n. singla

In the competitive business world, the whole thing is in a state of flux. It is not possible to know the exact outcomes of the strategies adopted by a company. Companies are always unsure of the customer's responses regarding their strategies, and the judgment of the decision-makers is correct to some extent but not always exact. To avoid erroneous estimations, the companies generally preferred the opinion of more than one expert. It is highly understood that no two experts will describe the similar payoffs for a mix of strategies used. Therefore, the payoff matrices, given by a group of experts, provide more information to select the best strategies for the companies. This paper presents an approach to solving bimatrix game problems with multiple experts in an intuitionistic fuzzy environment. Further, the applicability and superiority of the proposed method have been shown with the help of a real-life numerical example.

Rodents harbour a number of parasites of public health importance, thus, they threaten human health and livestock.

The present study aimed to characterize two helminthic species found in commensal rodents and record histo-physiological alterations induced by them.

A total of 300 synanthropic rodents of three species: Rattus rattus (n=201), Bandicota bengalensis(n=90), and Mus musculus(n=09) were live trapped and necropsied in different seasons during November 2017 to October 2019 at Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Liver of two species B. bengalensis (72.22%) and R. rattus (65.67%) were found infected with two helminthic parasites Taenia taeniaeformis, and Calodium hepaticum. These endoparasites were present either alone (4.33-6.33%) or as mixed infection (65.55%). The level of total proteins and liver marker enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were found significantly higher in the liver of rodent species infected with single and mixed infection compared to those with no infection. In histopathological assay, granulomatous liver lesions and necrosis of hepatocytes were seen which were associated with eggs and adults of C. hepaticum and inflammatory reaction in hepatic parenchyma adjoining to cysts of T. taeniaeformis. Based upon scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identification and molecular characterization using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) region, the metacestodes in whitish cysts were confirmed to be of T. taeniaeformis for the first time in Punjab, India.

The study highlights an alarmingly high infection of rodents with zoonotic parasites and suggests immediate pest (rodent) control to check the dissemination of zoonotic diseases by helminth species under study.