevant profile was drawn with the help of ArcGIS software.The main goal of this research is to estimate the soil erosion and sedimentation rate of Ghanbarlo watershed with the WEPP model. In this research, according to the topic, various books, articles, official publications, theses and websites related to the topic have been used. Meteorological and regional water organization of Ardabil province was used to collect meteorological data and discharge and sediment statistics of the basin. Then, in order to directly observe and investigate erosion issues and identify existing phenomena in the area and take soil samples, several stages of field visit to the area have been carried out. Also, the soil laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and the laboratory of Moghan Soil Testing Company have been used to obtain the parameters of the WEPP process model in estimating the amount of erosion and sedimentation. WEPP model has three modes of watershed, flow paths and range. In the case of a watershed, the amount of sediment in the slopes and waterways is estimated. In the case of slopes, the amount of sediment is estimated in the slopes, and in the case of stream paths, the amount of sediment in the slopes is also estimated, and waterways are the only transporters of incoming sediment (Abadini and Toulabi, 2016). In this research, the amount of sediment was estimated with the above three modes. Estimating the sediment produced using the WEPP model was done in two steps: calculating the factors required by the model and entering the data into the software and calculating the sediment.

So far, many experimental and process models have been used to estimate erosion and sedimentation, each of which has strengths and weaknesses in prediction. As a process model, the WEPP model is able to estimate the amount of soil loss on the slopes and on the surface of a watershed based on each rainfall event or for consecutive years. The information required to implement the WEPP model is entered into the relevant software in 5 files: climate file, management file, soil file, slope slope and waterway. Finally, after preparing all the data and implementing the WEPP model, the model identified 5 types of management, 2 types of soil, and 5 types of waterways for the Canberra basin. Based on this, the amount of specific sediment was obtained with 3 methods of watershed, flow paths and range with 0.73, 0.168 and 0.119 tons per hectare per year and the range method of WEPP model was obtained with 0.119 tons per hectare per year. . The results show that the WEPP domain method provides better results in mountain basins (Figure 10).A similar scientific work done by Ahmadi al (2016) in Cherdavel basin, Ilam province, and its results also showed that the WEPP model is more accurate in estimating the amount of soil erosion and sediment production in the watershed compared to the hydrophysical method. In this model, the flow path method to estimate the amount of soil erosion and sediment production is close to the observed number in the hydrometric station, but because the range method is suitable with the natural conditions of the studied basin, it provides correct results and the results show this problem. That the domain method of the WEPP model has a suitable efficiency in the hilly and mountainous areas.

To determine the amount of sediment and flood zone and study water quality, engineering operations in rivers are necessary and any change in the steady state of rivers will cause a change in the physical characteristics of rivers and a new reaction in the behavior of rivers. The role of morphological studies in determining the quantity and quality of river reflection and predicting future river behavior. (Morphological studies of rivers, 2012). In Iran, many agricultural lands and good lands along rivers are eroded by floods, and many projects on the coast, such as bridges, residential areas and gardens, etc., have been destroyed. Therefore, river management is essential and the future behavior of rivers can be predicted by studying the natural response of rivers. (Sharifi Asadi, 1390). Khiavachai River starts from the confluence of the upper rivers of Dizo and Moil villages in the south and southeast of Meshginshahr. The current in Moil village is one of the main tributaries of Khiavachai. This river passes through a route about 15 km east of Meshginshahr city. In the meantime, many tributaries join the river. In addition, due to the mountainous nature of the region, the slope of the catchment towards the river is high and the slope of the riverbed is steep. The use of any river classification system is an attempt to simplify the complex relationships between rivers and their catchments. The primary purpose for classifying a river based on morphology is to understand the conditions of the river and its potential. In this regard, it is important that the classification system is a combination of river management issues, the development of river engineering projects and the discussion of river rehabilitation (Ward, 2008: 9). In the present study, according to the purpose and available data, part of the plan of the Khiavachai River canal is analyzed using the Rozgan hierarchy model Continuous change and transformation is one of the principles governing any river that along with the movement and flow of water and sediment in its bed, changes and displacements occur in other geometric characteristics of the river. On the other hand, self-regulation and variability of river canals can create hazards in the form of floods, erosion of the bed or turbulence of the bed, which is why lateral displacement and stability of rivers are of special geomorphic, engineering and ecological importance. Canal displacement can erode valuable lands, pose a threat, and threaten adjacent structures. . Therefore, the variability of rivers creates many problems for human societies, especially with regard to the efforts made to regulate or control rivers. In addition, these unintended consequences of human activities can lead to unfavorable results (Khairizadeh Arough, 2016: 4). Khiav Chai river basin is one of the basins of Qarasu river in Ardabil province, which is located in the northern slopes of Sabalan mountains and has four sub-basins, so this basin, like other basins in the country, is not immune to these problems, so It is important to study the morphological changes of river canals in order to find a suitable control solution to solve dynamic problems. Gregory et al. (2008) in an article entitled "Application of river geomorphology for river canal management" state that in the last three decades, there has been significant progress in the application of river geomorphology that can be used as a result of these studies to examine changes. Used an environment in management. Work on river canal management is more concerned with tolerance capacity, global climate change, environmental beauty, ecosystem health and public participation. The application of river geomorphology in the field of river canal changes related to the form and trend, canal change assessment, urbanization, canal construction, mining industry, the effect of engineering works, land use changes, is renewed and rehabilitated. Based on the research results, they have provided additives containing palohydrological inputs for use in river canal management that show how and how geomorphological research can be reviewed by managers. Hancock et al. (2010) used two landscape evolution models from SIBERIA and CAESAR in southeastern Australia and compared the results of this model in terms of erosion and geomorphological changes and erosion and sedimentation patterns. Hancock et al. (2011) model and simulate the effect of rainfall changes on erosion and duct movement in a study of the South East Australian Basin. In this study, they used the CAESAR cell model, which is able to show the rate of erosion and duct changes. The results show that the sensitivity of the basin to different rainfall patterns is very high. Slight changes in rainfall can lead to high sediment loads, indicating climate change. Batala et al. (2018) analyzed the geomorphological evolution of the natural river channel in the Mediterranean basin of Chile. In this study, the relationship between climate and river morphology has been investigated using remote sensing and satellite images. The results showed that morphological changes such as narrowing of the river canal and loss of vegetation by humans have caused the frequency and magnitude of flood events in this basin. Also, ten-year fluctuations in the Pacific Ocean and climatic activities and reduced discharge have led to river stability and simplification of the river channel drainage pattern.

