narjes gorji

Mizaj (Temperament) is a concept to express individual differences in Persian medicine and according to this theory, there is a relationship between Mizaj type and the abilities of different body organs. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between the type of Mizaj and the memory score (Quotient).

The target population was the 18 to 38 years old students of Babol University of Medical Sciences. Mojahedi’s Mizaj questionnaire (MMQ) was used for determining the whole Mizaj. The physical Persian version of Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS III) was used to assess memory score. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS Version 22 and the chi square (x2) and t-test were run and p- value 0.05 was considered as significant difference.

Forty-two of participants were females and 18 were males. The average age of them was 23.6 (21-27). The average of Memory Quotient (MQ) was 122.1 ± 5.7. The average of MQ in warm Mizaj was 125.46 ± 1.2 and in cold Mizaj was 118.79 ± 6.5. The difference between two groups is statistically significant (p< 0.001). The average of MQ in dry Mizaj was 124.16 ± 2.67 and in wet Mizaj was 118.40 ± 7.64. The difference between two groups is statistically significant (P= 0.005).

The results showed there are significant relationship between memory score and warm/cold Mizaj and dry /wet Mizaj. It means students with warm or dry Mizaj had better memory score than students with cold or wet Mizaj. This relation was also detected between subtypes of memory and Mizaj expect between working memory and dry/wet Mizaj. These results are in accordance with theories in PM which indicate people with warm Mizaj and dry Mizaj have better memory and people with cold Mizaj and wet Mizaj have weaker memory and are more at risk of memory dysfunction.

Mizaj is the basis of attention to individual differences in Persian Medicine (PM). Regarding the importance of Mizaj for health preservation and treating diseases, it is necessary to achieve a standard tool for Mizaj identification. The purpose of this study was to design a standard self-reporting Mizaj identification questionnaire for elders.

In this exploratory sequential study, criteria of Mizaj identification were extracted by reviewing PM literatures and interview with PM experts and elders. The primary questionnaire was designed and its validity and reliability were assessed, using weighted Kappa statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) assessment, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and determining the specificity and sensitivity of cut-off points.

Among the 101 items in the primary questionnaire, 73 items had acceptable reliability. The final 20-item questionnaire was obtained after the criterion validity and PCC assessment. The sensitivity and specificity of this questionnaire were 83% and 88% for warmness, 49% and 80% for moderate in warmness-coldness, 72% and 91% for coldness, 57% and 78% for wetness, 30% and 79% for moderate in wetness-dryness, and 81% and 67% for dryness, respectively.

The first standard Mizaj identification questionnaire for elders was designed in this study. It is recommended as a supplementary diagnostic tool for clinicians and researchers in PM. Also, the people with age over 60 can use it to identify their own Mizaj and then, choose the suitable PM or Unani medicine lifestyle recommendations based on their Mizaj.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a Persian Medicine-based dietary protocol (PM diet) in patients infected with COVID-19. A randomized clinical trial was performed from July 2020 to January 2021 in Tehran, Iran. Eighty patients admitted due to pulmonary dysfunction caused by COVID-19 were randomly allocated into two groups: the PM diet or the common hospital (CH) diet. Eight beds in 2 rooms were considered for each group. Patients were randomly hospitalized in these rooms and received these diets up to discharge or death. The details of the PM diet were published before (Hospital diet for COVID-19, an acute respiratory infectious disease: An evidence-based Protocol of a Clinical Trial). O2 saturation level and duration of hospitalization, the rate of mortality, duration of fever, and duration of cough were considered as the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. O2 Saturation and fever durationwere not different between groups (P-value= 0.08, 0.312, respectively). But the duration of hospitalization and the duration of cough in the PM diet group were significantly shorter than in the CH diet (P-value= 0.002, 0.009, and HR=2.02, 1.86 respectively). The mortality rate was significantly lower in the PM diet group than in the CH diet group (Odds ratio: 0.12, P-value=0.026). PM diet caused a lower mortality rate, shorter hospital stay, and better improvement in cough, but did not have a significant effect on O2 saturation and fever.

Gastric disorders are one of the most common human ailments, which impose a huge economic burden on countries. In Persian Medicine (PM), it is possible to predict the susceptibility to gastric diseases with diagnosis of gastric Mizajes (temperaments) and dystemperaments. The semiology of gastric dystemperaments has been investigated in PM textbooks, although the value of each sign and symptom is not mentioned. Consequently, this research is designed to determine the major and minor criteria for classifying gastric dystemperaments on the basis of valid manuscripts and with the help of PM specialists in the present era.

