neda masoudi

The aim of this study was to develop the Mixed-effects model and compare it with nonlinear models for estimating beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) heights in the Shast-kalateh forests (district 1 and 2) of Gorgan. We applied a systematic sampling method to collect the field data within a 150×200 m network (308 circular plots) and in each plot, tree species were identified and height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of all trees were measured. Model fitting was done in two stages: Fixed-effect approach was used in the first stage wherein candidate models where height (dependent variable) and DBH (independent variable). These were refitted in the second stage using a mixed-effect approach. The adjusted coefficient of determination and root mean square error, were used to assess the models. The results of fitting nonlinear models showed that for the beech, Curtis and Naslund models had the highest coefficient of determination of 0.76 and the lowest root mean square error of 3.35 and 3.40, respectively. For hornbeam, Naslund and Michailoff models with the coefficient of determination of 0.40 and the root mean square error of 2.95 and 2.90 were selected as the best models. The results of nonlinear mixed effects model showed that the R2 for beech and hornbeam species increased by 10% and 30% respectively, and the RMSE improved about 0.65 for beech and 0.6 for hornbeam.

Forest inventory and estimation the volume of trees plays an important role in recognizing the status in forests and sustainable management plans.With the exact data on the volum of timber, managers can make the right decisions and ensure the continuity of timber cultivation. The form factor is one of the most important factors in determining the exact volume of trees. The aim of this study, determination of form factor for three specie Paulownia in the Dr.Bahramnia Forests Plan of Gorgan, And comparison of the real form factor with the natural, artificial, and hohnadl factors. In this research four type of form factors including real, natural, artificial, and hohnadl factors for Paulownia were evaluated in the Dr.Bahramnia Forests Plan of Gorgan, Golestan province. For this purpose we applied from 20 Paulownia trees in different diameter at breast height classes(less than 30, 30 to 50, more than 50cm). In each tree, height, diameter at breast height (D.B.H) and diameter at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 of tree height as well as diameter at two tops of 2m long logs were measured. Also, the height and diameter of the clog and the length of the tree was also measured. The volume of the trunk were calculated from the sum of 2 m long logs volumes and using the Smalian formula. Then the form factors (real, natural, artificial, and hohnadl) were calculated. The results showed that true, natural, artificial, and hohnadl form factor value were 0.408, 0.427, 0.304 and 0.416 respectively. Also there were significant statistical differences between artificial and natural with true form factor (α = 0.05), but There was no significant difference between the true with hohnadl and natural form factors. According to the results of this research, we can conclude that the natural and hohnad form factors can be used as an appropriate form factors for Paulownia.

Deprivation from a parent is one of the special family circumstances that can have a direct and indirect impact on the development and various dimensions of the child's behavior, especially in the field of mental health, physical activity, and academic performance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of child-centered play therapy on the self-control and impulsive behavior of single-parent children. In this research, a single-subject experimental design was used. The statistical population of this study was the children of a 6-8-year-old boy from the Iranian House of Molavi, who was a member of the popular population of Imam Ali center in Tehran in 1395. The sample consisted of 3 single-parent boys were selected through convenient sampling method. The Kendall and Wilcox self-control questionnaire (1979) was used to collect data. The intervention training was conducted in 12 sessions of 45 minutes with intervals of 1 week between sessions. The data analysis method was analytic, and the rate of recovery was used to obtain the effectiveness of play therapy. The results of data analysis showed that although child-focused therapy had an effective effect on self- control and impulsive behavior of single-parent children, its effect was not clinically meaningful. Play therapy is a dynamic interpersonal relationship between the child and the therapist, helping the child increase his self- control skills by creating a secure communication space in the play room.