narges khoshkalam

The spread of Corona, with emphasis on social distancing, caused social interactions within ethnic contexts to undergo changes in terms of quantity and quality. Based on this, the current research is focused on the phenomenology of the lived experience of Borujerd city Lak-speakers of social interactions after facing the Corona outbreak. The current phenomenological research has used the Moustakas technique to analyze the data. The number of 16 samples was selected purposefully and until theoretical saturation, and the data was collected by in-depth interview method. Collaborative observation (10 field observations) was also used to collect more data. Based on the results of coding and field data analysis, the concept of "post-corona ethnic interaction" includes 8 main clusters, which are: 1) the opportunity to find human agency, 2) the socialization of interaction, 3) the continuity of ethnic members, 4 ) the digitalization of interaction, 5) the scientific-rationalization of the epistemic base of interaction, 6) the purposeful interaction, 7) the hyper-digitalization of interaction, and 8) the appearance of the role of inhuman agency. In general, the threat of Corona has acted as a shock that has provided the opportunity to express individuality for the members of the ethnic community of Lak tribe.

Addiction is a global social problem, and so far, various solutions have been tried to solve it, which generally did not have a favorable result. Therefore, it seems that every society needs to implement its own program. The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the components of drug addiction in Lorestan province.

The research method was thematic analysis. The studied population were drug addicts and quitters as well as their families, 64 samples were selected in a purposeful way. The method of data collection was also an in-depth interview. Data analysis was done using Ethrid-Sterling method, which is based on forming a network of themes and in Nvivo20 software. The validity of the research was achieved through the review of the results by experts and participants, and the reliability was achieved through the calculation of "intra-subject agreement" (88% similarity of codings by two independent coders)..

According to the results of identifying and prioritizing the components of drug addiction in Lorestan province, an overarching theme is "addiction addiction as an action", two organizing themes "the agency-oriented field of addiction" and "structure-oriented interventions of addiction", and 16 The basic theme including individual and family contexts, improved pattern, crime/pathology of addiction, prohibition mechanisms, rehabilitation institution, etc. were extracted.

By using Parsons' cybernetic control model, in order to achieve the goal of drug withdrawal and control in Iranian society, more attention should be paid to cultural components. Therefore, it is suggested that through cultural and socializing institutions such as family, school, media, etc., 1) Cultivation of addiction pathology (instead of criminalization), 2) Modeling of those who have recovered and 3) Institutionalization of norms.

The present research has investigated the role and importance of safety and health in the workplace from the point of view of the employees of the construction camp of the army naval hospital in the city of BandarJask using the qualitative method of grounded theory. A sample of 23 people was selected in a purposeful way. The data collection method was in-depth interview and the interviews were analyzed by coding. The findings indicated that the existence of harmful environmental and organizational factors as causal conditions, if not identified, evaluated and controlled with a preventive view, will lead to the central phenomenon of "employee/ employer double damage" which activists in order to prevent the strategy HSE have benefited. This strategy is influenced by two groups of conditions: a) the prevailing environment: 1) the background variables of the employees, 2) the type of job and the location of the employees, 3) the location of the workshop and its infrastructure, 4)the climatic conditions of the region and 5) the facilities available for HSE. b) Intervening conditions: 1) natural disasters and unexpected events, 2) economic conditions, 3) socio-cultural conditions and 4) time-political conditions. Finally, the adoption of the workplace health and safety strategy leads to the mutual benefit of employees/employers, such as employee health and increased productivity, and has general beneficial consequences, such as environmental protection and sustainable economic development.