This was a consensus-based study consisting of four phases. In the first phase, reference PM textbooks were studied. Symptoms and signs of gastric dystemperaments were collected and listed in four groups. In the second phase, semi-structured interviews with a sample of PM experts were carried out. Phase three included a focused group discussion with experts. Eventually, findings were integrated from the three study phases in a two-day meeting in Sari City.

Selected criteria included eight major and eight minor criteria for hot-cold dystemperament, as well as six major and eight minor criteria for wet-dry gastric dystemperament.

Modern lifestyles and the interfering factors are responsible for some changes in diagnostic signs and symptoms according to PM. This was the first step to coordinate PM diagnostic criteria for gastric dystemperaments. Further studies are recommended to reach a unique protocol in the field of PM diagnostics. The next step includes design and validation of national diagnostic tools.

Music history is as old as human history and it has been used as a way to reduce human suffering. Persian Medicine (PM) scholars as one of the oldest traditional medicines applied music for health and disease management. This study aims to introduce some of the views and recommendations of PM sages about importance and application of music in disease improvement. Definition and applications of music were collected from main PM medical text books and then databases including Science direct, PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar were searched to evaluation the efficacy of PM recommendations in conventional medicine from 1980-Jan-1 to 2020-Nov-1. PM used music and melody with several instruments to calm and soothe mind and body. Great PM scientists like Rhazes (10th), Farabi (10th) and Qutb o Din (14th), were dominant figures in terms of musical knowledge. They used music for treatment of several conditions including nervous system diseases (headache and epilepsy), sleep disorders, heart weakness and palpitation, digestive system disorders (gastrointestinal ulcer and appetite), sexual dysfunction, and also for pain management. Nowadays, some of their suggested applications are examined in research studies and are used in academic healthcare environments against several diseases. According to PM, to achieve the maximum impact of music effects in mind and body, several points should be considered including coordination of rhythm and melody with physical and mental characteristics and temperaments (Mizaj) of the listener and his/her illness. The duration of listening to the music can also be important. Attention to these points in today’s research may lead to interesting results.

The Nafisi family, which has a brilliant history of more than six hundred years in the history of Iran, has raised great scientists in various sciences and technologies who have played a significant role in the progress and excellence of this country. This study aims to review the life and works of the great physicians of this family.

This study was conducted by library study, face-to-face and telephone interviews and review of existing genealogy.

The head of this family, to whom the family name of Nafisi is attributed, Nafis bin Awad Kermani (Hakim Borhanuddin), was one of the most famous physicians of the ninth century AH lived in Kerman. Her most famous works are the book Sharh al-Asab and the book Sharh Mojz al-Qanun. Mirza Saeed Sharif Kermani )11th century AH(, who was special physician of Shah Abbas the Great )5th Safavid king), Mirza MohammadTaghi Tabib, nicknamed Muzaffar Alisha (12th and 13th centuries AH) and Haj Mirza Tabib Kermani (died 1300 AH), were other famous physicians of this family. Mirza AliAkbar Khan Nafisi, nicknamed Nazem al-Atab'a (1224-1303 AH), is one of the most famous physicians of this dynasty who has left two valuable works, the dictionary of Farhang e Nafisi and the Pezeshkinameh. Dr. Abutorab Nafisi (1293-1386 AH), head of the Isfahan School of Medicine and Pharmacy in the 1940s and author of several books and articles, was another prominent physician in the family. The physicians of this family, especially in the Safavid period and in the late Qajar period, played a very significant role in promoting health, treatment and medical education in Iran, as well as political and cultural relations. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustfulness were observed by referring texts and refrences used.

Natural talent, generational education and the provision of environmental conditions by the rulers of the time can be considered as the main reasons for the success of this family in various fields.

Skin cancers are the most prevalent type among the white with an increasing trend of incidence around the world and Iran. Scientific developments in diagnosing these cancers and using screening methods and utilizing treatment methods have contributed to the relative control of the cancer. Hence, it is necessary to consider other suggested approaches of complementary and traditional medicine to prevent and treat these cancers.

The purpose of this review is to investigate the alternative remedies from the Persian Medicine; as a pioneer medical approach with an old history.

In this review study, the medical textbooks of the golden era of Persian Medicine (9th to 19th centuries AD), i.e., the times of Razes and Avicenna, were explored and interesting opinions on skin malignancies were found. In addition, the phrase “skin cancers” was searched in databases like PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The gleaned data were analyzed and compared.

The ancient Persian scholars knew the cancers and were forerunners in the description, classified, etiology and treatment of skin cancers. This study explored interesting opinions like nutrition and black bile clearance on skin malignancies  treatment, also found no contradictory views between the Persian and modern medicine on the topic of skin cancers.

