neda soltani

With a look at the fundamental concepts of sustainable development, the increasing need for food resources alongside the environmental hazards of using chemical fertilizers highlights the necessity of producing organic fertilizers, especially utilizing microalgae as efficient biological cellular factories. In this study, seeking to enhance productivity for the commercial cultivation of an algae consortium (parallel research have proved its significant role in the growth and development of agricultural products), optimization of the BG11 culture medium was considered based on four combinations of K2HPO4, NaCl, CaCl2 and FeNH4Cit. The response surface methodology was employed to design the factors and analyze the responses. Dry weights on days 4, 8, 11 and 15 of cultivation were measured; Specific growth rates and chlorophyll levels calculation were accompanied. The maximum dry weight of 1.15 mg/L was obtained in the experimental group with the lowest salinity, while other factors fluctuated within intermediate ranges. The strong interaction of nutrients and the sensitivity of specific growth rates to this interaction were evident. The highest chlorophyll levels were achieved with intermediate levels of K2HPO4 alongside the lowest levels of other factors. Based on the results, maintaining balance among the components appears to be more effective than consuming higher amounts of them. By leveraging this balance, it is possible to achieve the desired economic savings in cultivation costs through reduced consumption and increased productivity.

Wastewater from different parts and industries have compounds, including nitrate and phosphate, that seriously affect ecosystems and environments. Remediation and treatment of these compounds are usually performed by physical, chemical, and biological methods. Since cyanobacteria have high nitrate and phosphate requirements, wastewater (sewage/ municipal mixed waters) with high loads of these nutrients can serve as a culture medium to enhance their growth and indirectly reduce the nutrient load, making it useful for other applications. So, in this research, the role of these elements in artificial wastewater as a culture medium on growth, chlorophyll contents, and removing potential of nitrate and phosphate by the marine cyanobacterium Fischerella muscicola ISC 123 is investigated. Our specimen was collected from the Caspian Sea, isolated, and identified according to the 16SrRNA. Wastewater treatments were designed in 15 runs using Design-Expert software, and the sample was cultured in BG110 medium with various amounts of NaCl, NaNO3, and K2HPO4. Growth(O.D.), chlorophyll contents (methanolic extract), changes of nitrate and phosphate of cultures by standard methods, and effects of elements were analyzed by Response Surface Methods (RSM) of Design-Expert. The enhanced growth rate, chlorophyll content, and nitrate and phosphate removal were observed in runs 2, 6, and 14. NaCl reduced growth while most interactions of elements were compatible with the results of practical experiments. According to the results, run14 (NaCl 1%, NaNO3 350, K2HPO4 77 mg L-1) had the optimum condition for growth and removing nitrate and phosphate of F.muscicola. It can be concluded that removing nitrate and phosphate depends on the growth factors, and by studying and optimizing wastewater elements as culture media, microalgae can have the optimum growth and the most refining potential.

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple connected graph. A perfect matching (or Kekul\'e structure in chemical literature) of $G$ is a set of disjoint edges which covers all vertices of $G$. The anti-forcing number of $G$ is the smallest number of edges such that the remaining graph obtained by deleting these edges has a unique perfect matching and is denoted by $af(G)$.     For every $m\in\mathbb{N}$, the $m$th power of $G$, denoted by $G^m$, is a graph with the same vertex set as $G$ such that two vertices are adjacent in $G^m$ if and only if their distance is at most $m$ in $G$. In this paper, we study the anti-forcing number of the powers of some graphs.

The increasing need for water resources and other factors in reducing these resources, along with the health and environmental problems of wastewater, make it clear that our linear water economy must evolve into a resilient circular water economy, where water is continuously reused, and contaminants become the feedstocks for other economically valuable processes. Biofilters utilize biological living things as catalysts to harvest valuable components which is a critical emerging technique.Cyanobacteria and microalgae's ability to be mixotrophs provides a competitive advantage against bacteria and fungi to be used in biofilters. Due to the reduction of environmental nutrients, heavy metals, pathogens, oxygen production for aerobic organisms, and carbon dioxide consumption, microalgae play a prominent role in purification processes.In this research, the appropriate species were chosen by examining different types of algal species and immobilization methods to produce biofilters. The performance of the optimally produced biofilter to reduce the pollution indicators of the industrial effluent was investigated.The results show the appropriate performance of the biofilter produced with AFC008 and AFC110 species to perfect removal of nitrate and phosphate and 76%  COD reduction and 79% reduction of BOD in less than a week (along with aeration pretreatment).