Peter L. Berger (1929–2017) was one of the most influential sociologists of the last sixty years. In the sociology of religion, his publications are among the key works of the discipline. This paper is a “positive critique” of three aspects of Berger’s theoretical work in the sociology of religion: (1) an inconsistent application of the idea of social construction, (2) a lack of focus on power and ideology, and (3) an insufficient operationalization of language as a vehicle of world-construction. Augmenting Berger’s field-defining work with insights from contemporary theories of ideology and discourse, the article provides an outline for a critical constructionist approach to the sociology of religion.Peter L. Berger (1929–2017) was one of the most influential sociologists of the last sixty years. In the sociology of religion, his publications are among the key works of the discipline. This paper is a “positive critique” of three aspects of Berger’s theoretical work in the sociology of religion: (1) an inconsistent application of the idea of social construction, (2) a lack of focus on power and ideology, and (3) an insufficient operationalization of language as a vehicle of world-construction.

The current research was conducted with the objective of qualitative analysis of the role of empowering women in controlling social harms with grounded theory method in order to provide an effective local model. The population studied in the current research is the women of Borujerd city, and 30 people were selected as a sample through purposeful sampling until theoretical saturation. The method of data collection, in-depth interview, and the method of data analysis was grounded theory. The results of the research showed that, as a result of "sustainable empowerment", women have adopted the "situation control" strategy, which is influenced by two groups of factors including contextual conditions (individual contextual variables, paternal family contextual variables , socio-economic base and physical disability) and intervening conditions (psychological characteristics of the individual, support of the family institution, interaction with the capable model, their structures and interactions, multi-dimensional, long-term, research-oriented policy making and justice-oriented in the field of women and the unity of responsible organizations) and the consequences of adopting the aforementioned strategy including controlling social harms at three macro levels (research and theorizing, design and law-making), middle level (education and culture) creation, implementation and operationalization, evaluation and modification) and micro level (self-other care and safety and self-empowerment and other-empowerment).

The spread of corona virus is an unprecedented challenge in the human world. Corona crisis, first of all, suspended the current and normal routines of life and stopped the interpersonal relations of human beings and social institutions. The lack of accurate knowledge of this virus and its consequences in the human world has led to a complex situation and the possibility of its continuation has given us the idea of an uncertain future. The epidemic has been so rapid that social, economic, educational, and political institutions have not been able to properly deal with the new phenomenon; it has been an issue that has caused confusion among them. Under such circumstances, suspension of the society in an epidemic, or more precisely a pandemic, has led to a situation that has shocked all aspects and infrastructures of social life. Thus, serious rethinking in all aspects of individual and social life is required. Undoubtedly, one of the large groups that have experienced very different conditions during this period has been the group of "housewives". "She is a woman, who does housework," says Anne Oakley in her definition of a housewife. The combination of "woman" and "home" in one phrase creates a connection between femininity, marriage, and family residence. Therefore, the role of a housewife is a family or rather a female role. She also has an internship role. A study of domestic work is necessarily a study of women’s status and roles. Such a multiple and at the same time personal role may seem to negate the conventional definitions of the word "role". In a woman's social image, her role as a wife and mother is inseparable from that of a housewife. Housekeeping is a manifestation of the division of labor by gender, according to which men and women are expected to engage only in a specific category of work that is predetermined and not discrete at the individual level. In this division, women are considered responsible for household chores and raising children, which involve a low-income job. As a result, they are financially dependent on men and do not have access to their own money. Accordingly, the present study sought to answer the following questions based on the data analysis of the dimensions of this process of change and transformation: 1) What challenges have housewives faced with the outbreak of coronavirus disease?; 2) What strategies have they taken in facing the challenges and what factors have influenced their strategies?; 3) What are the consequences of the strategies they have adopted? 

The research method was based on the Grounded Theory (GT) considering its qualitative nature. In this method, the concepts and categories are extracted from interviews and presented in a paradigm model during the 3 stages of open, central, and selective coding. In the present study, the open coding stage was followed until the discovery of the main classes after transcribing each interview into text. This research was conducted on the population of housewives aged over 20 years in Boroujerd City in 2022. 