Khiavchai watershed with an area of approximately 1300 hectares, is located on the western edge of Sabalan Mountain, in the south of Meshginshahr city. With eight sub-basins in the geographical range of 47 degrees and 38 minutes to 47 degrees and 48 minutes east longitude and 38 degrees and 11 minutes to 38 degrees 23 minutes north latitude, with a maximum altitude of 4560 meters above sea level at the location of Kasra peak in the southern heights The basin and the minimum height of 1375 meters is located at the exit of the basin at the location of Pol-e-Soltan hydrometric station. Khiavchai is the main river in this basin, which is one of the rivers with a history of landslides that is a real threat to natural resources and residents of the region. Khiavachai River is one of the important tributaries of Qarahsoo River in Meshginshahr city. The river originates from the heights of Hezar Mikh, Ai Qari, Deli Ali, Janvar Daghi and drinks the villages of Dizo, Aghbolagh, Nasrabad, Dastgir, Pashalo, Hajiloo and Meshgin city. The river was fed by springs and flows from south to north. The length of Khiavchai river is about 35 km and the average slope of its bed is 8% in mountainous areas and 4% in the plains and in the direction of south-north river flow (Farhang-e-Roods, 2005: 27). Figure (1) shows the geographical location of the study area. In order to study the morphology of Khiavachai river channel, it is necessary to use some variables and hydraulic parameters. In this regard, HEC - RAS hydrodynamic model was used as one of the most common models. The HEC-RAS model can perform water level profile calculations for variable constant flow in rivers and artificial canals in underground, supercritical and mixed flow regimes. The calculation of water surface profiles from one section to other sections is done by solving the energy equation as a standard step by step (Bruner, 2010: 27). Flow data for HEC-RAS include flow regime, flow information, baseline conditions and boundary conditions (Maroud, 2004: 29). For steady flow variable constant flow, the main method for calculating water level profiles between sections is called the direct phase method. The main computational method is based on iterative solution of energy equation. According to the flow and height of the water level in a cross section, the purpose of the standard step method is to calculate the height of the water level in the adjacent cross section. The energy equation (Bernoulli equation) is expressed as follows (Center for Hydrological Engineering, 2010, Chapter 2: 2).

  Simulation results in HEC-RAS By sending information obtained from different layers of GIS to HEC-RAS and by entering other desired information such as discharge with different return periods, roughness coefficients and flow boundary conditions, this model will be able to calculate the water level at each section for return periods. Extracted the longitudinal profiles of the studied periods, its average slope, flow velocity distribution, critical water depth, wetting surface and environment, hydraulic radius, mean depth, landing number and type of flow regime at different sections and flooding levels. Due to the provision of basic geometric information in GIS, the application of the combination of HEC-RAS and GIS has a high capability in the management of flood plains in the basin. Figure (4-1) shows the water level profile of the Khiavachai watershed. The results showed that due to the introduction of separate flows for each interval and the ability of HEC-RAS software to calculate the water level profile in a step-by-step manner at the junction of water level intervals, it has been simulated correctly. It is natural that the larger the flood discharge, the more the surface will be submerged. What is important is the ratio of the extent of .