In today's modern world, using water by man and different industries produces a large volume of effluents and wastewaters that are a serious threat to humans, environments, and ecosystems. Refining and treatment of the wastewaters are essential. This research investigated the potential of marine microalgae Fischerella sp. in refining nutrients from wastewater. Fischerella sp. was collected from the Caspian sea.Artificial wastewater was prepared by adding different amounts of NaCl (1, 5%), CaCl2 (35, 100 mg/L), MgSO4 (75,150 mg/L), NaNO3 (50, 2000 mg/L) and K2HPO4 (6,500mg/L) to BG110 medium in 12 runs according to Design expert. The growth and chlorophyll contents in various treatments were measured, and nutrient analysis of the medium was performed on the 10th and 20th days after algal culture. Results showed that maximum growth, chlorophyll and decreasing of Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3- and PO43-content were observed in 1% NaCl,35 and 100 mg/L CaCl2, 150 mg/L MgSO4, 2000 mg/L NaNO3 and 6,500 mg/L K2HPO4 . The most removing activity was shown in the stationary phase of algal growth. Also, these conditions observed a decrease in TDS, TOC, and COD. It can be concluded that Fischerella sp. is a suitable microalga decreasing nutrients in1% NaCl and the highest amount of N and P.

Perhaps talking about the use of microalgae species in various fields, global approaches to increase the productivity and شchieving economic superiority alongside لreat environmental benefits وis superfluous. Some of these factors such as illumination conditions, temperature, nutrient concentration, CO2 content and the like have been researched befor. Therefore, in this article, simply review researches that focuses on some less tested factors but with significant effects on increasing culture productivity, especially on a large scale. Therefore, at first, different cultivation environments including fresh water, sea water and sewage for use in mass cultivation are described and compared and the superior species of each environment are introduced. Then different culture methods including photototrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic and photothetrophic were compare. Reuse of recycled water for microalgae cultivation process to reduce treatment and pumping costs and related challenges is considered. Finally, the effect of shear stresses (coused by equipments and is a major concern in large-scale cultivation) on cultivation productivity and ways to reduce these effects is considered.

Osteosarcopenic obesity is the result of processes that lead to muscle and bone breakdown and increased fat tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks elastic band resistance training on functional indicators and Osteosarcopenic obesity index in women with Osteosarcopenic obesity. In this single blind randomized clinical trial, 49 elderly women with age 64.13 ± 3.6yrs, fat percentage 45.4 ± 6.56 %, T score of the minerals of the were -1.86 ± 1.42 were divided into two groups: control (n=22) and training (n = 27). The training group performed elastic band resistance training for 12 weeks. significant increases in short-term physical function (SBBP) (P = 0.024) and Z score of Osteosarcopenic obesity (P = 0.041), in the training group compared to the control group, and non-significant difference in muscle quality (MQ) (P = 0.200), fracture risk (FRAX) (P = 0.259), between exercise and control group. 12 weeks of elastic band resistance training seems to improve in short physical performance battery and Z score of Osteosarcopenic obesity in elderly women with Osteosarcopenic obesity, but, probably a longer period of training is needed to further influence the other osteosarcopenic obesity index.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the crops which is the main source of food for more than a third of the world's population. Limiting factors such as environmental stress require increasing the yield of agricultural products per unit area. Soil salinity is one of the most important factors reducing the productivity of crops throughout the world. Induced mutation is widely used as an effective tool for improving the yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in product modification. In order to screen salt-tolerant superior mutant lines of rice, 10 mutant lines (M5) derived from three Iranian local varieties (Tarom, Anbarbo, and Hasani) were assessed during two generations (M6 and M7) at saline field (EC of soil was 6-8 ds/m). The experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three salt-tolerant superior mutant lines (13-3, 32-18 and 22-1) were selected in comparison with their parents (control). Physiological parameters of superior mutant lines (high stomatal conductivity, Fv/Fm, and total chlorophyll) were biochemical (lower Na+/K+ ratio, high proline accumulation, less membrane damage). These superior mutant lines will be introduced as new salt-tolerant rice varieties and sources of plant germplasm.

