فهرست مطالب nahid moarrefzadeh

Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the critical factors influencing bean plants' yield. This study investigates the effects of some biofertilizers for controlling R. solani and their impact on the growth parameters of bean plants in the greenhouse. Biofertilizers, Funneliformis mosseae (F. mos), vermicompost (Verm), and mealworm frass (Meal), were used in a completely randomized design with five replications. Compared with diseased control, biofertilizers applied separately or in combination, reduced disease severity (except Meal) and disease incidence (except Verm). The combination of Meal + Verm had the best effect on both indices. All biofertilizer treatments increased the dry root weight (except Verm and F. mos + Meal + Verm), fresh root, and foliage weight. Also, root length, and dry foliage weight was increased only in combination treatments, and stem length in Meal + Verm and F. mos + Verm. The highest growth of foliage parameters, root length, and fresh and dry root weight was observed in Meal + Verm, F. mos + Verm, and F.mos + Meal, respectively. The highest mycorrhizal colonization was in F. mos and F. mos + Verm. Therefore, combinations of biofertilizers had better effects on the plant growth and inhibition of Rhizoctonia root rot. The tested biofertilizers and their combinations could be considered as promising tools for reducing the use of chemicals and enhancing sustainable agriculture and disease management. The appropriate timing and application rates for these biofertilizers must be determined accurately during field experiments.

Rhizoctonia root rot of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) caused by Rhizoctonia solani is among the most important soil-borne fungal diseases worldwide. In this study, nine arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) including Acaulospora longula, Funneliformis mosseae, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus caledonium, G. claroideum, G. etunicatum, G. fasciculatum, G. versiform and Rhizophagus irregularis were evaluated for their effect on some growth traits and inhibition of R. solani in bean plants under greenhouse conditions. Six AMF species (F. mosseae, G. claroideum, G. etunicatum, G. margarita, G. caledonium and G. versiform) significantly reduced the disease severity index and the first four of these also reduced the incidence of disease compared with the infected control. The lowest disease severity and incidence were obtained by F. mosseae and G. claroideum, respectively. Compared with the infected control, the root length was significantly improved by all AMF. The other growth traits were also significantly improved by all AMF species with some exceptions as follows: root wet and dry weights (except G. fasciculatum), shoot wet weight (excep G. versiform), shoot length (except G. claroideum, G. versiform and G. etunicatum) and shoot dry weight (except G. etunicatum, G. fasciculatum, G. caledonium and G. margarita). Glomus fasciculatum had the highest root colonization. According to the results of this study, many AMF fungi improved plant growth and partially compensated for Rhizoctonia root rot on common bean, and they could be considered as good candidates for studying the biological control of this disease under field conditions.

Ascochyta blight caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei plays an important role in reducing chickpea yield and seed quality in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in improving plant growth parameters and the biocontrol of this pathogen on two chickpea varieties.

Five AMF species including Funneliformis mosseae, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus versiform, and Rhizophagus irregularis were investigated for their potential in suppressing the Ascochyta blight on two chickpea varieties, Saral and Bivanij in comparison with chlorothalonil fungicide. Their effects were also examined on some plant growth parameters in the presence of a pathogen. This research was performed in greenhouse in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design including 16 treatments with six replications.

Chlorothalonil had the highest suppression against A. rabiei in both chickpea varieties. All AMF (except G. fasciculatum in variety Saral) significantly decreased the disease index compared to the infected control. The highest disease suppression by AMF was obtained by R. irregularis (46.15%) and G. versiform (42.30%) on variety Saral and by G. fasciculatum (40%) on variety Bivanij. Most of AMF enhanced chickpea growth parameters in the presence of pathogen with R. irregularis and G. fasciculatum showing the best effects on Saral and Bivanij, respectively. G. fasciculatum had the highest root colonization on both chickpea varieties.

The results of this study showed that AMF can promote plant growth parameters and attenuate the A. rabiei-induced losses in two chickpeas varieties. The rates of disease suppression and growth promotion depended on plant genotype and AMF species. No relationship was observed between the rates of root colonization by AMF and the reduction of Ascochyta blight symptoms

Ascochyta blight disease of chickpea plants caused by Ascochyta rabiei is one of the important agents that reduce the yield of this crop around the world. In this study, the effect of separate and combined application of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) including Glomus versiform and Glomus fasciculatum, and four plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) including Bacillus subtilis BS, Bacillus velezensis JPS19, Bacillus pumilus INR7 and Alcaligenes faecalis 1624 for controlling the Ascochyta blight of chickpeas was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The fungicide chlorothalonil, which was used for comparison, was the most effective in reducing the disease. All biological treatments reduced the severity of the disease compared to the diseased control, and most of them enhanced the growth parameters (wet and dry weight of roots, wet and dry weight, and the length of foliage) in the presence of the pathogen, except for root length. Compared to the separate application of AMF, some PGPR+AMF combined treatments had a synergistic effect on disease inhibition, enhanced growth, or root mycorrhizal colonization rate, but this effect was not present in all combinations. There was no direct relationship between the amount of mycorrhizal colonization and the reduction of Ascochyta blight; In general, the use of AMF and PGPR, separately and in combination, was effective in reducing the Ascochyta blight disease and enhancing the growth of chickpeas, but the efficiency of the combined inoculation was not always synergistic and depended on the bacterial and mycorrhizal strains used.

