nazemi s

Most of the elective and emergence cesarean sections in the world's credible treatment centers are performed under spinal anesthesia. Either spinal or general anesthesia is associated with complications. The use of spinal anesthesia is recommended because of maintaining the safety of mother and her newborn. This study aimed to determine the incidence of complications related to spinal and general anesthesia after cesarean section. This cross-sectional, analytic study was performed in 2011 on all candidate women for elective cesarean section referred to 22nd of Bahman Hospital in Gonabad city, Iran and 122 cases were selected by simple sampling method. The data were collected with a researcher-made questionnaire include the demographic, pre-operation and post-operation information. These data were analyzed with SPSS 16 and independent T and Chi square tests. There were significant relations between the incidence of sore throat (p=0.001), muscle pain (p=0.002), rapid return of pain after surgery (p=0.001) and headache (p=0.047) after cesarean section and the type of anesthesia. There was only a significant relation between headache and satisfaction of the pregnant women from cesarean section (p=0.21). There was no significant relation between the age of pregnant woman and any types of complications. The rate of sore throat, muscle pain and rapid return of pain after surgery is higher after general anesthesia than spinal anesthesia.

Spinal anesthesia is the procedure of choice for caesarean section. There is no risk of airway hazards، such as difficult airway intubation and aspiration in this method. Some cases avoid to choose this method، because of fear of complications specially headache. This Study has been done to assess the true extent of headache after surgery with spinal anesthesia and its related factors. This cross-sectional analytic study was done in 2011 for one year in 22th of Bahman hospital of Gonabad. 200 pregnant women that was candidate for caesarean section under spinal anesthesia were selected by achievable and purposeful sampling method. All procedure was performed in a sitting position and with a disposable 25-gauge needle with 75mg Lidocaine 5% and 25 micrograms Fentanyl. Data were gathered and analyzed using the SPSS 11. 5 software and independent T and Chi-square tests. 12 patients (6%) in 24 hours after spinal anesthesia and 44 cases (22%) in first week after spinal anesthesia experienced headache. Headache happening had a significant relationship with body mass index (p=0. 028) and occupational factors (p=0. 011) in the first week. Hypotension was the most complication (52. 5%) during spinal anesthesia. Hypotension is the most complications during spinal anesthesia. Those with higher body mass index and those who were employed are at higher risk for headache in first week after spinal anesthesia.

Fluorine is an essential micronutrient for human health, serving to strengthen the apatite matrix of skeletal tissues and teeth. In regions where the fluoride (F−) concentration of water is naturally low (<0.5 mg/l), some communities have chosen to add this constituent to their drinking water to strengthen teeth and to minimize cavities. The aim of this study was to determine fluoride concentration in drinking water in shahroud city at the northern part of Iran as well as determination of DMF value in 7 year old children, for a duration of 6 years. In this descriptive study, 138 students aged 7 were chosen randomly from Shahroud schools and were followed up for a duration of 6 years (2004-2009). They were examined by a dentist for determining the numbers of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth. Also 120 samples were taken from drinking water in the city and Ion-selective method was used for measureing fluoride concentration. Determination of both DMF index and fluoride mean concentration was repeated for six years from 2004 to 2009. Fluoride concentrations were between 0.45 to 0.75 mg/L and DMF index was between 3.18 to 3.81. There was a significant difference between both DMF index and fluoride mean concentrations in different years. DMF index obtained in our study was higher than the index reported for the whole country (1.2-2.6mg/L).