In the last decades, biotechnological applications have led to the optimization of the cultural conditions for the production of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) by cyanobacteria. Nostoc is a genus of cyanobacteria found in various environments that forms colonies composed of filaments of moniliform cells in a gelatinous sheath. The effect of some important nutritional and growth beside iron nanoparticles on production by Nostoc sp. was studied. Optimization of the cultural conditions was carried out using Central Composite Design (CCD), and it was achieved at pH 8.39, 1% of NaCl and 0.8 g.l-1 nitrate based in modified BG0 medium and more than 12 g.l-1 of EPS was obtained by phenol-sulphuric acid method. The present research investigated the possibility of inducing EPS production in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles from optimized microalga cultures. This study revealed that Nostoc sp. treatment with 10 mg.l-1 Fe3O4 NPs induced maximal EPS production (4 µg.ml-1).

The present study was conducted to study the morphology of the symbiotic Zooxanthellae with an anemone of Stichodactyla haddoni. Sampling of the sea anemone was carried out in the east coast the Island of Hormuz during a full tide in summer of 2015. The samples were placed in a nitrogen tank and transferred to a laboratory in the shortest possible time. Extracting and counting the Zooxanthellae cells which coexist in symbiosis with the sea anemone were made with an electrical homogenizer. The stages of preparation and fixation of samples were conducted by glutaraldehyde 3%, alcohol and acetone and then the Zooxanthellae cells were examined with the optical microscopes of HP31 and Zeiss and an the electron microscope. The results of the study showed that, firstly, Zooxanthellae can be multiplied only by mitosis in coexistence conditions. Secondly, it is known that the cells of one species should be approximately one size, but the size of some cells, which were extracted, were considerably different from other. Therefore, it is possible to assume that the studied anemone of Stichodactyla haddoni included more than one species of the symbiotic Zooxanthellae in the investigated time.

Heavy metals pollution, especially heavy metals, is one of the major environmental problems. These pollutants involve soil, water and related ecosystems and cause problems for the flora and even humans. Microalgae have many features, which make them ideal candidates for elimination of petroleum pollution and reduction of various heavy metals contaminations. This study was carried out using Calothrix sp., which isolated from polluted areas with the aim of investigating the reduction of nickel as well as studying some physiological behaviors of microalgae. Experiments design was done with the Design Expert software, which considered factors like PH (pH4-9), nickel concentration (5-100 mg/L) and time (30-120 min). The results showed that at pH8 with 80.74 mg/L nickel concentration and 48.24 min was observed the highest nickel uptake (69%). Treatment of algal biomass with different chemical and physical factors in various forms, such as immobilization or use of its metabolites could improve and facilitate the absorption process and create the potential for using these microalgae in subsequent purification systems.

Phosphorus is one of the most important and essential elements for plant growth but it is not available for plants in many soils. Inoculation of paddy soils with phosphate solubilizing cyanobacteria is an efficient procedure for supplying phosphorus for rice plants. In this study, cyanobacteria isolated from Guilan paddy fields and purified. Cyanobacteria isolates identified by using morphological characteristics and molecular techniques. Their phosphate solubilization ability was evaluated and then superior strains for rice pot planting (Tarom Hashemi cultivar) was selected. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the selected cyanobacteria isolates. The experiment carried out in a factorial completely randomized design with four levels of nitrogen (0, 0.23, 0.45 and 0.46 g urea per pot) and seven strains of cyanobacteria and control without bacteria with three replications. The results showed that the isolates were classified into four phyla of Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales, Nostocales and Stigonematales. Anabaena sp. GGuCy-17 strain had the highest phosphate solubilizing potential (641 mg.L-1) compared to other strains, and the Cylendrospermum sp. GGuCy-25 (130 mg.L-1) was the second in this respect. The highest grain yield (15.6 g.pot-1), the highest total nitrogen (14.3 g.pot-1) and phosphorus uptake (2.8 g.pot-1) were obtained in plants inoculated with Cylindrospermum sp. GGuCy-25. After further studies in different paddy field conditions, these efficient strains could be accounted for production of cyanobacterial biofertilizers to improve rice growth and yield.

Global warming, due to the excessive use of fossil fuels, rising prices, environmental pollution, and greenhouse gas emission, have made scientists produce a renewable fuel as a replacement for fossil fuels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of four species of green algae as raw materials for biodiesel production. After purification, samples were kept in BBM and N8 culture medium at 25° C, pH 7, and under constant light. Growth rate, chlorophyll content, carotenoid concentration, and lipid content were measured. The total fatty acid contents and fatty acid profiles were measured with FTIR and GC-Mass, respectively. Findings showed that the highest growth rate and biomass production, and the minimum division time and also the maximum lipid contents belonged to the green algae Scenedesmussp ISC 94. Moreover, palmitic acid (42.74%), stearic acid (29.56%), palmitoleic acid (10.2%), oleic acid (6.72%), linoleic acid (1.72%), and α-linolenic acid (1.64%) were measured in Scenedesmussp ISC 94. The fatty acid composition of the microalgal lipid comprised over %80 of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with a double bound. Also, palmitic and oleic acids were the majore fatty acids isolated. Therefore, ecause of high lipid production and the best lipid content, Scenedesmussp ISC 94 is recommended for its potential as a biodiesel feedstock.