In response to the question of what challenges the housewives had faced with the outbreak of coronavirus disease, the results showed that they had been forced to play several simultaneous roles at home and under the banner of role more frequently than before due to the causal conditions resulted from this outbreak. In other words, they had faced a challenge called "increasing role multiplicity", which revealed the subject under study as the central phenomenon during the process of coding and analysis. The causal conditions that had given rise to the phenomenon of "increasing role multiplicity" included the mechanisms of prevention (housewife), care (mother), assistance (spouse), education (teacher and student), treatment (nurse), and telecommuting (employee). 2) In response to the second question, the actors had adopted the action of "changing the role of housewife" as a result of the phenomenon of "increasing role multiplicity". This change was in the form of one of the three types of housekeeping as monitoring, a challenge, and a compromise. The concept of "housewife" means a strategy through a monitoring method. In this research, the housewives were found to have tried to fulfill all the plans with all-round management at the same time as multiplicity correctly and with the least conflict. The concept of "housewife" referred to the reaction of a group of housewives, who had not been able to cope well with the challenges posed by the outbreak of coronavirus and as a result, this challenging situation had caused many tensions and conflicts for the households. They had  a family of their own, but had not only been unable to manage the situation, but also had difficulty in performing their previous roles and thus felt a double burden. The concept of "housewife" also referred to the reaction of housewives, who had tried to overcome the problems caused by the outbreak of the mentioned disease with the cooperation and assistance of other family members. Although this group of women was not as empowered as the group of housewives, it was not helpless as the latter group, thus being involved in the middle situation. They had tried to manage the already changed affairs of home and family to some extent by asking for help from other family members. Two groups of conditions had influenced the types of strategies adopted by the actors: a) The underlying condition that was seemingly unrelated to the strategies but acted as a platform for their adoption based on the prevalence rate of coronavirus disease. This condition was influenced by the demographic characteristics of age, education, marital status, occupation, number, sex, children’s age and education, spouse’s occupation, and family income and expenses; and b) Interventional condition that acted as a mediator and facilitated or limited strategy adoption. This condition included the psychological characteristics of gender socialization, cyber skills, social support, and government support (empowerment).
3) In response to what consequences resulted from the strategies they had adopted, we should say that the actors had experienced different consequences depending on what kinds of strategies they had adopted. For example, those who had adopted the role of housewife as monitoring and adaptive strategies had seen a positive outcome called "gender empowerment," which included increased self-confidence in the individual dimension and group dynamics and prevalence control in the collective dimension. However, the actors who had adopted housekeeping as a challenge (house-to-house) strategy had experienced the negative consequences of "gender disability", which included psychological stress and depression in the individual dimension and family tension in the collective dimension.

The Telegraph Social Network is the most user-friendly social network in Iran, which holds a large amount of content and content. The current qualitative research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the membership of married people in this network by means of thematic analysis. The statistical population included married people aged 15-40 years old in Borujerd, who had experience in using this network for at least one year. The sample size of 31 people, the purposeful sampling method and the data collection method was a profound interview. The results of coding the interviews showed that the individual was influenced by: (1) push factors (technology pressure, loneliness, unemployment, normative constraints, mental and physical exhaustion, emotional emptiness, inappropriate self-actualization, consumer society), and (2) Absorption mechanisms (secure, easy, cheap, broad and fast communication, awareness, entertainment, business prosperity, free-thinking seats) have become part of this network. As a result, the individual becomes generally part of the network due to the real world constraints as well as the attractiveness of the telegram as a double factor.

Although the outbreak of corona disease initially had positive environmental consequences, over time, the dramatic increase in corona disease became a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, using a qualitative grounded theory approach, the present study has analyzed the environmental behavior in the face of corona waste (residues) among the residents of the city of Boroujerd who were over 18 years of age. The sample consisted of 26 people who were purposefully selected. The method of data collection was in-depth interview. During the three stages of coding the text of the interviews, the paradigm model of Grounded Theory was finally extracted. Also, in order to validate the research, the method of "members' credibility" and to measure the reliability, the method of "internal agreement" has been used. The results showed that the two factors "prevention mechanisms" and "treatment mechanisms" have caused the phenomenon of "coronal waste generation" and after its occurrence, actors’ "environmental behavior" was manifested in one of the following types: 1) environment Friendly (responsible), 2) un-environmentalist (careless) and 3) anti-environmental (vandalistic). The prevailing contexts were: 1) demographic characteristics of the individual, 2) health-care-treatment infrastructure, 3) educational infrastructure, 4) corona disease prevalence rate. Intervening conditions were: 1) personality traits of the individual (environmental commitment and sensitivity), 2) social characteristics of the individual (environmental orientations and attitudes), 3) socialization (Environmental knowledge and awareness), 4) Culturalization (environmental norms and values), 5) Government policies (Environmental trust and belonging). Finally, the environmental behavior of actors has two consequences: 1) positive: environmental purification and 2) negative: environmental pollution