The occurrence of drought in the Sistan region and the drying up of the Hamon Lake, as well as the 120-day winds, have created suitable conditions for wind erosion and caused a lot of damage to the natural and human life of the region. These factors have caused the movement of loose sand in the region at a high speed and the sand dunes to expand a lot. Field studies indicate that during frequent droughts in the Sistan region, the movement of sand dunes has been so great that it has caused the burial of a large number of rural houses and the loss of agricultural land, which has led to the migration of the natives of the region in recent years. has followed The dangers caused by the displacement of sand dunes at the level of villages include threats to the health of residents, burial of villages, destruction of soil and public infrastructure, etc. Several factors such as strong and permanent winds, the low slope and low complexity of the plain, the fineness of the soil, successive droughts and the lack of vegetation play a role in the amount of sand movement in the Sistan plain. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the sand dunes of Sistan plain by using time series mineralogy and using Landsat satellite data and to propose some solutions to reduce the movement of sand dunes and in turn, reduce its destructive effects on the lives of the residents of the area. The research was conducted using Landsat satellite images with resolution of 30 meters from 1997 to 2020 to investigate the changes of sand dunes in the Sistan plain. According to the results, the extent of sand dunes in August increased from 8.23% in 1997 to 11% in 2020, and in July from 8.83% to 12.9% of the total area of the studied basin, which is almost the trend. It shows a significant increase. Also, the changes in the area of Hamon Lake from 1997 to 2020 show that the lake's water volume has decreased greatly, and this indicates that the expansion of sand dunes in different years is directly related to the changes in the lake level in different times, and the reason for the displacement of sand dunes is the erosive winds of the region. Which have a north to northwest direction with an angle of 330 to 360 degrees (the 120-day wind of Sistan) and the most important facies of harvesting are the saline and puffy areas of the Hamun lake bed and the northern plains.On a global scale, the occurrence of storms and floods are among the most destructive natural hazards (Vesterb and et all, 2022), as most accidents are caused by these two hazards (Yakshin and et all, 2022). Hazards mean natural events that potentially cause danger to humans and what is valuable to them. Hazard has the potential to cause damage, for human health, human, economic, educational activity, damage to property, damage to the environment, loss of flora and fauna, pollution and insecurity of natural disasters are dangerous (Rahimi Harabadi, 2019). The active and dynamic nature of the sand dunes causes the movement of sands towards the settlements to be more frequent and creates many dangers such as threats to the health of residents, burial of villages, destruction of soil and public facilities, and causes financial losses, migration of residents, and finally, a human disaster. (Jadidoleslami, 2019). Therefore, in order to plan fundamentally to solve the problem, it is necessary to analyze the origin of the sands, the role of the morphometric parameters of the sand dunes in the extent of their displacement, and considering the fact that the area is residential, the risks of the sands are identified and solutions are provided to reduce the risks. Sand dunes in the realm of the wind process are considered to be one of the most dynamic geomorphic phenomena on the earth's surface, which are affected by the characteristics of wind speed, direction and frequency on the one hand, and on the other hand by the characteristics of the earth's surface and sedimentary materials (Abbasnejad and Zahab Nouri, 2013). The results of studies on a scale of 1:250,000 show that the sand dunes of Iran include 11 sand seas and 39 hill fields that cover approximately 1.1 million hectares (Abbasi et al., 2019). Sandstorms are one of the most important weather phenomena that spread in many deserts and dry areas of the world, and in recent years, they have received a lot of attention, and every year these incidents cause a lot of damage and casualties in all parts of the world.In order to carry out this research, first, with direct field observations and field operations, to determine the harvesting areas, sampling was done from the transport areas and possible harvesting areas, and based on the mineralogical characteristics and the examination of the genetic relationship of the samples, the primary origin of the sediments was investigated. In order to identify the harvesting areas, sampling was done from the place of accumulation of sands, from different points of possible harvesting areas, and the genetic relationship (similar properties) of the three areas (harvesting, transportation and sedimentation) was investigated through the physical and chemical analysis of the sediments. Took Also, four synoptic stations (Zabol-Zahak-Hirmand-Hamon) were also studied.According to the presented results, the level of heavy metals in the air of Enqelab Street is not hazardous to the health of the residents. Therefore, there is no need to spend enormous expenses in this area. Nevertheless, the health of permanent and temporary residents is threatened by chromium and arsenic due to their high rate of carcinogenesis. The outcome of these investigations indicates that despite recording few different values in some places, the air pollution levels are equal in whole the area, from Enqelab Square to Imam Hossein Square. However, the air pollution level of ValiasCr rossroads is relatively considerable. This difference only has resulted from high volume of traffic in the crossroads. Unfortunately, traffic of students in this area is so heavy that solving Valiasr Crossroad’s traffic issues are considered as an important priority.

Soil erosion is a natural process that causes soil loss due to various environmental factors such as climate, soil, topography and vegetation (Abedini et al., 1402: 115). Nowadays, due to the ever-increasing population of the world, the importance of soil erosion studies as one of the most important issues in the sustainable development of agriculture and food production and its environmental effects is more obvious. Due to its environmental and economic effects, soil erosion is a serious global problem that affects many natural and human ecosystems (Abedini et al., 1401: 106).The issue of soil erosion and land degradation is one of the most important issues in natural sciences, the evaluation of its environmental and economic consequences requires quantitative data. In addition, soil erosion has long-term destructive effects on natural and human-managed ecosystems. Soil erosion causes a decrease in soil fertility and productivity, has an adverse effect on the quality and quantity of runoff, and reduces the efficiency of irrigation dams and canals and food production (Abedini, 1400: 100). One of the most important factors in increasing soil erosion is the lack of awareness of the economic value of this ecosystem gift. In recent decades, soil erosion by runoff (WSE) has become a serious problem worldwide, as the ratio of natural resources to population is drastically decreasing. The surface soil is the first part that is exposed to erosion and the amount of nutrients in the soil is greatly reduced. This reduces organic matter (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and other elements needed for the growth of crops (calcium, magnesium, etc.) (Ariafar, 2014: 4).In the Alazarcha basin, the formation is sensitive to erosion, inappropriate use of land, texture, topographical conditions of the area, etc. are factors that cause erosion at the basin level, as an important issue in the development of agriculture and protection of natural resources. In this study, searches using the PSIAC model; The studies of soil erosion in Alazarchai River watershed are carried out and finally, the parts prone to erosion in different parts of the basin are separated and identified.