Osteosarcopenic obesity results from multiple muscle and bone degradation and increase in fat tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks elastic-band resistance training on muscle quality and serum CAF in elderly women with osteosarcopenic obesity.

In this randomized, single blind randomized clinical trial, 48 elderly women with osteosarcopenic obesity (based on the results of the DEXA test, age 64.63 ± 3.68, fat percentage 45.4 ± 6.6, BMI 3.71 ± 1/33, T score of bone minerals density of femur and 1-4 lumbar spine  -1.86 ± 1.42) were randomly divided to control (n = 22) and exercise (n = 26). The training group performed a 12 weeks and three sessions at week elastic-band resistance training for all major muscle groups. 48 hours before and after 12 weeks of intervention, a DEXA-test was performed. Independent sample t-test was used for intra-group comparisons and two-way ANOVA (group* time) was used for comparison between groups.

The results of statistical analysis showed that after 12 weeks of elastic-band resistance training as a result of between-group comparisons, there was a significant difference in muscle quality (P = 0.043), Z score of osteosarcopenic obesity (P = 0.303), and hand grip (P = 0.013) was observed between the training and control groups. However, there were not observed significant difference in weight (P = 0.440), body mass index (P = 0.354), fat percentage (P = 0.093), BMC (P = 0.001), BMD (P = 0.564) gait speed (P = 0.22) and CAF (P = 0.501).

According to the results of this study, elastic-band resistance training improves muscle strength, muscule quality and the status of osteosarcopenic obesity (Z score) in elderly women with osteosarcopenic obesity. Also, due to the lack of significant changes in CAF, at least in this study, CAF is not confirmed as a powerful indicator of muscle quality and physical function.

Cyanobacteria are oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes with unique potential to enhance plant growth, development, and productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of Phormidium sp. ISC108 on seed germination, seedling growth criteria and photosynthetic efficiency of maize. Phormidium was applied to soil via irrigation whereas control group was irrigated via sterilized water. A significant promotion in the seed germination was observed in Phormidium treated Maize seeds. Similarly, Seedling growth indices of treated plants including biomass production, plant heights and leaf area significantly enhanced. Chlorophyll content as well as chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics was also positively influenced by Phormidium application. Quantum yield of photosynthesis, primary photochemical reactions, rate of exiton transfer to electron transport chain, yield of electron transport and performance index of photosynthetic apparatus significantly increased in response of Phormidium application in soil. However, values of thermal dissipation of absorbed light showed a significant reduction as a result of Phormidium treatment. Considering remarkable growth promoting properties, Phormidium sp. may offer a feasible economical and environmental-friendly candidate as bio-fertilizer in sustainable maize production.

In the present study, the optimization of immobilization structures along with Scenedesmus sp. and the determination of heavy metals (Ni, Cr) absorption rate have been investigated. Polymers in combination with salts were performed in alginate in order to study the stability of formed structures in cross linking agents. Beads with stable structure in synthesized heavy metal solution inoculated and the adsorption percentage has been recorded. Results showed that the most stable beads were formed in 2 and 3% alginate along with CaCO3 application beside BaCl2 as solidified solution. Reduction of heavy metal in these structures had the most percentage and it was observed that if the incubation time of beads in solidified solution decreased, the percentage of heavy metal reduction would increase to 86%. Although alginate beads showed the highest absorption rate of heavy metal, the presence of S. sp. in all treatments occasionally increased heavy metal absorption up to 15%.

