n. asadi

The healthcare systems, in addition to focusing on improving patient health during hospitalization, should pay attention to the outcomes followed by discharge. Therefore, it is crucial to identify factors associated with post-discharge outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between patients' discharge readiness from the nurses’ perspective and post-discharge outcomes.

The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2022. The study population included adult patients hospitalized in the general wards of two selected educational medical centers in Sanandaj City and the discharge nurses of each patient. A total of 360 people were selected through convenience sampling. Data collection tools included demographic information forms, a questionnaire on discharge readiness from the nurses' perspective, and a 6-item checklist on post-discharge outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software with a significance level of 0.05, using descriptive statistics and independent t-test, chi-square test, and multiple regression analysis.

The total score of patients' discharge readiness was 7.82±1.19 considered moderate. The lowest score was in the knowledge dimension (7.61±1.60). One month after discharge recovery was reported by 93.4% of patients. Patients who died within one month after discharge had significantly lower discharge readiness scores from the nurses' perspective (P<0.001).

These results indicated that although the overall discharge readiness score was in an appropriate range, the score in the knowledge dimension needs more attention. On the other hand, to reduce negative outcomes after discharge, evaluating the nurses' assessment of the patient's condition at the time of discharge and considering it in the discharge decision-making process should be taken into account, as patients who died had significantly lower discharge readiness from the nurses' perspective

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria which cause significant economic losses in poultry breeder countries every year.

The present study was conducted to isolate and investigate the ORT isolates’ biochemical, antibiotic resistance, and genotypic characteristics of in industrial poultry flocks with respiratory signs in northern Iran.

After sampling from 60 different flocks and cultivation of the samples on a selective medium, suspected colonies were subjected to biochemical and molecular identification of ORT. Then, confirmed isolates were aimed to antibiotic resistance assay, hemagglutination test, detection of pOR1 plasmid, and DNA fingerprinting to survey the variability of the isolates.

A total of 13 isolates, including seven isolates from broiler flocks (19.44%) and six isolates from broiler breeder flocks (25%) were obtained. Almost all isolates showed similar results in terms of basically important biochemical tests. The most resistance rates among all ORT isolates were obtained for ampicillin, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, and penicillin (100%). The majority of ORT isolates were susceptible to furazolidone. The pOR1 plasmid was detected in only two isolates, and analysis of the DNA fingerprinting phylogenetic tree showed four specific genotypic clusters.

According to the results, the isolates showed different antibiotic resistance profiles, and most of the strains proved multiresistant. This can indicate the circulation of various multi-drug resistant strains among poultry farms in northern Iran. Isolates from broilers and broiler breeders were grouped into different clusters by genotyping.

In location-based services, increasing the userchr('39')s interaction with the surrounding environment can increase their knowledge of that environment. Combining these services with Augmented Reality technology is one of the ways to increase this interaction. Augmented Reality combines virtual elements such as textual information, graphics, etc. with the real world and displays various objects from the real world with their corresponding virtual information to the user. However, using this technology in location-based services can cause problems. For example, by increasing the volume of textual and graphical information from the surrounding environment, displaying this information on the mobile devicechr('39')s screen with limited sizes, causes illegibility and reduces the usefulness of the information. Another problem with using Augmented Reality is the uniformity of the displayed information. That means, by changing the userchr('39')s environmental conditions the information may change, but the displayed information through a non-context-aware system remains the same and does not change dynamically. In this research to overcome the problems mentioned above, a combination of Augmented Reality technology and Context-awareness has been used. Context-awareness considers the userchr('39')s environment and its changes and modifies the systemchr('39')s behavior accordingly. To modeling the proposed system, first, we identified the effective contexts. We utilized four properties as context to guides the user in an indoor space; the distance between the user and possible target locations, rotation of the mobile device, the time that the user is using the application, and resolution. We used the Bounding Box concept to infer the resolution context. We then collected the required data to calculate the mentioned contexts. To find the userchr('39')s position and calculating distance context, we used the Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) method. This method has less dependency on the environment and its infrastructures rather than other positioning methods like positioning using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) sensors. PDR uses the smartphonechr('39')s IMU sensors to finding the userchr('39')s orientation and detecting his/her steps. In this research, we used Accelerometer, Gyroscope, and Magnetometer sensors. Magnetometer sensors are mostly affected by surrounding iron objects. So we calibrated this sensor by applying soft-iron and hard-iron calibrations. Also, we applied moving average low pass filter to regulating accelerometer raw data. Time and rotation of device collected from device clock and IMU respectively. After calculating the contexts, to displaying appropriate information according to the userchr('39')s context, we define different Levels of Detail. This system is implemented on the 3rd floor of the Geomatics faculty at K.N. Toosi University and developed on the Android platform with Java programming language. A performance test was carried out to evaluate the performance of the system. In each application run by different users, we collected Random Access Memory(RAM) and Central Processing Unit(CPU) usage for context-aware and non-context-aware systems. The results of the performance test showed that the average RAM and CPU usage in the context-aware system respectively 37.81% and 1.83% are less than non-context aware. Also, we used a questioner and asked ten users to evaluate the system’s UI, the performance of the context-aware system, and the non-context-aware system. The results showed that users have significant satisfaction in the performance of the context-aware system.

