mr labbafi

The Apiaceae family is defined with the diversity of essential oil. Some of composition could be used to control of storage pests. This study was conducted to estimate and identification of the seed essential oil composition of four Apiaceae species. The essential oil composition of the seeds of the four Apiaceae’s species including (Pimpinella anisum L., Foeniculum vulgar Mill, Coriandrum sativum L. and Petroselinum hortense) were identified by Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and compared with each other. Finally, biological effects of the four different species of Apiaceae family were evaluated against adult insects of two important storage pests. The results of analysis showed Anethol with 76.56% and 76.22% is the original component of Pimpinella anisum L., Foeniculum vulgar Mill, respectively. Also, Linalool with 58.80% and α-Pinene with 42.15% are the original components of Coriandrum sativum L. and Petroselinum hortense, respectively. Regarding to the identified components of the essential oils and obtained results, Pimpinella anisum L. and Coriandrum sativum L. showed the most fumigant toxicity on the storage pests.

Since the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) was used for the treatment of diseases related to the nervous system and rheumatism, phytochemical evaluation of this plant is essential especially in terms of cultivation and production.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different culture media on the amount of essential components, chlorophyll content, nutrients, growth characteristics, and rooting of lavender.
The experiment was done the basis of randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) in 10 treatments and 3 replications. Substrates and culture media for plant production in this study were M1; sand, M2; sand:perlite (2:1), M3; sand:peat-moss (2:1), M4; sand:vermicompost (2:1), M5; sand:perlite:peat-moss (2:1:1), M6; sand:perlite:vermicompost (2:1:1), M7; sand:peat-moss:vermicompost (2:1:1), M8; sand:vermicompost:peat-moss:perlite (2:1:1:2), M9; sand:vermicompost:peat-moss:perlite (4:1:1:2), and M10; sand:vermicompost:peat-moss:perlite (6:1:1:2).
Results showed that culture media had significant effect on the all characteristics of rooting, chlorophyll and nutrient content and essential oil components in lavender plants. Limonene, borneol, and camphor were the highest amount of essential oil compounds in lavender, respectively. The highest content of limonene and oxygenated monoterpenes in M1, rooting percentage and number of main root in M3, camphor and chlorophyll content and root dry weight in M5, borneol content in M8, and hydrocarbon monoterpenes in M10 were observed.
The application of different culture media in the production and propagation of lavender in addition to changes in morpho-physiological characteristics of lavender can directly alter the properties of essential oil and phytochemical compounds.

This study was done to evaluate different nonlinear regression models to describe the response of germination rate and to determinate the cardinal temperature of four ecotypes of Cuminum cyminum(Cumin) seeds. This experiment was arranged in the form of three-factor factorial completely randomized design with 4 replications at the Agronomy Laboratory  (Aburaihan College, University of Tehran) in 2011.The seeds were treated with different temperatures (0, 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 oc) and the germination rate were calculated. The result showed that the temperature had a significant effect on germination rate of all plants. The segmented model was superior compared to other models in ecotypes of cumin since the minimum amount of AICc and maximum value of Adj R2 were related to this model. Base (Tb), optimum (To) and ceiling (Tc) temperatures were predicted with appropriate models. Tb, To, and Tc for Khorasani ecotype were 0, 11.4, 25 °C; for Krmani ecotype were 0, 11.5, 28.9 °C, for Jandaghi ecotype were 3.1, 9.6, 27.1 °C and for Esfahan ecotype 0, 10.1, 35.5 °C, respectively. It was concluded that this model can be used to quantify response of cumin seed germination to temperature and to obtain the proper cardinal temperatures of germination.