Petroleum is known as the main source of fuel and one of the most important environmental pollutants. Petroleum contaminated soil negatively influences plant growth and human health. Bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil could be achieved by adding cyanobacteria and photosynthetic microalgae in the soil. In the current study, the beneficial effects of cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. ISC108 treatment on seed germination and plant growth parameters were investigated on berseem clover plants exposed to 1% hexadecane- contaminated soil. For this purpose, after cultivation of berseem clover seeds in soil with 0 and 1% hexadecane, they were irrigated every two days by 3 ml Phormidium (OD600 = 0.7) and water for the cyanobacteria treatment and control, respectively. After 30 days, the biodegradability of hexadecane in the soil around the root was measured by gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that Phormidium treatment accelerated germination of berseem clover seeds in both control and hexadecane- contaminated soil. Improvement of plant growth indices such as leaf area, plant fresh weight and leaf RWC due to cyanobacteria treatment was observed in hexadecane-contaminated soil. Hexadecane levels in the soil around the root of the plants irrigated by cyanobacteria were significantly decreased. In addition, the hexadecane degradation in the soil around the roots of berseem clover plant was increased in both control (water) treatment. In conclusion, due to positive effects of Phormidium treatment on seed germination, plant growth of berseem clover and hexadecane degradation, it can be effectively used to enhance plant capacity to cope with hexadecane toxicity in petroleum-contaminated soils.

Cyanobacteria are gram-negative photosynthetic organisms and one of the most successful groups of organisms this planet has ever seen. They include some of the first life forms to evolve on Earth. During their long evolutionary history, cyanobacteria have undergone functional modifications, and these are responsible for their versatile physiology and wide ecological tolerance. The ability of cyanobacteria to tolerate high temperature, UV radiation, desiccation, and water and salt stresses contributes to their competitive success in a wide range of environments. Various species of cyanobacteria utilize different combinations of chromophores and phycobiliproteins to optimize their light-harvesting capabilities for photosynthesis. Phycobilisomes serve as the primary light-harvesting antennae for photosystem II in cyanobacteria and red algae. The aim of this research was to investigate phycobiliproteins in isolated heterocystous cyanobacteria from paddy fields in western Mazandaran. After collecting soil samples, cyanobacteria cultures were cultivated on a typical BG110. In addition to purification process, there were repeated sub-culturing on the solidified and liquid medium before the strains were characterized morphologically. Results indicated that because of adaptation of strains under accessible light condition, different species of cyanobacteria employ a high diversity of phycobiliprotein to optimize their light harvesting process in photosynthesis. Moreover, significant differences in the amounts of phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, and phycoerythrin were observed in various species. Maximum level of these protein compounds belonged to MGCY372 (Plectonema boryanum).

In the present study, the first early physiological responses of the green micro algae Haematococcus pluvialis during infection by chytrid Paraphysoderma sedebokerensis was studied. To this end, the palmeloid form of Haematococcus pluvialis was cultivated for two days in three media including the medium infected with chytrid (chyt) and the culture of chytrid infected (IBS) and uncontaminated (HBS) cells. Then, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, extracellular peroxide, and free intracellular enzymes were determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC techniques. The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in the chytrid infected cells after 24, 24, and 48 h was 2.3, 6.7, and 2.6 times higher those of control. These values for the cells cultivated with the infected media after 12, 12, and 36 h was found to be 2.1, 2.5, and 2.6 times higher than control. The extracellular peroxide content in the algae cultivated with the contaminated media was nearly constant and about 4 fold of the other specimens; while those of chytrid infected cells was slightly increased from 1.3 to 1.8 μM during 48 h cultivation. Amino acids histidine, alanine, asparagine, aspatic acid, arginine, and methionine were of the highest and the phenylalanine and tryptophan were of the lowest content. These results can be attributed to the cells defense response to chytrid infection thorough enhancement of peroxide content and activation of antioxidative pathways.

Cyanobacteria are gram-negative photosynthetic microorganisms. Because they contain a variety of chemical compounds such as pigments, vitamins, and enzymes, theses microorganisms have found many applications in the industry. Several studies have reported that cyanobacteria can improve the plant growth by improving the soil structure as they have potential to secrete extracellular polysaccharides that help in soil aggregation and water retention. Numerous plant-associated bacteria produce auxin and related indolic compounds. The role of microorganisms as plant growth stimulators is widespread in nature, especially in relation to the production of phytohormones. Auxins represent a group of plant hormones that are implicated in the regulation of diverse biological processes. The aim of this research was to study the production capability of auxin and some photosynthesis pigments in heterocystous cyanobacteria serovars isolated from paddy fields in eastern part of Mazandaran. After collecting soil samples, cyanobacteria cultures were cultivated on a typical BG110 medium, for purification purposes, repeated sub-culturing was carried out on solidified and liquid medium before the strains were characterized morphologically. Results indicated that a great range of isolated cyanobacteria had the potential to produce auxin as a main factor for improving plant growth and there were significant differences in the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents; however, potential of each species according to different ecological diversity and genus were different. Maximum chlorophyll, carotenoid, and auxin contents were observed in MGCY277 (Lyngbya diguetii), MGCY497 (Nostoc ellipsosporum), and MGCY358 (A nabaena variabilis) serovars, respectively.

