negar nouryazdan

Type 2 diabetes is one of the main causes of death and its treatment is one of the clinical priorities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Satureja khuzistanica essential oil (SKEO) and carvacrol on lipid peroxidation index (MDA), plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and also the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

The study was experimental in nature. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of 70 mg/kg alloxan. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10. After the treatment period (20 days), the indices of lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured in the hemolysates of all groups. SKEO was analyzed by the GC-Mass method. Data analysis was performed in SPSS 23 software using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests.

The results of our study showed that the average values ​​of glutathione and TAC of the diabetic groups under treatment in both doses increased compared to the diabetic control group, while the MDA level decreased compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.05). The activity of antioxidant enzymes in the treated groups showed a significant increase compared to the group of diabetic rats (P<0.05). SKEO analysis by GC-Mass method showed that carvacrol (percentage) constituted the main compound of this extract.

According to the results, the main compound of SKEO is carvacrol and it has antioxidant properties. The groups treated with SKEO and carvacrol both showed a significant decrease in the amount of MDA and an increase in its antioxidant defense indices.

Atherosclerosis is known as an inflammatory disease that can affect any vessel in the body. The occurrence of atherosclerosis in heart vessels is called coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Different genetic and environmental factors can cause cardiovascular diseases, such as age, weight, sex, and low high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels. Antioxidant and anti-atherogenic effects of HDL are related to proteins attached, such as Paraoxonase (PON). The Paraoxonase gene family has three members, PON-I, PON-II, and PON-III, located next to each other, on the long arm of chromosome 7, in humans. It seems polymorphisms and genetic variation resulting in several different phenotypes can affect the PON function. Due to its role in the human antioxidant system, changes in paraoxonase activity can increase or even reduce the risk of CAD. In this investigation, we reviewed different studies that showed, in some populations, specific polymorphisms with an effect on enzymatic activity ultimately increase or decrease the risk of disease in individuals. In contrast, no association has been found between disease and polymorphism in some populations. Therefore, further studies and meta-analyses in this field seem to be useful.

Troxerutin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and in this study, its antioxidant effect on the reduction of oxidative stress induced by ischemia-reperfusion sciatic nerve injury was investigated.
In this study, 64 male rats were randomly divided into 8 groups as follows: 1- IR2: ischemia (3 hours) and reperfusion (2 days), 2- Trox+IR2: ischemia (3 hours) and reperfusion (2 days), 3- IR7: ischemia (3 hours) and reperfusion (7 days), 4- Trox+IR7: ischemia (3 hours) and reperfusion (7 days), 5- IR14: ischemia (3 hours) and reperfusion (14 days), 6- Trox+IR14: ischemia (3 hours) and reperfusion (14 days), 7- IR28: ischemia (3 hours) and reperfusion (28 days), 8- Trox+IR28: ischemia (3 hours) and reperfusion (28 days). The rats received 150 mg/kg troxerutin in one injection (single dose). After separation of serum, biochemical parameters of the serums such as NO, PON1, CAT, and GPX were measured.
Troxerutin significantly increased the GPX and PON1 levels in groups that their reperfusion time was 2 and 14 days (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of NO and CAT between the groups received troxerutin and control groups (P>0.05).
Troxerutin relatively decreased the oxidative stress in the sciatic nerve ischemia-reperfusion injury by increasing the level of antioxidant enzymes.