Paying attention to the neglected areas can makes useful theories and hypotheses fore achievement to new more effective and safe remedies.

Nowadays, nasal drug delivery (NDD) is much considered as an appropriate alternative method instead of oral and parenteral injection. These approaches were presented in Persian Medicine (PM) as an important way of drug administration especially for neurological disorders. The aim of this study is to introduce types of NDD from the viewpoint of PM for head and neck diseases in the period of Islamic civilization.

The parts related to head and neck diseases were searched in the main PM reference books from the 3rd to the 13th century. Documents related to study keywords including Inkibab, Bakhur, Zaroor, Saoot, Shamoom, Shiaf, Atoos, Ghavali, Lakhlakhah, Nashoogh, Nafookh and their similarities were copied and studied line-by-line. The collected documents were categorized by timeframe, the method mentioned and type of disease. 

Ethical Considerations:

Honesty and trustfulness were observed by referring texts to the refrences used.

NDD forms including solids were classified into nasal insufflation (Nafookh, Atoos), splashes (Zarur) and dough (wax) includind suppository and wick, liquids were as nasal dibbling (Saoot) and liquid sniff formulations (Nashoogh) and gaseous forms were as fumigation (Bakhoor), vapor bath (Inkibab), inhalation (Lakhlakhah), aromatic agents (Shamoom, Ghavali). Saoot was used more than the other methods and the illness which most recommended was headache. Discussion and

NDD were advised in PM for several diseases. This method with a lot of benefits like easy to use, often painless, affordable and high efficiency and some side effects such as nasal mucosal injury, limitation in drug transmission through the nose and no drug withdrawal after usage has high potential for future researches.

Grief is an unavoidable emotional reaction against the death of beloved ones that can lead to psychiatric disorders. Persian medicine (PM) scholars have made considerable recommendations regarding emotional reactions including grief. This research was carried out by studying outstanding PM textbooks (Canon of Medicine, Zakhireye Kharazmshahi, ExirAzamand kholasa al hekma) with specific keywords related to the emotional reaction, then a series of database queries (PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct) were performed to reconfirm the efficacy of PM recommendations by conventional medicine. PM physicians considered emotional reactions as one of the most important factors in physical or mental dysfunction. They treated bereaved patients based on their mental and cardiovascular conditions. They used a combination of appropriate nutrition, herbal medicines (Amygdalus communis L., Cinnamomum zylanicum, Crocus sativus L., Cydonia oblonga etc.), physical movement (exercise, massage therapy, game etc.) and psychotherapy (music therapy, aromatherapy etc.) for grief resolution. PM is one of the old paradigms of medicine that can improve psychological and physical complications of grief. Grief is one of the debilitative emotions that can influence patient quality of life so it is important and necessary that health authorities and physicians employ the total potential of medical science for patients’ treatment and rehabilitation.

Hair loss is a common problem among more than half of the world's population. The present study aimed to review and assess the etiologies, symptoms and basics of its treatment according to Persian medicine (PM). The main PM books including the Canon of Medicine, Zakhireh Kharazmshahi, Moalejat-e Aghili, Exir-e A’zam, Teb-e Akbari and Makhzan al-adviyah were searched and the related content on hair loss have been extracted. According to PM textbooks, the causes of hair loss can be divided into four categories: skin and hair nutrition disorders (low quality and quantity of nutrients, basal metabolism disorder, circulation of nutrients and skin absorption), skin pore problems (dilation and obstruction), inflammation, and environmental damage. To differentiate the above causes, several symptoms such as hair strand diameters, greasy or dry hair, the scalp condition at the affected area and general symptoms such as weakness and exhaustion were considered. In modern medicine sources, several causes are mentioned to be involved in the process of hair loss including nutritional disorders and anemia, hormonal disorders like thyroid problems, genetics and environmental factors. Applying topical oils of Myrtle, Emblic myrobalan, Myrobalan, Acacia, Oak gall, Lotus, and Violet, as well as the mucilage of marshmallow, common mallow, Psyllium and also labdanum along with nutrition correction and consumption of nutritious foods such as almond, currant and walnut based on the type of hair loss have been recommended. Considering that the causes of hair loss in PM and modern medicine are similar, it seems that therapeutic recommendations of PM provide a suitable ground for future studies.