In order to collect the following data and information from the relevant organizations, necessary measures have been taken:1- Topographic maps of the studied area with a scale of 1:50000. 2- Geological maps of the studied area with a scale of 1:100,000. 3- Meteorological data and statistics of the studied area (climate and meteorology of Ardabil province). 4-Excel software for preparing charts and data analysis.5- Arc GIS and Arc view software for map preparation.In different stages of this research, statistical and graphic software have been used to prepare and draw tables, charts, maps and data analysis. The most basic aspect of the present study was the identification of geomorphological working units of the studied basin. For this purpose, the information in geological and topographical maps was digitized using Arc Map software. In the next step, tectonic, lithology, hydrography, direction and slope maps were prepared using ArcGIS software. Due to the large volume of information and in order to increase the accuracy of work, information layers have been integrated to identify work units using Arc Map software. Other software used in this research include Surfer and Excell graphic software, which were used in the preparation of maps and specifications, tables and data analysis, respectively. The purpose of this study is to evaluate erosion and sediment production in Alazarchai watershed. For this purpose, after identifying the study basins, we estimate the amount of sediment using the PSIAC experimental model. In this method, according to the strength and weakness of each factor, a number is assigned to it. Finally, taking into account the sum of the numbers obtained for different factors, the sedimentation rate of the basin is satisfied. This method using GIS requires that an information layer be prepared for each effective factor in erosion. Therefore, in this research, using arc gis 10.2 software, we divide the watershed into 3 separate hydrological units (Figure 2) and examine the MPSIAC factors according to the hydrological units.

In the assessment of soil erosion and sediment production in Alazarchai basin, among the factors affecting soil erosion in the MPSIAC model, the land use factor with a score of 46.56 is the first priority and the land cover is the last priority with a score of 5.25. Other factors (geology, soil, topography, weather, runoff, current state of erosion and river erosion) are in the next priorities with scores (21.47, 22.18, 18.85, 17.93, 10.65, 44.75, 35.07) respectively. Also, after scoring nine factors affecting soil erosion using calculations, the specific sediment in cubic meters per square kilometer per year was obtained in each of the sub-basins of the study area using PSIAC and MPSIAC models. Finally, the level and intensity of sedimentation of the basin and its sub-basins were determined using Table (3) to determine the level of sedimentation and soil erosion level. The results showed that according to the PSIAC model, the erosion rate of the Alazar watershed is 674.60 cubic meters per square kilometer per year under the Hamza Khan basin, 434.99 cubic meters per square kilometer under the Alilah basin, and 308 cubic meters per square kilometer per year under the Quzlu basin. The main reason for the high amount of sediment in the Hamza Khanlu sub-basin is alluvial defenses and alluvial cones. which caused it to become sensitive to erosion and eventually cause the formation and accumulation of sediment in the area.Also, the results obtained from the two models show that the specific sediment and sediment load of the basin and its sub-basins in the PSIAC model is twice the sediment load and specific sediment of the basin and its sub-basins in the MPSIAC model. The amount of specific sediment of the entire basin in the PSIAC model is 472.53, but in the MPSIAC model, it is 238.47 cubic meters per square kilometer per year. There are differences in the class and intensity of sedimentation of these two models in the entire basin and its sub-basins. In the PSIAC model, Hamze Khan sub-basin is in high sedimentation class (IV) and Alileh and Qozlu sub-basins are in medium sedimentation class (III), while this class in Alazarchai basin and its sub-basins are in sedimentation class III and II in the MPSIAC model, which The intensity of erosion and sedimentation in Hamza Khan sub-basin is moderate and in Alileh and Quzlo sub-basins it is low.

Environmental hazards, both natural and human, are threatening and capable of harming the human physical and social environment. This damage not only occurs during the occurrence, but is also likely in the long term Environmental hazards are caused by three factors: nature, human and technology The increase in the world's population from three billion people in 1960 to 7.6 billion people a year and the possibility of its increase to 11 billion people in 2050 is one of the reasons for the pressure on nature and the occurrence of hazards Every year many natural hazards and disasters occur in our country, therefore, today it is time for the planners and policy makers of the society to accept that there are always strange events in nature and to predict the possibility of their occurrence in their plans and programs so that when they occur with the volume to face less problems. In other words, knowing the risks is important to reduce them, more important is that people and societies accept the reality of the existence of risks. The frequency and spread of calamities caused by natural hazards has increased In most cases, natural disasters cause severe financial and human losses and disrupt economic and social activities.

Virmoni catchment area is located between 48°43° to 48°50° east longitude and 38°21° to 38° north latitude. This basin is one of the large sub-basins of Talash and rivers in the northwest of Gilan, which originates from the western heights of Astara city (Mount Espinas) at an altitude of 1300 meters and passes through the village of Laton and after passing through the villages of Laton , Turk Mahalle, Awad Ler, Sayadler, Jibreel Mahalle, Sheikh Mahalle, Amir Mahalle and Bijarbin closes at zero altitude near the village of Virmoni, and the branch continues past the middle of Astara city and finally empties its water flow into the Caspian Sea. do The studied basin is limited to Lundville basin from the south, Bezoune basin from the southeast, Caspian sea from the east, Astrachai and Azerbaijan Republic in the north, and Astrachai basin in the west. Its direction is first southwest-northeast and after the exit of the basin in the mountain (the place where the basin closes) it has a general west-east direction. The area of its small water basin at the point of entering the plain is 45 square kilometers, the length of its main branch is 13 kilometers and its shape is elongated, and the average annual volume of the river flow at the point of entering the plain is 28 and 47 million square meters at the Astara station. The water flow of this river has been under investigation and control since 1364, and its power source is the annual rainfall of the area in the rainy season and the melting of the snow in the highlands in the hot season. In (Figure 1) the geographical location of Virmoni watershed is presented.