Royal jelly is a secretion of mandibular and hyppopharyngial glands of young (ages 4-15) worker honey bees that is used to feed larvae in the first three days of their lives and queen during its entire life (Bogdanov 2012). Today, production of royal jelly and its usage by human is increasing as well as improving methods of production. China is the greatest producer of royal jelly, because they use high royal jelly producing lines and specific equipment and experienced beekeepers in the process (Krell 1996; Chen et al. 2002). No data is existing about the amount of royal jelly production in Iran, otherwise its consumption is increasing. Naturally, it is possible to harvest royal jelly from natural queen cells in swarming period of colonies, but at this way the amount of harvested royal jelly is very low. Colack Board and 24 hour methods are the most common methods for yielding bee queen in Iran, but their usage in royal jelly production have not been yet examined. So, this experiment was conducted in order to survey and compare these two methods of royal jelly production and determine the effect of this method on the acceptance of grafted cells and the amount of royal jelly harvested from each grafted cell and hive. In the second stage, honey productions of control colonies compared with experimental colonies and economic analysis of royal jelly production with these two methods are presented.

This experiment was carried out in honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera meda) of East Azarbaijan province in 2016. We used 30 honey bee colonies headed by one year old sister queens and the same contents of the hive and then, they were randomly divided into three groups. Experimental design was 2×3 factorial based on CRD, which had two factors including method and period. Ten colonies were organized as 24 hour protocol, 10 as cloack board method, and 10 untreated colonies as control. For this reason, 45 grafted cells were added into each hive. Experiment was repeated three times in May, June, and July. Royal jelly was gathered in the 3rd day after grafting. Number of accepted cells was counted and the amount of royal jelly production from each cell was measured. as Also, the total amount of royal jelly production by each hive was calculated. Linear multiple trait model was used to analyze data. Statistical model was: Yij= μ + Mi + Sj + MSij + eij; where: Yij = record of each trait, μ = overall mean, Mi = effect of method, Sj = effect of month, MSij = interaction effect of method and month, eij = experimental error. The cost-income of the royal jelly production was calculated for the test colonies, considering the price of each kilogram of honey and jelly, 200 thousand Rials and 50 million Rials, respectively.  