Common warts are the infectious viral diseases that occur in the epidermal layer of skin and are transmitted through skin contact. They are caused by a diverse range of human papillomaviruses (HPV). So, there is no vaccine or definite anti-viral medication for the prevention of this disease. Also, the treatments of common warts often have some limitations and numerous side effects as well as the risk of recurrence or superficial spreading. Persian medicine is one of the oldest traditional medicines which described common warts as a kind of skin disease and recommended several herbal medicines like Allium porrum L. for the treatment of this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of the aerial parts of Allium porrum L. on common warts.
In this study, five patients with common warts on their hands were included. The hydroalcoholic extract of Allium porrum L. were applied on the site of the lesion just for 2 hours every day over a three-week period. The patients were followed up for 18 weeks to check any case of recurrence.
After completing the treatment, the wart lesions in all five patients were completely healed within three weeks. During the follow-up phase (18 weeks), no case of recurrence was observed.
This study shows that the topical application of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium porrum L. has therapeutic effects for common warts. Since the extract is cost-effective, without complications and highly accepted by the patients, it seems that it can be further investigated in future studies.

Functional gastrointestinal diseases are common in general populations and comprise more than 40% visits to gastroenterologists. Treatment options of gastrointestinal diseases have been limited. There are a few medications for functional gastrointestinal diseases and some of medications are not available in the market or in the place where the patient lives. Traditional Persian medicine (TPM) is a branch of alternative and traditional medicine based on individual viewpoint and humoral theory, focuses on lifestyle modification and uses natural products to manage the patients.
In this study, a set of compound drugs known as digesters (jawarishes) and other applications are described based on main TPM text books.
Jawarishes have different formulations containing various medicinal herbs used for better food digestion and improved gastric functions and also used for other disorders including reinforcing the brain, heart, liver and some therapeutic approaches.
By reviewing medieval Persian pharmaceutical manuscripts, we can conclude that many herbs are effective in different systems of the body and improve gastric functions. Zingiber officinalis and Piper nigrum are mixed together to get various formulations. The variety of jawarishes formulations and their different clinical applications can indicate continuity of their use.

In industrialized countries, cancer is the second cause of death and in Iran is the third. So, one of the research priorities of all communities is according to the methods of prevention and treatment of cancer.
This study is an analytical review of the etiology, prevention and treatment of cancer from the viewpoint of Iranian Traditional Medicine.
Persian physicians believed that human body was composed of four substances that named humorous (blood, phlegm, bile, black bile) and imbalance of them causes different types of diseases.
From the perspective of Iranian Traditional physicians, Ignition and combustion phenomena humors is the starting point for the onset of cancer. Based on this insight, preventive and therapeutic strategies have been proposed.
They are believed abnormal black bile, have the power of influence, aggression and high dispersion. However, stimulating interventions had been avoided in the cancers of internal organs. The goal of treatment and recurrent inhibition are reduction of carcinogenic substance, improving body action and Inhibition of Invasive behavior of disease.

Sour-orange (Citrus aurantium) seed oil was extracted by ultrasound-assisted, heat reflux, and Soxhlet extraction methods and their physical (melting point, viscosity, specific gravity, refractive index, and color) and chemical (acid value, acidity, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and ester value) properties were investigated. Results showed although that some properties of the sour-orange seed oil such as acid value, acidity, peroxide value, iodine value, melting point, viscosity, and color were affected by the extraction method but its other properties such as saponification value, ester value, specific gravity, and refractive index were not affected by extraction method. In addition, the results of this study indicated that the sour- orange seed oil has some advantages such as low free fatty acid, low acid value, low peroxide value, low melting point, high saponification value, and high ester value. Therefore, the sour-orange seed oil can be introduced as suitable edible oil.

Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders Characterized by chronic abdominal pain, altered bowel habits or changes in stool consistency. Unfortunately, no specific treatments for relieving IBS symptoms have been suggested yet. This pilot study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the Cumin extract, a kind of herbal used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders like bloating, and other symptoms of IBS. Fifty seven patients with IBS (according to the ROME II diagnostic criteria) with no nay other accompanying illness enrolled in study. Patients were advised to discontinue their other treatments during the study course, then 20 drops per day of Cumin essential oil was administered for included patients. IBS‐associated symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, painful defection, presence of mucosa in stool, changes in stool consistency and defecation frequency were evaluated using a questionnaire before treatment, 2 and 4 weeks after beginning treatment and 2 and 4 weeks after stopping treatment. Abdominal pain, bloating, incomplete defecation, fecal urgency and presence of mucus discharge in stool were statistically significant decreased during and after treatment with Cumin extract. Stool consistency and defecation frequency were also both statistically significant improved in patients with constipation dominant pattern of IBS. Cumin extract can be effective in improving all IBS symptoms. Considering its low cost and easy availability Cumin administration in patients with IBS may have economic benefits.