The present study sought to evaluate the beneficial effects of histidine (His) on oxidative stress, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), renal histological alterations and anti-oxidant enzymes gene expressions in type 2 diabetic rats. Streptozotocin/nicotinamide (STZ/NA) induced diabetic rats were used as an animal model of type 2 diabetes. One group of rats received daily His (1000 mg/l) in drinking water for 8 weeks, whereas other groups (control and untreated diabetic groups) received only water. Different parameters such as glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, cardiac risk ratios, renal functional markers, and oxidative stress were determined in all groups. Moreover, renal histological alterations, mRNA expressions of anti-oxidant enzymes, and TNF-α were evaluated in the rats. His exhibited a protective effect on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, cardiac risk ratios, renal functional markers, oxidative stress, and TNF-α. Furthermore, His restored the renal histological alterations and normalized the augmented mRNA expressions of renal anti-oxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD)) and TNF-α. His could ameliorate diabetes complications related to oxidative stress, inflammation, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and nephropathy. Hence, the use of this amino acid is recommended for diabetic patients in order to reduce diabetes complications.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIR) occurs when there is a temporary restriction of blood flow to the kidneys followed by an influx of blood, re-oxygenating the tissues. This occurs as a severe complication of major surgery. This process causes significant damage to the tissues and is responsible for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI), a life-threatening condition with high mortality rates. Here, we evaluated the potential protective effects of the antioxidant, gallic acid (GA), on RIR in an in vivo rat model. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (control, n = 8), group 2 (Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) with no-treatment, n = 7), and group 3 (IR + daily GA 100 mg/kg i.p, n = 7). The abdomens of the rats in the control group were opened during the surgical procedure, then sutured closed. GA pretreatment began daily 15 days prior to inducing RIR. To induce RIR, the umbilical arteries were obstructed on both sides and clamped with mild pressure for 45 min. Following the 45 min ischemia, the clamps were removed to allow for the induction of reperfusion. The reperfusion phase was 24 hours. Following IR, the serum levels of urea and creatinine significantly increased compared to the controls. Pretreatment with GA was observed to reduce urea and creatinine levels following IR. However, this decrease was not statistically significant. The serum and renal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the IR group was significantly elevated compared to the control group. Conversely, glutathione (GSH) levels and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) significantly decreased in the IR group compared to controls. Our findings show GA pretreatment to significantly improve the levels of renal MDA, serum GSH, and GPX activity following RIR. Our findings highlight the protective role for GA in mitigating the damage caused by RIR and its applications as a potential treatment.

Liver is a vital organ and one of its functions is to release the harmful materials from the body. Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside used to treat gram-negative bacteria infections, though it causes renal and liver injuries. Antioxidants play effective roles in decreasing gentamicin-induced liver injuries. L-glutamine has antioxidant properties and is used to decrease gentamicin-induced liver injuries.
In this study, thirty two wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight as follows: 1) control group, 2) gentamicin, 100 mg/kg for 12 days, 3) L-glutamine, 25 mg/kg by gavage for 12 days, 4) group received both gentamicin and L-glutamine after 12 days. The blood sample of the heart of rats was taken through anesthesia and its serum was used to evaluate alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). The livers of rats were also isolated to evaluate malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase GPX, catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH).
Treatment with gentamicin caused some changes in the liver function. We observed an increase not only in AST and ALT, but also in MDA. In addition a decrease was seen in antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, GPX and GSH. In group treated with glutamine, the amount of AST and MDA has significantly decreased compared to group treated with gentamicin. Glutamine significantly increased GPX activity and the level of GSH compared to gentamicin group.
The findings of this study showed that the oral use of L-glutamine can moderately decrease gentamicin-induced liver injuries.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is currently the leading cause of death among people around the world. The main cause of CAD is atherosclerosis or vascular arrest. In the etiology of this disease, various factors, including genetic factors, are involved. In this study, the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) as a risk factor was evaluated. Increasing ACE activity by enhancing the synthesis of angiotensin II is likely to contribute to the risk of atherosclerosis.
In this case-control study, 145 healthy individuals and 154 patients were selected from among patients referred to the Shahid Madani Hospital. Absorption of atherosclerosis in healthy individuals and atherosclerosis in patients with standardized angiography was confirmed. The case and control groups were matched for age and gender. A 5 ml sample of blood was taken from each person, and the serum was isolated. ACE activity was measured using HHL substrate and HPLC techniques.
The results showed that the level of ACE activity in patients with atherosclerosis was higher than those in the control group and this increase was statistically significant (P According to the results, increased ACE activity can be an independent factor in the incidence of CAD and can be used to assess the risk of disease.