To investigate the non-heterocystous filamentous cyanoprokaryotes in terrestrial habitats of Yazd province, seven stations in Taft, Meybod and Ardakan counties were selected. In the present paper an attempt was made to identify cyanoprokaryotes using morphological characteristics. In this study 4 families including Microcoleaceae, Oscillatoriaceae, Pseudanabaenaceae and Leptolyngbyaceae, 18 species belonging to 9 genera including, Oscillatoria, Kamptonema, Phormidium, Lyngbya, Oxynema, Microcoleus, Jaaginema, Pseudanabaena and Leptolyngbya were identified. Ecological distribution and camera lucida drawing of species are presented. It should be notedthat Phormidium arvense Gardne, Phormidium chlorinum (Kützing ex Gomont) Umezak and Microcoleus steenstrupii Petersen are the 3 new records from Iran.

The marine environment is highly susceptible to pollution by petroleum, so it is important to understand how microorganisms degrade hydrocarbons. In this research the effects of crude oil on morphological and physiological characterization of the cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. ISC104 were investigated. With respect to the physiological responses, cyanobacterium optimum growth was observed in 1% crude oil. The most of chlorophyll content was observed in control sample. Phycobiliproteins had the highest rate in 1% crude oil. According to biodegradation, the results suggested that Phormidium sp. ISC104 can reduce oil content by 24.54 and 43.82% after 14 and 28 days respectively. In morphological point of view, dimensions of cells were not significantly impressed, although a slightly decrease was observed in 5 and 7% crude oil in comparison to control. This study demonstrated that crude oil doesn’t have destructive effect on cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. ISC104 up to 1%, indicating the potential of this cyanbacteriumin biodegrading this pollutant.

Cyanobacteria have a high morphological flexibility, so their identification is problematic. In this research, identification and morphological variability of indigenous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. ISC 55 Bory ex Bornetet Flahault (Nostocaceae) is investigated disciplines-wide. For this purpose, soil samples were cultured in BG110 medium and Anabaena sp. ISC 55, after isolation and treatment with different pHs (5, 7& 9) and salinities (0, 1, 2, 3, 4& 5%), which then were followed biometrically and morphologically in solid and liquid medium via light and florescent microscope. Also, wall and cell variation was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Morphological and molecular identification was carried out by valuable keys and 16s rDNA partial sequencing respectively. The results indicated that morphological variation of Anabaena sp. ISC 55 is dependent on the effect of pH and salinity. Biometric analysis implied that heterocyst and akinet shape is one of the most stable features and can be considered as a distinguishable character. The effect of pH is more highlighted in comparison to salinity. In salinities less than 1% and alkaline condition, optimum condition for colonization is prepared and clump shape of colonies can be considered as a stable character. Molecular identification confirmed the morphological one.

Green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardetii is concerned as a model system to study algal physiology, morphology, genetics and biofuel production. The aim of this study was optimization of the growth and starch production conditions. With this respect, the effect of pH and light intensities was investigated in alga Chlamydomonas reinhardetii.
The combination effect of these factors on growth and starch production was evaluated by design-Expert software and response surface method. The growth rate and starch content were evaluated using dry weight and spectrophotometric method respectively.
Regarding to the response surface curve, maximum growth rates and starch content were achieved at pH 7.4 and 8; and light intensity 7400 and 5300 lux respectively.
Discussion and Results showed that light intensity and pH play an important role in starch productivity of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Moreover, it was found that the response surface methodology was useful for enhancing the starch production in the algae.

With increasing world populations, production of cost-effective and proper nourishment sources that can rapidly produce large amounts of nutritional value are needed. Microalgae are publicly used as nutrient supplement. In this research a screening of endemic potent microalgae was carried out. Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Spirulina sp. were isolated and purified and cultivated in liquid proper medium. Regarding to this, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, biochemical characters, antioxidant and antimicrobial and anticancer properties of experimented microalgae were evaluated by HPLC, GC, spectrophotometry, DPPH, MIC and MTT Assay respectively. The results showed highest content of total protein in Spirulina sp.1 (46.08 ppm) and total carbohydrates in Chlorella sp. (48.01 ppm). Antioxidant content was detected in mentioned microalgae. Cytotoxic effect of aqueousextract on L929 cells showed 10 mg/mL had highest effect on these cells. According to the results, Chlorella spp. and Spirulina spp.1 are better candidates for food supplement.