General Geology of Talash: This mountain range with a north-south (N-S) trend is basically an anticline, which has a north-south axis, the eastern slope has a steep slope and the western slope has a relatively gentle slope. The border of this mountain range with the Caspian sea basin is probably a fault (Astara fault). Talash mountain range is divided into two major parts under the main divisions of Tektunuk: Eastern zone and Western zone. It may be possible to imagine the Noor fault as the boundary of these two zones, as the deposits of the eastern part of the fault are mainly formed from a large amount of clastic sediments along with volcanic activities related to the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene times, and have created anticlines and transgressions in the north-south direction. In its core, in the area of Khutbah Sera, they have found a complex of metamorphosis. Therefore, the oldest rock unit includes metamorphic rocks belonging to the Precambrian, and formations belonging to the Jurassic and Cretaceous, such as limestone, sandy limestone, and pyroclastic rocks of the Cretaceous and Paleogene, including sandstone, conglomerate, gray shales, tuffs, andesitic flows. Agglomerate tuff and basalt and sand and silt sediments along with gypsum and salt layers are outcropped in the west of Astara. There are no limestones that can feed the underground water table of the plain in the region, and only in the headwaters of some rivers, there are Cretaceous limestone formations in the form of silty limestones and sand with many joints and cracks, which play an essential role in the formation of the river's base discharge.

The current research is under the title of zoning the potential of natural hazards in the Virmoni catchment basin, which during the past seasons has investigated the performance of various natural and human factors influencing the occurrence of natural hazards and the effect of these hazards on the environment and finally preparing a zoning map of the potential of occurrence. According to the results obtained in the topographic section, the area under study is located in the extreme north-west of Talash mountains, and it consists of two parts, the foothills and the plains, and the topographical factors that are effective in the mass movements of this area are the slope, direction and height. According to the studies conducted in the climate section, based on the climate coefficient calculated by Dumarten and Amberget methods for the selected station, this region is located in a very humid climate. In terms of rainfall, it is one of the regions that benefit from the highest rainfall in the country. The effects caused by this type of weather due to excessive rainfall have caused the soil of this region to increase the adhesion and adhesion of its particles and grains to each other, and the penetration of water due to heavy rainfall and increased water pressure has caused Slope movements, especially landslides in the slopes, and the occurrence of heavy rainfall for several days also cause floods. According to the vegetation department studies, the majority of the area is of dense forest vegetation type. This factor prevents landslides to a large extent despite the availability of other natural conditions, but in case of land use change, the conditions for landslides occur. Landslides occur after heavy and continuous rains. The geomorphological studies of the region show that, after the stabilization of the structural geomorphology of the region and the creation of the current complications at the beginning of the Quaternary, the dominant phenomenon in the region, apart from the change of the Caspian Sea bed level during the glacial and interglacial periods, is probably chemical weathering with great intensity. has been high Because considering the current climate (Astara synoptic station) where the rainfall is more than 1368 mm, the average annual temperature is 15.9 degrees Celsius, good conditions are provided for chemical weathering; Especially since the number of frosty days in the region is very few. The evidence in the region indicates that the region follows the Caspian system. According to the climatic information of Astara, based on Peltier's morphogenic model, the weathering system will be of medium chemical type with weak ice performance. In such a system, river morphogenesis is intense, mass movement is moderate, and wind morphogenesis is very weak. However, human intervention in changing the environment and manipulating the unevenness has accelerated the occurrence of the normal phenomena of geomorphology, i.e. the process of morphogenesis. In general, the most important results obtained in understanding the risk factors are as follows: The most important factor in the creation of fine surface materials and clays and silts is chemical erosion caused by rain on rocks. The rocks in which the most landslides have occurred are mostly volcanic igneous rocks with volcanic lava, cataglomera and shale with their surface materials such as clay, marl and silt. The lack of proper drainage of the underground waters that are located on the upper level and the infiltration of sewage water on top of some slopes, which increase the water pressure between the holes of the rocks and the surface materials of the slopes, cause an increase in the number of landslides and damages caused by it Will be Another cause of mass movements is the abandonment of agricultural terraces on the slopes in the foothills of the region. The lack of agricultural activity on them blocks the spaces between the stones and drainage is not done well, and in fact, heavy and consecutive rains, water accumulates and cannot penetrate, brings the range to the limit of plasticity and flow. Investigating issues related to the geomorphology and geology of the region revealed that most of the slopes of the basin slope towards the east. Mainly in the slopes between 15-30 degrees due to chemical erosion, abundance of water and fine and soft surface materials (thick-layered soils), the ground for potential and actual slope movements is high.