At the beginning of 2018, floods hit cities in Khuzestan province, and camps for women and children were set up in the Susangerd city. Accordingly, the present study aimed to qualitatively analyze the consequences of the accommodation of women in the camps in a qualitative manner. Sampling was purposeful and until the time of theoretical saturation and 20 interviews and the method of data collection was an in-depth interview without structure. The results of data analysis by coding in NVivo8 software showed that the phenomenon of "female camp accommodation" has led to individual anomie and structural anomie. Dimensions of individual anomie are: 1)psychosis (with the categories of emotional erosion and psychological erosion) and 2)individual inefficiency with the categories of individual dysfunction, self over-assumption, lack of institutional support and social isolation). Dimensions of structural anomie are: 1)community aphasia (with the categories of erosion of social cohesion and erosion of social capital) and 2)structural inefficiency (with the categories of structural dysfunction, erosion of social health, other over-assumption and segregation of isolation). What is considered important in the present study is that women's views of social phenomena are different from men's views, and the experience of these negative consequences is due to their feminine gender and the impact of gender on their understanding of phenomena and attitudes. They are about phenomena.

The recent decades of changes in the way of living in Iran have led to the tendency of the people to the apartment-dwelling phenomenon, which, because of its importance, requires analyzing and analyzing its dimensions from the perspective of the actors involved in this phenomenon. Accordingly, the present qualitative research was conducted with the aim of analyzing apartment life from the perspective of women as half of the residents of the apartments, using the basic theory method. The study population consisted of housewives aged 15-50 years old in Borujerd city and living in apartments with at least one year of housing experience. The sample size was 28 persons, the sampling method, purposeful and the method of data collection was in-depth interview. The results of the coding of the interviews showed that people, due to the tensile and tensile conditions, resorted to “Apartment dwelling” as a habitat and thus adopted the “Apartment life” strategy as a way of life. It is influenced by the dominant context and the interventionist conditions and has positive and negative consequences. What constitutes a new achievement in the present study is , Emphasis on the concept of "female gender" in understanding phenomena, and the construction of the concept of "Apartment dwellin " and what distinguishes it from the concept of "Apartment life".

Henry Corban was the most prominent Western commentator on spiritual wisdom and Islamic philosophy who, due to his acquaintance with Allameh Tabatabai, achieved significant truths in the Shiite school. He examined the fundamental components and elements of Shiism and spiritual wisdom with a phenomenological point of view and recognized that the issue of Imamate and Mahdism is the main foundation of the Shiite religion. He believed that Shiism, mysticism and spiritual wisdom could not be valued, and at the same time, the issue of Imamate and guardianship of the Imam, which ultimately ends with the Imam of the Age (pbuh), could not be ignored. He considered the philosophy of the absence and emergence of Imam al-Zaman (as) in the merits and demerits of individuals and their knowledge. In this article, by examining the works of Henry Corben, his views on Shiite philosophy and Mahdism were analyzed using the method of content analysis. The results of the phenomenological study of Henry Carbon's works and using the content analysis method show that the only religion is the right religion of Islam, and among the Islamic religions, only Shiism can be accepted as the final version and the universal religion, because only in the shadow of the true teachings of Shiism can the connection between the Hereafter and the world be maintained. Because in this religion, the presence of the Imam is preserved as a mediator of grace and a link between the world and the hereafter.