Results showed that there was no significant difference between two methods in acceptation rate of grafted larvae. The interaction between two factors (working method and time) was not also significant. But, there was a significant difference between the months in acceptation rate; so that, mean comparisons showed the lowest larvae acceptance in July (%78.7200) and the highest in June (%85.2700). No significant difference was observed between two methods based on total royal jelly production from each hive. Also, the interaction between two factors (working method and time) was not significant. However, the effect of time was significant; so that, the maximum amount of royal jelly production from each hive was occurred in May (9.7730 g/hive) and the minimum in July (8.3295 g/hive). The amount of royal jelly production from each cell in different amounts was not significantly different. Also, the effect of method and amount interaction was not significantly different. But amount of royal jelly harvested from each cell significantly affected by method; so, the amount of royal jelly per cell in cloack board method was more than 24 hours method (262.66 and 236.87 mg/cell, respectively). Cost-Income calculation showed that, by production of royal jelly, we can add 919.5 thousand Rials to the income from each hive.  Considering the results of this study and other related reports (Sahinler 2005; Le Jiang 2001; and Elmi 2016), month and season had a considerable effect on royal jelly production. Colony internal contents (brood and food area and population) and external condition (honey and pollen flow) are varying with season (Buchler et al. 2013). Larvae acceptance and the amount of royal jelly could be affected by each of these factors. Larvae acceptance in this study was higher than other related reports (Kumar and Kumar 1999). Mean of royal jelly per hive in current research was lower than that of other report (Elmi 2016). It seems that environmental factors affected this trait. Due to climate situations followed by poor nutritional pollens in the nature, there was a decline in breeding quality of queens at the year of experiment. Mean of royal jelly production per cell was nearly the same as other related reports (Elmi 2016; Bogdanov 2012). Considering amount of royal jelly per cell, it seems that Cloack Board method is preferable to the 24-hour method. One of the advantages of the Royal jelly production on the experimental colonies was that none of the colonies had swarmed. Also, there was no significant difference between groups in honey production of three groups, and royal jelly production had not negative effect on the amount of honey production. Therefore, royal jelly production can be achieved by beekeepers to increase their income.

Generally, the results of this study showed that the percentage of larvae acceptance and the amount of royal jelly produced from each hive are acceptable in both ways. The amount of the royal jelly produced from each cell in the Cloack Board method is greater than the 24 - hour procedure, and the use of the Cloack Board method to produce royal jelly can be more advisable under the 24 h method, because: the amount of royal jelly are obtained from each cell is high and there is no need for the removal of the queen and the colony develops normally. Furthermore, production of royal jelly would increase the beekeepers income by using any of the above methods without any negative effect on honey yield, and it has a positive effect on swarming tendency of colonies.

Occupational stress, in addition to reducing the quantity and quality of patient care, and creating physical and psychological problems in nurses, can be costly for organizations. The aim of this study was to evaluate occupational stress and its dimensions in nurses employed in hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 2014-15.

In this descriptive study, 212 nurses working in four hospitals affiliated to the university were selected through Quota Sampling in two steps. Data collection instruments were a questionnaire with demographic and clinical information and a standard questionnaire, Osipow Occupational Role Questionnaire (ORQ) with six dimensions. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression models with SPSS version 19.

The findings showed that the majority of nurses (67.5%) showed normal occupational stress, and 15.6% showed no stress. Furthermore, 15.1% and 1.9% of the nurses reported moderate and severe occupational stress, respectively. The results of linear regression analyses showed that the type of hospital ward was the most important variable in correlation with the nurses’ occupational stress and its dimensions, except for the physical environment dimension (P < 0.05, β= 0.16-0.34).

The results show that there is still a group of nurses who needs special support. Nursing managers could plan, based on the ward type, to implement measures to help nurses reach an optimal level of stress. Maybe this would improve the quality of nursing care for patients and health promotion in nurses.

ln order to develop an ELISA kit for detection ofanti-DNA antibodies several procedures were examined. In this study the best method for native DNA preparation, solid phase preparation, formulation of buffers, design oftest performance, and a storage condition of the kit components was introduced. DNA extraction was performed by phenol procedure and purified one more time to lose protein impurities. To prepare the coated micro plate, a precoating stage using poly-L lysine to enhance DNA attachment and an extra post-coating stage for neutralizing its negative charge were applied. To detennine the sensitivity and specificity, 120 serum samples were simultaneously tested with the developed and commercial kits. The results indicate that sensitivity and specificity of the developed kit is 97% and 100% respectively with 99% accuracy and 5% coefficient of variations. Moreover periodic examinations on kit components reveal that the kit is stable at least one year in 4°C without diminished quality.