Fenugreek is a multipurpose and valuable medicinal plant that its consumption of seeds in the pharmaceutical industry for the economically production of mucilage (galactomannan) and trigonelline is very important. Foliar application of methanol as a biostimulant on C3 plants such as the fenugreek can increase the CO2 fixation in photosynthesis and decrease photo-respiration and the result will produce more dry matter in these plants. The aim was to determine changes in seed and mucilage yield of fenugreek in response to foliar application of different concentrations of methanol. This research was carried out at the experimental farm of Medicinal Plants Institute (MPI) of Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR) located in Karaj during two cropping seasons based on a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Foliar application during the growing season was run 3 times with 12 days interval. The treatments were control (sprayed with distilled water without methanol) and foliar application of four different concentrations of methanol (10, 20, 30 and 40 volumetric percent). Foliar application of different concentrations of methanol had a significant effect on number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, shoot dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield, yield of seed mucilage, seed ash content, seed swelling index (p≤0.01), plant height, and 1000 seeds weight (p≤0.05). Foliar application of methanol as a bio-stimulant and the new method in production of medicinal plants improved seed yield and yield of seed mucilage in fenugreek. In general, the maximum amounts of the studied traits were achieved in the foliar application of 40% v/v methanol concentration.

Now, the use of amino acids and methanol as a plant biostimulant is very interested for the increased secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The aim was to evaluate the effect of biostimulants and methanol on the content and components of essential oil and morphological traits of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). This experiment was conducted on the basis of randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments of this study included foliar application of kadostim, fosnutren, humiforte, and aminolforte, each of them with two levels of methanol aqueous solution at 10 and 20 %v/v, and control treatment (without application of plant biostimulants and methanol). The results showed that were statistically significant the number of branches, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, thymol and carvacrol content at the 1% level, and the number of leaves per stem, plant height, essential oil content, and leaf dry weight at the 5% level. The maximum plant height, number of branches, number of leaves per stem, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, and shoot dry weight in treatment of kadostim with 20% methanol, and the highest stem diameter, essential oil content, thymol, and carvacrol content in treatment of humiforte with 20% methanol were obtained. Application of kadostim and humiforte with 20% methanol enhanced the quantitative and qualitative yield of thyme. Therefore, the integrated application of biostimulants and methanol can be synchronized with reduce the use of some chemical fertilizers to the extent that it was leading to sustainable agriculture and reduction of environmental pollution.

The seeds of some medicinal plants and their compounds have long been valued for their numerous health benefits. To investigate some physical and chemical properties of Salvia spp. Some physico-chemical properties in five species of Salvia seeds (consisted of S. officinalis L., S. macrosiphon L., S. hypoleuca L., S. sclarea L. and S. nemorosa L.) were measured at 8.73 ± 0.09% moisture content (d.b.) in four categories of large, medium, small size and ungraded lots with replication. The largest major diameter (L1) value was recorded in S. hypoleuca L. The highest intermediate (L2) and minor diameters (L3), seed weight, volume, surface area, sphericity, arithmetic, geometric and square mean diameters, equivalent diameter and mucilage content were obtained in S. officinalis L. seeds. Also, the most percentage of oils content was observed in S. sclarea seeds. Maximum kurtosis index was obtained in S. officinalis L. for major and minor diameter, surface area, sphericity, arithmetic, geometric and square mean diameters and equinalant diameter, in S. hypoleuca L. for intermediate diameter and seed volume, and in S. nemorosa L. for seed weight. The highest skewness index was observed in S. hypoleuca L. for minor diameter, seed volume, surface area, arithmetic and square mean diameter and equivalent diameter, in S. nemorosa L. for major diameter and seed weight, in S. officinalis L. for intermediate diameter and sphericity, and in S. sclarea L. for geometric mean diameter. The maximum content of mucilage and oils were found in S. officinalis and S. sclarea, respectively. The mucilage content was significantly correlated to minor diameter and sphericity, while there was not significant correlation between content of seed oils and measured parameters.