Chickpea ascochya blight caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei, reduces the yield and quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) around the world. The biocontrol potential of 12 bacterial probiotics from genera Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Delftia, Lysinibacillus, Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas was investigated against A. rabiei. In dual-culture and volatile compounds production tests, all probiotic bacteria (except one Bacillus isolate) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of pathogen. The highest inhibition in these tests was obtained by Bacillus subtilis BS (57.84%) and Alcaligenes faecalis 1624 (72.5%), respectively. Six probiotic bacteria with the best inhibitory results in the laboratory were selected and their biocontrol and growth stimulation (fresh and dry weight) effects were evaluated in the presence of the pathogen using seed application and foliar spraying methods in the greenhouse. In comparison to the disease control, all selected probiotics in both application methods significantly reduced the disease index and increased the growth factors of chickpea plants (except for the seed treatment of A. faecalis 1624 which did not increase the fresh weight of shoots). Foliar application of B. subtilis BS, with large difference to other treatments, was the most effective treatment in reducing the disease index (63.80%) and increasing the growth factors of chickpea. According to the results of this study, foliar application of B. subtilis BS had great potential in biocontrol of ascochya blight and growth promotion of chickpea. Therefore, if its effectiveness is confirmed by field studies, it could be used in integrated management of this disease in the future.

Fusarium redolens is one of the most important pathogen in chickpea which causes yellowing and wilting. This study was conducted to investigate the biocontrol effects of individual and combined applications of several probiotics on the pathogen control and evaluate growth promoting effects on plant.

Effects of separate and combined treatments of the fungus Trichoderma asperellum (Ta), the bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis (Af) and Delftia tsuruhatensis PIIR (Dt) and the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) on disease severity and chickpea growth parameters in the presence of F. redolens was evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replications and 17 treatments and at greenhouse conditions.

Applying probiotics individually increased the chickpeas growth and reduced the incidence of symptoms, but combined using of them had variable effects; Some combinations (Af+Dt, Af+Ta, Dt+Ta, Af+Dt+Ta, Dt+Ri and Af+Ri) were compatible, they stimulated the growth and reduced disease severity. Treatments Ta+Ri (except shoot fresh-weight), Dt+Ri+Ta (except root-length and shoot fresh-weight), Af+Dt+Ri+Ta and Af+Dt+Ri had no effect on growth stimulation and just reduced the disease symptoms. Af+Ri+Ta had no effect on growth-promoting or reducing the disease. Treatments of Af and Dt showed the best effect on promoting the growth- and disease-reducing.

The effects of probiotics combinations in promoting plant growth or reducing the disease were not always positive, meanwhile none of combinations had a synergism with these indices in comparition with single application.

Intensive agriculture has reduced soil fertility and has had harmful effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, the use of low-input and environmentally-friendly agricultural methods such as sustainable agriculture is necessary to achieve the required sustainability in food supply. Preservation and revitalization of beneficial microbial communities in the soil, is one of the important strategies of sustainable agriculture. These microorganisms with diverse activities (such as residue decomposition, mineralization and fixation of nutrients for plant growth, production of plant hormones, decomposition of pollutants, plant growth and biological control of plant pathogens), play very important roles in the function and sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding the factors affecting these communities particularly the different methods of managing agricultural lands helps to manage them towards improving soil fertility, optimal plant growth and health, and increasing the productivity and stability of agricultural ecosystems. For selecting the best cultivation methods that preserve the diversity and strengthen microbial communities as well as avoiding activities that lead to the destruction and reduction of its diversity of microorganisms, fast, reliable, sensitive and specific methods are needed that provide comprehensive knowledge about the effect of different agricultural activities on the structure and diversity of these communities, including its unculturable part. Among molecular techniques, polymerase chain reaction-based methods have been widely used to study the diversity and structure of soil microorganisms, and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) is one of the most well-known and widely used methods. PCR-DGGE has been used successfully for more than two decades to investigate the effect of different crop managements on the diversity and structure of microorganisms in different soils or in a soil under different crop managements. Despite the availability of new generation of high-throughput sequencing technologies in the study of soil microbial communities, PCR-DGGE method due to various advantages with less hassle, cost and time and immediate presentation of components in both qualitative and semi-quantitative form is still an important way to study the impact of various agricultural practices and managements on microbial communities. With the help of the findings of this technique, the best management methods in agriculture could be selected and the way can be paved for the realization of sustainable agriculture and stable food supply. In this review, some researches and references that have used the efficacy of PCR-DGGE in studying the impact of various agricultural managements and activities on the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities and some of their results have been mentioned. The features, advantages, limitations, and principles of this method have also been outlined.

