nabat naqshbandi

Investigating the mechanisms responsible for pain processing of natural and synthetic chemical compounds is necessary to optimize pain management. Curcumin (Cur), the active ingredient of turmeric, exhibits potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties by employing multiple mechanisms at the local peripheral, spinal and supra-spinal levels. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of oral administration of Cur on muscle pain induced by intramuscular (IM) injection of formalin. To explore the possible local mechanisms, a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, diclofenac (Dic) and a COX product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), were applied. The IM injection of formalin (25.00 µL, 2.50%) into the gastrocnemius muscle induced two distinct phases of hind leg flinching. A short-lasting (10 min) hind leg lifting was observed following IM injection of PGE2 (2 µg kg-1, 25.00 µL). Oral administration of Cur (25.00 and 100 mg kg-1) and IM injection of 40.00 µg kg-1 Dic attenuated formalin and PGE2 induced nociceptive behaviors. Contra-lateral IM injection of Dic did not change muscle pain induced by ipsilateral IM injection of formalin and PGE2. The second phase of formalin induced flinching as well as PGE2 evoked lifting were more suppressed when 40.00 µg kg-1 Dic and 100 mg kg-1 Cur were used together. Locomotor activity was not changed by the above-mentioned treatments. It was concluded that the reducing effect of muscle pain of Cur might be related to the local inhibition of COX.

 Curcumin, the biologically active ingredient of turmeric (Curcuma longa), affects pain processing at different levels. Local mechanisms of action of curcumin are somewhat known, but the central effects at the spinal and supraspinal levels have been less investigated. In this study, the effect of oral administration of curcumin on the formalin-induced muscle pain was investigated. In addition, naloxone (a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist) and AM251 (a cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist) were used to clarify the possible central mechanism of action of curcumin. 

 For intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections, one stainless steel guide cannula was implanted into in the left lateral ventricle of the brain in anaesthetized rats. Muscle pain was induced by intramuscular (IM) injection of formalin (2.5%, 50 µl) in the right gastrocnemius muscle, and the number of paw flinches and the time spent licking and biting of the injected paw were recorded at 5-min blocks for 1 h.

 A marked biphasic pain response was observed due to formalin injection. Oral administration of curcumin at doses of 25 and 100 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively) decreased both phases of muscle pain. Pain intensity was not influenced by alone ICV injection of naloxone and AM251 (p > 0.05), whereas the suppressive effect of 100 mg/kg curcumin was inhibited by ICV administration of 2 µg naloxone and 2 µg AM251 (p < 0.001). All the above-mentioned treatments did not alter locomotor activity.

 These results showed that curcumin produced an antinociceptive effect in muscle pain. Central opioid and cannabinoid receptors might be involved in the antinociception induced by curcumin.

Phytoplankton and algae are as the first level of the food chain and food producers for other organisms in the aquatic environment. These organisms acquire their nutrients in the process of photosynthesis (N and P) from the aquatic environment. In this study, the amount of purified fish wastewaters was studied by microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) in a period of 18 days. The present study was conducted in a laboratory system and on the wastewater outlet of fish farms. For this purpose, a 5-liter semi-industrial reactor was designed with a mixer blade, a porous plate, and a compressor. The required algae stock on the basis of density was cultured in the laboratory environment and then was injected into the bioreactor compartment containing fish wastewater. The averages of nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and ammonium, TDS, TSS and BOD were 1.94, 2.22, 0.39, 4.11, 2.2, 1.94, 2.39 mg L-1, respectively. Also, PH and electrical conductivity were 7.52 and 1315 µ mho cm-1. The results showed that algae films efficiently reduced the amount of contaminants in the reactor space. This decreasing trend has increased over the course of the encounter. At the end of the exposure period, all parameters except phosphate have been reduced by almost half. The algal reactor can effectively reduce the organic loading of fish farms, which will partially prevent environmental contamination.

