narjes lari

Teacher-student relationship is a complex and dynamic transaction which is formed over time and under multiple circumstances; it figures out the student’s developmental changes on a platform based on related factors. Accordingly, this research attempts to investigate the quality of the teacher-student relationship in elementary school through the field study of the main parties, the teacher and the student, in the context of school, and it interprets this relational pattern and its causes and effective factors. In order to comprehend the semantic system that the student and the teacher express in their behavior and perceptional communication, the Ethnography method is used.This research was conducted in two phases during two academic years. In the first (main) phase, based on a random sampling, a government primary school in two parts for girls and boys was selected as the research field and the researcher joined it for one semester. In the second phase (validation and deepening of concepts), 99 students, 19 teachers and 13 classes from six public elementary schools in Shiraz were involved in the implementation of this research. Semi-structured and unstructured interviews and semi-participant observation were used to collect data.Qualitative data analysis makes it possible to explain the teacher-student communication pattern in four layers of , teacher-student interaction routs, teacher-student features, the teacher-student mental-representation from each other, and external factors.The improvement of this relational context and the proceedings leading to it, can result in achieving positive numerous developmental consequences for students and teachers.

The purpose of this study was to identify the features of emerging adulthood developmental stage (from 18 to 29 years old) in Iranian university students and investigate the role of gender in perception of these features. By employing criterion sampling, 15 persons (M=23.26, 8 males and 7 females) were selected from 18-29-year-old university students/graduates who were living in Tehran in 2017. All participants were subjected to a semi-structured interview. Analyzing the data by employing the phenomenological method and Colaizzi’s seven-step strategy indicated seven features, including Agency formation, Identity formation, Confusion, Optimism, Feeling in-between, Instability, and the need for intimacy. Results also showed that there were some differences between males and females in Agency formation, Confusion, Instability, and the need for intimacy. The results of this study emphasize the need to review the knowledge of the young age period in Iranian culture and provides hints in this regard.

This study aims to analyze students’ perceptions of the characteristics and actions of elementary school teachers that affects student teacher relationship. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used to achieve deep description of these characteristics. Semi-structured interviews, in oral and written format, were conducted with 99 primary school students studying in second to sixth grade (66 girls and 33 boys) who were selected from elementary schools in Shiraz. According to the findings of this study, autonomy support against control, competence, mastery goal support, care, engagement, mutual trust, and support for the class structure are the main themes of the teacher characteristics and functions that affect student teacher relationship. Implication of the findings in interventional plans for teacher-student interaction improvement is discussed in the end.

Social developments in industrialized countries have led to the emergence of an innovative stage in the developmental psychology between adolescence and adulthood, through changing individual and environmental characteristics of human development. The stage known as the "Emerging Adulthood" is defined for 18 to 30 years and has different qualitative features from adolescence and adulthood. This paper tries to focus on the formation and characteristics of the developmental stage of emerging adulthood in general and its possibility of existence in Iran. Understanding new aspects of this period of life and finding out differences in attitudes, needs, concerns, and changes that young people face will be essential to plan effectively for them.

Teacher-student relationship is not just a simple interaction between its two sides, but rather a complete transaction that is formed in a context of the effective factors. This study aimed to understand the factors influencing this relationship from the teachers’ point of view. It was a qualitative research with phenomenological design, which tried to describe these factors, deeply. Participants included 19 primary school teachers (12 females, 7 males) selected from public primary schools in Shirāz city through purposive sampling method and they participated in the semi-structured interviews. The teachers’ viewpoint about the students’ classroom behaviors and specific characteristics that are important for their relationship, the classroom trajectories that can be used to communicate with the students, factors outside the teacher/student circle, which affect their relationship with each other, and the qualities of the teachers’ mood, beliefs and motivation that augment their relationship with the students were extracted as findings of this study. These components made it possible to get comprehensive dimensions of the teachers’ viewpoints on this research’s concern. The results could explain the possible substrates for the positive intervention in a student-teacher relationship.

The purpose of this study was to develop markers of adulthood and achievements of them among students and determine its validity and reliability, based on qualitative research that has already been done in phenomenological method (soleimani & Hejazi,1397). For this reason, 610 students aged 18-29 (317 males, 293 females) from Tehran University were selected by available sampling. After exploratory factor analysis, a questionnaire adapted to the Iranian context for measuring adulthood markers was constructed with 46 items and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.905 in six dimensions: cognitive-emotional mastery, management and regulation of tasks for goal achievement, capacity to play a role in the family, adherence to values, independence, and role transition. The results indicated that there was a developmental stage of emerging adulthood among Tehran University students, their perception of adulthood is more relevant to individual and family skills, and an individual's perception of adulthood is proportional to the acquisition of these skills. Also, the factors of employment, financial independence and the capacity to manage family for men and the capacity of child care for women are more important criteria for adulthood achievement for students

With the pluralistic perspective in this era, it seems more useful to focus on spiritualtraining rather than religious training, because if we see the spirituality as the commonessence among religions, a common point of view is caught from the differentapproaches. In addition, international attention to the science of Spirituality in childrenand adolescents, as a factor that plays an important role in human development, isgrowing. It is necessary for this science topic to investigate the entrance of spiritualityin the personal identity. This opportunity is one to take a look on Western psychologicaltheories about spiritual identity. In this paper we address the need for spiritual identity,causes for its explanation complexity, definitions, relationship between spiritualityand religion, individual or social spiritual identity, and finally factors related tospiritual identity.