Chickpea Fusarium yellowing and wilting disease, caused by Fusarium redolens (Fr) and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) is one of the most common diseases of this plant in Iran. In this study, the effect of bacterial and fungal probiotic strains received from different sources belonging to Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Delftia, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Trichoderma genera was investigated on mycelial growth of the plant pathogens in the laboratory and chickpea growth and disease indices in the greenhouse. The volatile compounds of all probiotics prevented the growth of pathogens mycelium. In dual-culture test, all probiotics had an inhibitory effect on Foc growth, but only the effect of Bacillus pumilus INR7 and Trichoderma harzianum T33 on Fr growth inhibition was significant. In the greenhouse, Delftia tsuruhatensis PIIR and Alcaligenes faecalis 1624 were among the best treatments in reducing Fr disease indices and increasing growth factors. In contrast, T. harzianum T33 and Pseudomonas putida RUP1 were the best strains in decreasing disease indices and improving plant growth from Foc infected plants. Overall, the probiotics had the potential for promoting plant growth and biocontrol of these pathogens and after the necessary studies, can be recommended in integrated management of Fusarium disease of chickpeas.

Members of the genus Polerovirus, including Turnip yellows virus (TuYV), are important viruses on field crops. They are being transmitted by aphids in a circulative non-propagative manner. During 2018 and 2019, 32 leaf samples from rapeseed (Brassica napus) and one sample from wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) were collected in Kermanshah Province, Iran. The samples were tested by a TAS-ELISA kit (DSMZ) that detects four poleroviruses including TuYV, Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) and Beet chlorosis virus (BChV). A positive reaction was observed for the wild mustard and seven rapeseed samples. Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae were used for virus transmission. The virus was successfully transmitted by the aphids to rapeseed and radish but not to sugar beet plants. In IC-RT-PCR using a specific primer pair, a 780 bp fragment was amplified from wild mustard and two rapeseed samples. The two nucleotide sequences from rapeseed and wild mustard had 99.4% identity to each other and showed up to 97.2% similarity to TuYV isolates previously deposited in GenBank from fenugreek, rapeseed, pea and chickpea plants in Australia. In phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of ORF0, two Iranian isolates of TuYV were placed in the same clade with other TuYV isolates and were distinct from other poleroviruses such as BMYV, BWYV and BChV. In this study, for the first time in Kermanshah Province, TuYV was identified in Iranian rapeseed fields based on nucleotide sequencing of the P0 coding region.

One of the leading causes of death in the world is cancer. In order to find cures with fewer side effects and on the other hand drug resistance problems that exist in relation to the treatment of cancer patients, attention to plant-derived products has greatly increased. The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of nettle and clove on cancer and normal cells.

Hydro-alcoholic extracts of nettle and clove were prepared in different concentrations (25, 100, 400, and 1200 μg / ml) then added to culture medium of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and normal cells (Huvec) and incubated for 24 or 72 h. At the end of incubation, cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay and apoptosis by acridine orange-ethidium-bromide dual staining. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software and Duncanchr('39')s multiple comparisons.

The addition of hydroalcoholic extracts of both nettle and clove at the highest used concentration (1200 μg/ml) after 24 and 72 hreduced cell proliferation significantly compared to other treatment and control groups (p<0.05). The addition of the highest concentration of both hydro-alcoholic extracts of clove and nettle to normal cells reduced cell proliferation significantly compared to other treatment groups (p<0.05).

The results of this study showed that the hydro-alcoholic extracts of nettle and clove inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells (MCF-7).

Fusarial yellowing and wilting caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp ciceris is one of the most important diseases of chickpea. The effects of separate and combined applications of Trichoderma harzianum T33, Pseudomonas putida RUP1 and Rhizophagus intraradices were evaluated on suppression of this disease and improving growth factors of chickpea in the presence of the pathogen. The experiments were conducted in greenhouse in a completely randomized design with four replications. Except for the triple treatment (consisting of three biocontrol agents), all treatments significantly reduced the yellowing symptoms of foliage and vascular necrosis caused by the pathogen and also increased the roots volume and dry weight and shoot dry weight. Also, in addition to the triple treatment and the combined treatment of R. intraradices and T. harzianum T33, other biocontrol treatments increased the fresh weight of roots and shoots. R. intraradices was able to colonize 60% and 74% of chickpea roots in the presence and absence of the pathogen, respectively. Despite their compatibility, the dual combination of biocontrol strains did not have a synergistic effect in improving biocontrol efficiency and chickpea growth promoting, and the triple combination of these factors did not have biocontrol capability or plant growth promoting. This study showed that the combination of biocontrol agents is not always synergistic or efficient.