Trigonelline in fenugreek seed is a valuable medicinal metabolite in reducing blood cholesterol and blood. Object: Determine the most important components of seed yield, percent and yield of seed trigonelline in fenugreek under foliar application and non-application of methanol. The experiment was done a randomized complete block design with two treatments as foliar application of methanol (0 and 30 v/v%) and four replications. Path analysis and stepwise regression were used in order to denote the most important effective traits on seed yield, percent and yield of seed trigonelline in fenugreek. The results showed that 1000-seeds weight and number of branches per plant for seed yield; total dry weight and number of pods per plant for percent of seed trigonelline; seed yield and percent of seed trigonelline for yield of seed trigonelline in the non-application of methanol, and also, the number of seeds per pod, percent of seed oil, number of pods per plant and plant height for seed yield; leaf dry weight, shoot trigonelline and geometric mean diameter of seed for percent of seed trigonelline and seed yield; percent of seed trigonelline and pod length for yield of seed trigonelline in foliar application of methanol (30 v/v%) treatment significantly justified changes related to the dependent variables. Path analysis of dependent variables showed that the yield of seed trigonelline by direct positive effect of seed yield and the percent of seed trigonelline were the most important yield components of seed trigonelline. Generally, the results indicate that seed yield and percent of seed trigonelline can be used for increasing of yield of seed trigonelline in the breeding of fenugreek.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is one of the valuable medicinal plants which used in the treatment of liver disorders. The major active constituents in this plant are flavonolignans, collectively known as silymarin which is a mixture of three isomer silybin, silydianin and silycristin. Its therapeutic properties are due to the presence of silymarin. The seeds contain the highest amount of silymarin, but the other plant parts have less amount of this compound. The silymarin content in fruits depends on milk thistle variety and geographic and climatic condition. In this review, we summarized the accomplished investigations on aspects of medicinal, cultivation, biology and biotechnology of milk thistle.

Medical pumpkin is a medicinal plant that has a special place in the pharmaceutical industry, and evaluation of quantitative and qualitative yield is a under different agronomic treatments is necessary. Investigating of quality/quantities yield of oil and morphological traits of Cucurbita pepo. affected of planting date and row arrangement. This study was done as split plot on complete randomized blocks design with 3 replications at Research field of Aburaihan College, University of Tehran in 2010 and 2011 years. Treatments were included 3 main plots of planting dates (20 Apr, 21 May and 21 June) and 3 sub-plots of row arrangement (1, 1.5 and 2 meter between two rows). In this study evaluated 1000 seeds weight, seeds number in fruit, seeds weight per fruit, seed yield, seed produce index, oil percentage and oil yield. The year had not significant effect on any traits expect of oil percentage and seeds number in fruit. The interaction of planting date and row arrangement were significant in all quality and quantity traits. Maximum of seed yield, seed oil percent and oil yield were obtained in 1 meter row spacing21 may treatment and 1.5 meter21 June treatment. Maximum of unsaturated fatty acids percent and minimum of saturated fatty acids percent were obtained in planting date of June with 1.5 and 2 meter row spacing. According to significant effect of row arrangement and planting date on seed and oil yield of medical pumpkin, quality and quantity growth followed economic yield of this plant could be improved by using appropriate agronomic management.

Silybum marianum Gatrn. (Family: Asteraceae) is an annual or biennial plant, native to the Mediterranean area, which has spread in North and South of Iran. The seeds contain high amount of oil (20 - 35%) which exhibits wound-healing, anti-burn, and hepatoprotective properties. Determine the most seed yield components and oil yield in milk thistle. This research was conducted using two genotypes of milk thistle (Ahvaz wild type and Germany) in a randomized complete block design with four replications, to evaluate the most seed yield components and oil yield. Initially, oil and seed yield (dependent variable) separately determined for any variety using stepwise regression analysis. In Ahvas type, seed yield and oil percent for oil yield, and capitulum diameter for seed yield whereas, in Germany type, number of capitulum for seed yield and seed yield for oil yield justified variation related to dependent variable significantly. Regression analysis represented seed yield is affected by capitulum diameter and number, and secondary metabolites of seed (R2=98.16) and oil yield is justified by oil percent and seed active constituents and yield (R2=99.91). The path analysis revealed that direct and positive effect number of capitulum (0.49), diameter of main capitulum (0.41) and oil percent (0.1) and direct and negative effect of active ingredient silymarin, are important components of oil yield. In general, this result showed that for increasing of seed and oil yield can be used from capitulum diameter and number and oil percent in medicinal plant breeding of milk thistle.