As a dynamic system, the river always changes its location and morphological characteristics according to time, geomorphic, geological, hydrological factors and sometimes due to human intervention. Masuleh Rudkhan is one of the most important rivers in Iran that the formation of bed geometry in different periods is very different from each other. This river has a dynamic morphological behavior under the influence of various factors such as the geology of the region, the characteristics of the alluvial structure, the hydrological characteristics of its upstream basin, the structures in it and the hydraulic conditions of the flow. The purpose of this paper was to identify and extract the changes of Masouleh Rudkhan in Guilan province in the period 2000 to 2020 using satellite image processing. The images used were the images of Landsat 5 satellite on 06/06/2000 and Landsat 8 on 13/06/2020. SVM classification method and NDWI, MNDWI, AWEI and WRI indices were used for image processing. Changes in the SVM classification method showed that the river area has decreased by 314.26 hectares from 2000 to 2020. These changes mean an increase in construction on the riverbed and a decrease in the amount of water in the river. Comparing kappa coefficient and overall image processing accuracy, it was observed that AWEI index with kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of 0.93 and 0.95 in 2000 and kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of 0.94 and 0.96 in 2020 had the highest accuracy and Masouleh Rudkhan route in this index to Google earth moved. By examining the river route in a period of 20 years, it was observed that at 5 km from the beginning of the basin, the river route is 100 meters to the south, at 7.5 km, the river route is 50 meters to the south, at 29.3 km, it is 45 meters to On the south side, at km 48, it is 38 meters to the north and at km 50 to 56, it has changed continuously and the reason for this change is the high erosion in this part of Masouleh River.

Land subsidence is one of the dangers that have occurred in many parts of the world, especially in Iran, in recent years is the dangers caused by land subsidence. The most important cause of it is the illegal extraction of underground water sources and like other environmental hazards, it has created many problems and problems for the government's agricultural, civil, economic-social affairs. The city of Neishabur is located on the level of the Neishabur plain, which is one of the most important plains of Khorasan-Razavi province, which is facing the crisis of land subsidence. The radar interferometric technique is a powerful tool with millimeter accuracy in estimating subsidence using phase observations. In this research, the Sentinel 1A satellite data from 2017 to 2022 have been used in order to monitor the amount of subsidence that occurred in the area of Neishabur city, which is a small part of Neishabur plain. The results of radar interferometry showed that 18 cm of subsidence occurred in the studied area during the statistical period. In addition, to find out the cause of the subsidence, the information of piezometric wells in the area was collected and their changes during the period of 1370-1398 were examined. The amount of subsidence recorded for each period is 4 cm for 2017-2018 (1395-1396), 6 cm for 2018-2019 (1396-1397), 5 cm for 2019-2020 (1397-1398) and 2 cm. It was obtained for the period of 2020-2021 (1398-1399) and 1 cm for the period of 2021-2022 (1399-1400). In addition, the results of the research showed that there is a close relationship between the drop in the underground water level and areas with land subsidence in the area of Neishabur city.

Since the land use changes take place on a large and wide scale, remote sensing technology, geographic information system and updated systems such as Google Earth Engine system are essential, efficient and valuable tools for monitoring changes. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate the relationship between land surface temperature, land use and vegetation index in Khiauchai watershed, Meshginshahr in Ardabil province. In this regard, Landsat satellite images were used to prepare land use maps. In the next stage, by performing atmospheric and radiometric corrections, training samples from the region were carried out. In this direction, in order to increase the accuracy of the work from Google Earth images and a field visit to the area covered by land use maps using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method in 6 user classes (residential, snow, water, pastures, water and rainfed agriculture) were prepared. In the next step, the values of kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were calculated for the years 2011 and 2011, which were equal to 0.89, 91.61 and 0.94, 94.16% respectively. In the next step, vegetation index maps and ground surface temperature of the studied basin were prepared in the Google Earth Engine programming environment. The results showed that the average temperature of the earth's surface for the month of June 2013 indicated that the maximum temperature with 38.71 degrees Celsius occurred in the northern parts of Khiavchai basin and the minimum temperature occurred in the southern areas with an average temperature of 15.87 degrees Celsius. . On the other hand, the average temperature of June 1401 showed that the thermal core is relatively concentrated in higher latitudes and this shows a direct relationship with the vegetation index.

In the last decade, the occurrence of destructive floods has increased due to the increase in temperature, the expansion of urbanization and the change in the characteristics of the catchment area, along with the change of land use and improper use of land. The purpose of this research is to investigate the flood of Meshkin Shahr using WMS and HEC-RAS models. In this research, using the WMS model, modeling of the maximum flood and determination of the flood hydrograph for return period 5, 10 and 25 has been done, the maximum flood for basin A with the mentioned return periods is equal to 0.84, 1.33 and 08.08 respectively. It is 2 cubic meters per second. For basin B, it is equal to 0.80, 1.27 and 2 cubic meters per second, respectively. Also, the maximum flood for basin C with the mentioned return periods is equal to 0.97, 1.55 and 2.24 cubic meters per second, respectively. The results of the flood hydrograph show that with the increase of the return period, the infiltration rate in the basin has decreased and the flood discharge has occurred earlier. Also, with the increase of the return period, the peak time of the hydrograph has decreased. Also, with the increase of the return period, the time of the base of the hydrograph and the subsidence time of the flood also increase. For flood zoning, the information obtained from the WMS model has been entered into the HEC-RAS model. According to the longitudinal profile and the 3-dimensional view of flood zoning, we can conclude that with the increase of the return period, the height of the water level in the longitudinal profile has increased. It is also clearly seen in the 3D view that the flood has covered more areas.

Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the most important factors involved in creating the risk of subsidence in the Ardabil plain and to identify the susceptible surfaces that are likely to be involved in subsidence in the near future. The purpose of this research in the first stage is to evaluate the subsidence using radar interferometry technique in the Sarscape software environment, using the capabilities of A1 Sentinel images in the time frame of 2016 and 2021, and also in the following, in relation to the zoning of susceptible areas with the algorithm Aras multi-criteria was implemented in Edrisi software environment. The results of the present study showed that between 0 and 22 mm of subsidence has occurred in the studied area, and the highest amount of subsidence is concentrated in the central part and then in the eastern and north-eastern parts. According to the results of subsidence risk zoning; The criteria of water level drop, distance from the river, geology, and land use are the most important factors involved in creating the risk of subsidence in the study area, respectively, with a weighting factor of 0.221, 0.166, 0.152, and 0.147, respectively, and 267/41 and 403/21 square kilometers of the range have a very high probability of danger. Finally, it can be said that the most important factor involved in increasing the amount and potential of subsidence in the Ardabil plain is the excessive use of underground water and the drop in the water level.

In this study the geo-tourism abilities of Ramiyan city was evaluated with using SWOT and pralong models. In this study, at first by library study, use of topographic maps 1:50,000 and Geology maps 1:100,000 of the studied area and using GIS, Google earth applications and field survey was took action to gather needing data and information. To use SWOT model, with careful study and understanding Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the area, this data were classified and a questionnaire was made and for weighting and prioritization be distributed between visitors, officials and climbers. Point’s weighting was done by analyzing the results from the questionnaire. Then to use of pralong model by consider geo -morphologic places of studied area the characteristics are regulated in some cards as identity cards of geo-morphologic place. After the complete some pages about each land, the pralong model was used for determination of productivity and Tourism abilities. Based on results from SWOT model, by combining the internal and external factors, the most important strategy is related to (so) factor that place this city in a competitive / offensive environment and its most important strength is the presence of geo-tourism phenomena such as springs and waterfalls, which has earned the highest score with a weighted average of 4.63. . Based on finding obtained from Peralong Ghale Maran Mountain with (0.67) score have highest tourism value, as well as with (0.59) have highest efficiency value, ad Garm Cheshmeh in terms of tourism with (0.36) score as well as in terms of efficiency with (0.20) score have lowest values between geomorphologic location of studied areas.

  In Chalus and Nowshahr cities, six geomorphosites have been selected which are significant in terms of attracting tourism. The purpose of the current research is to evaluate the sustainable tourism development of geomorphosites based on the Comanesco and National Park method (case study: West of Mazandaran). According to this method, each landform has five values (scientific, aesthetic, management, economic, cultural and user). Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect information related to the value of each landform, and according to the obtained information, statistical methods were used for data analysis. Fiolet's model is analyzed based on management and tourism rates and their value range. According to the research results, Namak-Abroud geomorphosite has the highest score with a score of (15.45) and the lowest score belongs to the Radio Darya geomorphosite with a score of 11.74. The reason for the high score of the Namak-Abroud geomorphosite is that it has special conditions, topographical location, as well as the existence of suitable facilities and facilities for the well-being of tourists, and it is of interest to most tourists. The results of the national park model showed that the salt areas of Abroud have the best and most appropriate management situation in the field of geotourism. In other words, Namak Abroud geotourist area has suitable conditions for the development and recognition of virgin areas that can be exploited in the geotourism industry in terms of the sub-indices evaluated in the Violet model. Therefore, according to the results of the current research and conducting additional research, the officials related to this issue can make more effective plans in order to improve the condition of geomorphosites in order to improve tourist services and attract more tourists according to the environmental capacities.

The purpose of this research is to assess the risks of wind-blown sediments in the Sistan Plain and its impact on Chahnimeh vital reservoirs in the two critical centers of Niatek and Jezink in the southeast of Zabol, Sistan and Baluchistan province. The results aimed to provide the possible causes of damage to facilities, agriculture, roads, and damages to the region, and especially its effects on Chahnimeh water reservoirs.

The method of conducting this research was field surveys, aerial photographs, satellite images with different time periods, surveying the general morphology and winds of the region (The 120-day wind) and locating in terms of studying the geomorphology of the region. In this research, topographic maps, geological maps, computer software such as ENVI and GIS were used. Sampling of sediments (sedimentology and drawing relevant diagrams) and XRF (X-ray fluorescence) laboratory studies, comparative analysis and data analysis method has been done.

According to the results of the research, the main risk factors are the erosive winds of the region, which have a north to northwest direction with an angle of 330 to 360 degrees (the 120-day wind of Sistan), and the most important areas of harvest, abandoned lands, sandy lands, and salty and swollen areas of the Hamun lake bed. and the northern plains (Afghanistan). The interpretation of topographical maps and satellite images in different years showed that the speed and direction of movement of the sand dunes in the region are proportional to the prevailing wind of 120 days and in the northwest-southeast direction. In addition, the height of sand dunes and the volume of sand are an important factor in the speed of movement and the amount of progress of sand dunes in the Sistan Plain and entering the Chahnimeh reservoirs.