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological disorders in young adults.Mitoxantrone, as an immunosuppressant and cytotoxic drug has shown a slight beneficial effect on the progressive form of the disease. However, it has been experienced that in cancer treatment this drug has caused cardiologic side effects such as congestive heart failure and decrease in ejection fraction. The aim of this study is to investigate the left ventricular ejection fraction changes induced by Mitoxantrone as administered in patients with secondary progressive form of multiple sclerosis.During the years of 2005-2007, the patients with secondary progressive MS who referred to the Neurological Clinic of Aria General Hospital in Mashhad were included in our cross-sectional study. These patients had no history of hematological, cardiac or hepatic disorders. Neither they had ever used immunosuppressant drugs. They were prescribed to intravenously take 12 mg/m2 of Mitoxantrone every 3 months for at least 2 years. Before each infusion of Mitxantrone, the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was measured by echocardiography. After the treatment (8 infusions), the results of echocardiography were compared and analyzed through statistical methods using SPSS and Excel soft wares.Forty four patients with secondary progressive -MS were included in our study (24 females and 20 males). Five of the subjects were younger than 30 year old, 27 patients were between 30 and 40, and 12 patients were above 40. The data was analyzed using the method of repeated measures. The results demonstrate that Mitoxantrone had no significant effect on the left ventricular ejection fraction. Also, the trend mean of EF during 8 months showed no significant drop. The mean of EF between sexes was not significant, either. As a whole, ten percent of the subjects treated with Mitoxanterone showed a decrease of EF which returned to its normal stage once the treatment was stopped.The benefit from using Mitoxanterone in multiple sclerosis was more than the complication caused by its usage.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the level of post–traumatic syndrome disease (PTSD) symptoms among children less than 6 years old, 3 months after the bomb explosion event in Ahvaz city at 2005(1384). In this cross-sectional study, the subjects included all the children attending in the only kindergarten located with the 500 m radius from the bomb explosion area. Although the questionnaires were given to the parents of 100 children, only 62 questionnaires were completed. The data were analyzed through the spss software with non-parametric statistical Procedure.The results showed that 62.97% of children were diagnosed to have difference degrees of PTSD symptoms. These symptoms included re-experience (19.4%), hyper-arousal (14.5%) and avoidance (99.7%). Re-experience showed to have the higher frequency and the most severe symptom was avoidance.The present study showed that a noticeable percentage of pre-school children in the nearest kindergarten to the bombing area had some degrees of PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, this study suggests that appropriate psychological support is needed to be given to people, especially in children, who experience similar events.

Respecting patients ethics and attempts to establish a framework for it, research shows a continuous background in the history of the country’s concern for hygiene which could lead to the patients’ satisfaction. The goal of this study is to survey the level of doctors’ and paramedical personnel’s knowledge and attitude about the patients’ prism ethics in dependent hospitals of medical faculty of Shahrood in the year (2003; i.e.) 1385(H.S.) This research is a cross-sectional and applied study. Because of a limited research community on one hand and a need for accurate information on the other, half of the research community has been studied by systematic, non stratified and non probability sampling method. The questionnaire consists of 6 general questions and 32 professional questions in an attempt to survey doctors’ and paramedical personnel’s knowledge and attitude about patient right’s prism. The data were analyzed using Spss and INSTAT soft wares and the results have been showed in tables and figures. The results of the analyzed data showed that 24.2% of the interviewees were males and 75.8% of them were females. 77.5% of them worked in Imam Hossein hospital while another 22.5% worked in Fatemie hospital. 77.4% of the interviewees were holding a degree of Bachelor and upper and the other 22.6% were of a lower level in terms of educational background. 18.1% of them were nurse assistant; 60.4% were nurse; 10.4 were doctors and the rest were included in other fields. 53.3% of the participants were informed about patient’s prism rights. 18.1% of them had gained their knowledge by means of educational seminars and conferences and the rest in other ways during their course of study. The hospitals had offered education terms for 15.9% of the cases while another 84.1% hadn’t received any education, whatsoever. As for the participants’ knowledge, the average grade was 16.38 totals was 20. It showed good knowledge in terms of research samples. Regarding their attitude, the average grade was 17.09 of a total of 20. It showed the presence of positive attitudes among them. Pierson test showed ameaningful relation between the variables of knowledge and attitude. Speerman’s test confirmed it, too (P = 0.0001). As the research finding show, there is an acceptable level of knowledge and attitude among the doctors and personnel of the hospitals. Because of the meaningful relation between knowledge and attitude, we recommend that the hospitals have plans to further inform their personnel about patient›s rights prism.

To assess knowledge, attitudes and lifestyle in unstable angina patients. Material &

A descriptive study was conducted among patients hospitalized in C.C.U in Mashhad. In all 180 subjects were entered into the study. They answered to an 82-items questionnaire consisting of questions on demographic factors (4 items), knowledge (5 items), attitude (56 items) and lifestyle (17 items).

The findings indicated that the global level of knowledge about cardiac risk factors, available treatments, compliance to treatment, was insufficient but it was very low about pain inducer behaviors. Patients' attitudes toward perceived threat (severity and susceptibility) of the disease and internal Health Locus of Control was relatively low.

There is a strong need to promote angina patient education and this should be deliverd by health professionals.