Aquaculture wastewater contains high levels of phosphate and nitrate. The reuse of this water requires standards beyond the secondary standards to eliminate more organic pollutants from aquaculture effluents. In this research, the removal of these pollutants from wastewater using Chlorella vulgaris and Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the reactor space was investigated.
This study was conducted on fish farms effluent in the laboratory system. For this purpose, a 5-L semi-industrial reactor with a mixer blade, porous plate, and a compressor was designed. Chlorella vulgaris samples were collected from the natural environment and cultured in the laboratory environment. Also, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared from Iranian Nano Pishgaman Company to make the desired solution. During the experiment (3 weeks), samples were taken weekly (in one phase) from the effluent. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, nitrate (NO3), and phosphate (PO4) factors from the influent and effluent of the farms were measured. The statistical data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and Excel 2013.
The amounts of nitrate and phosphate were decreased by about 80.76 and 80.55% in the biological reactor, whereas these amounts were 70.52 and 70.48% in the nanoparticle reactor, respectively. Also, there were significant differences in the amounts of NO3 and PO4 between the control treatment and weekly treatment (P < 0.05).
Based on the results, both reactors were able to reduce nitrate and phosphate from aquaculture wastewater, but the efficiency of the biological reactor was higher than that of the nanoparticle reactor.

Agricultural pesticides are important chemical pollutants which are extensively used worldwide. In this study, the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of Chlorpyrifos were investigated on haematological parameters of Grass Carp. In the present experiments, first the lethal concentration (LC50) of Chlorpyrifos was calculated, then the effects of different concentration of LC50 (10, 20 and 30 %) were studied on cortisol, glucose, RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC and some other blood factors of Grass carp (C. idella) during 14 days. Blood sampling was performed at 12hr, 24hr, 96hr, 7d and 14d and blood factors were measured using standard methods. Result showed that with the increase in pesticide concentration, a significant increase was observed in the concentrations of glucose, cortisol, RBC, Ht, Hb, MCV, MCH and MCHC at 12hr and 24 hr, and then the mentioned parameters decreased at the end of the experiment period. In addition, WBC, lymphocyte and eosinophil significantly increased at high concentrations of pesticide, and monocyte and basophil decreased. According to the results, Chlorpyrifos have shown the intensive effects on physiological and immunological characteristics of the carp. Additionally, blood factors, especially the amount of RBC and WBC, can be introduced as health bio-indicator of Grass carp and aquatic environment.

Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of phylum Rotifera, live in a diverse range of aquatic habitats. They are important in ecology of freshwater ecosystems by recycling nutrients and can alter trophic dynamic of planktonic communities. These features have also been used to infer environmental conditions in an aquatic habitat. Because of the important roles of this group of animals in the trophic chains of aquatic environments and the need for discovering their biodiversity, this study was planned to analyze the patterns of rotifer community structure in response to temporal fluctuations in environmental variables in two water bodies in northwest Iran. Samples were collected seasonally between October 2014 and November 2015. Temperature, pH, DO, conductivity, salinity and rotifer abundance were measured. In total, 28 rotifer species belong to 10 families of phylum Rotifera were identified. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to estimate the relationship between environmental variables and biodiversity of rotifer taxa. The clusters showed strong correlation with dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity for shaping the rotifer assemblages in both reservoirs.

Chlorpyrifos is one of the strong organophosphate pesticides that use very much and lead poisoning, disruptor in immune and physiology systems and live activities of aquatic organisms. Therefore, its effects can use as the biological indicator in a determination of pollutants. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of Chlorpyrifos (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L) were investigated on thyroid hormones of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) during 14 days. Blood sampling performed in 12, 24 and 96h and also 7 and 14 days after the exposure. The concentrations of serum thyroid hormone were determined using Radioimmunoassay method. Results showed the significant decrement in the serum T3 and increment of the serum T4 in the treated fishes in comparison to the control groups. In addition, the decrement in ratio T3/T4 was observed (P