As a morphological phenomenon, land subsidence is a type of change in the shape of the earth's surface, which is associated with a vertical deformation or downward movement of the earth's surface, as well as the gradual settlement or removal of surface materials. The phenomenon of subsidence is due to various causes, including natural factors such as earthquake, volcanoes, fault activities, subsidence due to rising sea levels, dissolution in rocks or following human activities, including; Indiscriminate removal of fluids from the ground, such as; Water, oil and gas occur. The environmental consequences of the subsidence phenomenon are irreversible, costly, and destructive, and include creating a gap on the surface of the earth, damaging human structures, etc. Foundations, streets, bridges, roads and power and sewage transmission lines, destruction of irrigation systems and fertile agricultural soils and damage to wells. According to the statistics announced in Iran, the adverse effects caused by subsidence are not low and are rapidly developing and spreading in different plains across the country, and the lack of timely management and control of its factors can cause loss of life. And leave an irreparable loss.

In this research, the images of Sentinel 1, which captures images in the C-band range of microwaves, have been used. Then the necessary processing was done through the SARSCAPE 5.2 plugin in ENVI 5.3 software and the technique used in this research to determine the amount of subsidence is the differential interferometric method with the combined opening of two frequent or non-frequent passes. In radar interferometry, the phase difference of two images from a specific time zone and baseline is determined. To zone the risk of subsidence, in the stage of data collection, the influencing components must first be specified and the required data and information must be collected and classified based on them. For this purpose, in this study, first, the effective factors (including slope, lithology, land use, precipitation, distance from the city and village, distance from the river, distance from the fault, and drop in the underground water level), according to the natural and human conditions of the region was identified. In the next step, information layers related to each of the factors were prepared in the geographic information system environment. In the next step, the weighting of the investigated factors was done according to the Critic method, and the final analysis was done using the Aras method.

After the interferometry steps, the phase difference has been converted into vertical displacement in the metric system. During the surveys conducted, the amount of subsidence between the years 2016 and 2020, during the last 5 years, shows that according to the above map, the highest amount of subsidence in the central, north-western, and north-eastern parts, amounting to 0.37 mm, it is concentrated. Investigation and analysis of land use and subsidence map and field studies confirm the maximum occurrence of subsidence in agricultural areas, and urban and rural areas, respectively. The presence of fertile plains and the flow of the Qarasu river in Namin city has provided a good opportunity for agricultural and animal husbandry activities, and the areas with agricultural land use have a high potential for subsidence due to the exploitation of underground water areas. After extracting the maps of each of the criteria and applying the relevant weights obtained by the Critic method and by implementing the different stages of the Aras technique, the maps of the subsidence risk zoning in 5 categories from very high to very low risk The risk is achieved. According to the result of using the Aras method, 168.01 square kilometers of the range area is in the very high-risk class and 222.31 square kilometers is in the high-risk class. Most of the high-risk and high-risk class in terms of the possibility of subsidence is located in the central and semi-western parts. Examining the high-risk and high-risk points introduced by the Aras algorithm shows; In terms of the criteria of land use, agricultural use, urban and industrial areas account for the largest percentage of the area of areas with very high and high risk. According to the land use map of the study area, a major part of the city's land has been allocated to agricultural use, which has caused overexploitation of the underground water table in recent years. In addition, a large part of the water needed for drinking and the industrial sector is also supplied from underground water sources, and this, in turn, is involved in the reduction of the water level and the increase in the risk of subsidence in the studied area.

The evaluation of the subsidence rate of the region shows that the highest subsidence rate was in the central, north-west, and north-east areas of the range and the results show that the trend of the groundwater level drop is consistent with the subsidence rate and in the areas where the water level drop is the highest. has existed, the amount of subsidence has also been higher. According to the results of subsidence risk zoning; The criteria of water level drop, and land use, respectively, with a weighting factor of 0.186 and 0.168, were assigned the most weight, and therefore, it can be said that the most important factor involved in increasing the amount and potential of subsidence in the study area of exploitation. It is a waste of underground water. Finally, it can be acknowledged that because land subsidence can cause irreparable financial and human losses, long-term solutions in the form of modifying water resources management methods and short-term solutions in the form of prevention From extraction of underground water tables, creating of underground dams to increase the water level, curbing surface water and implementing artificial feeding plans, confiscating unauthorized drilling equipment, preparing and installing smart meter devices, organizing drilling companies, strict control of water consumption and change The consumption pattern should be taken into consideration by relevant officials as well as residents.

In order to evaluate the morphology and lateral changes of the river channel, four indices of curvature coefficient, central angle, migration rate and transect were used. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were used to extract the duct in different time periods as well as to calculate geomorphic indices. The results show that the indicators used have a lot of spatial and temporal variability along the Zarrinehrood River. In the central angle index of the whole duct in the time periods of 1988, 2003 and 2019, it was equal to 89.9, 91 and 109.2 degrees, respectively, which was a slight increase in the value of the central angle over the past 30 years. In 1988, 2003 and 2019, we are 1.7 in the third period, 1.65 in the second period and 1.81 in the second period, respectively. In the transect method, 472 hectares of land have been destroyed and eroded in the last 30 years. Which is obtained to 15.2 hectares per year. This indicates the diversity of environmental conditions prevailing in the river channel and banks, as well as the transverse dynamics of the Zarrineh River. The morphology of the first interval is mainly in the control of two variables, geology and floods. Indicators and field visits indicate high and very active lateral mobility of the river channel in the second interval. Developed floodplain, erodible sides, abundance of floods, high flow and relatively high slope are among the most important factors affecting the morphological changes of this period. The morphology of the third interval is strongly influenced by sand extraction and canalization operations. The results also show that in recent years the rate of lateral changes of the river channel has decreased in all intervals. This is due to the significant reduction in river discharge.