nematullah nemati

 Resistin is an adipokine secreted by adipocytes, but it can also be produced by other organs. This adipokine is crucial for glucose and lipid metabolism. The study aimed to explore the impact of endurance, resistance, and combined exercises on adiponkine gene expression in the hand and leg muscles of male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 40 healthy male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, resistance training, endurance training, and combined. Each group conducted their respective exercises for 8 weeks. Subsequently, hand and foot muscles were analyzed to measure resistin gene expression. The groups were compared using a one-way analysis of variance test, and intra-group comparisons were made using paired t-tests.

The study's findings indicate that different sports exercises can elevate the expression of the resistin gene in hand and foot muscles compared to the control group (P <0.001). Furthermore, the intervention groups exhibited varying levels of resistin gene expression relative to each other, with concurrent training (0.02 ± 0.12) having the most significant impact on resistin gene expression compared to resistance training (0.04 ± 0.21) and endurance (0.04 ± 0.50) in slow twitch muscle of leg (P<0.001).

Concurrent trainings, resistance training, and endurance training can mitigate the expression level of the resistin compared to the control group.

 Diabetes leads to some motor function dysfunction. The aim of this research was to compare the effect of eight weeks of strength training, water exercise, and omega-3 consumption on the motor function of diabetic men with peripheral neuropathy.

 Among the diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy (30-60 years old), 80 people were purposefully selected and then randomly divided into four groups, including 8 weeks of taking omega-3 supplements, 8 weeks of strength training, 8 weeks of water training, and control (20 people in each group). Eventually, a one-way analysis of variance was used for the group comparison of variables.

 In terms of simple reaction time, strength training (P=0.03) and water training (P=0.01) were lower than the control group. In addition, the water exercises (P=0.04) and strength training (P=0.04) were lower than the consumption of omega-3. However, in terms of the balance score, strength training (P=0.001), water training (P=0.001), and omega-3 consumption (P=0.01) were higher than the control group. Similarly, water exercises (P=0.02) and strength training (P=0.03) were higher than the average consumption of omega-3. Regarding the leg muscle strength score, the strength training (P=0.001), water training (P=0.001), and omega-3 consumption (P=0.003) were higher than the control group. Finally, the strength training (P=0.012) was higher than the mean consumption of omega-3 (P=0.012).

 In general, strength training, water exercise, and omega-3 consumption improved motor performance in diabetic neuropathy men.

This research aims to identify and validate Iranian sports entrepreneurs' optimal use of crowdfunding.

The research method is mixed. In the qualitative section, the participants included 16 sports management professors, entrepreneurship management, sports entrepreneurs, and sports business people in the interview, and the data were analyzed by Maxqda version—2020 software. Furthermore, 360 participants participated in the survey during the quantitative section, and the data was analyzed with Smart PLS software.

The findings showed casual elements, including entrepreneurial attitude, human capital, and policies. The background conditions include the institutionalization of entrepreneurship, business management transparency and improvement, a customer-oriented culture, and cultural and social factors. Also, the intervening factors comprised laws and regulations, financial and economic elements, protective laws, and information technology factors. The practical strategies also included expert forces, trust building, creating supportive and monetary policies, and communicating with entrepreneurs. Finally, the results showed the growth of sports businesses, distribution of justice in financial resources, economic productivity, and positive attitude toward sports entrepreneurs as social capital. According to the results, the identified factors can provide the necessary ground for collective financing by sports business entrepreneurs.

Originality: 

Funding has always been one of the main challenges of entrepreneurs, and crowdfunding can be an effective way to provide the capital a start-up company needs. The purpose of this study is to optimize collective capital by sports entrepreneurs by a quantitative study.

The purpose of this study was to present a model of optimal use of crowdfunding by Iranian sports entrepreneurs based on grounded theory. The research methodology used were analytical and qualitative for this purpose. The research strategy was grounded theory based on Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The participants in the study included 16 university professors in the field of sports management, entrepreneurship management, sports entrepreneurs and activists in the field of sports businesses. Content analysis of the interviews and coding were used to analyze the data. The research tool was open interviews and the results were analyzed based on the three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The results showed that 109 open codes and 22 axial codes were identified. Causal factors included the central codes of entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurial human capital, and entrepreneurial policies. Underlying conditions included the institutionalization of entrepreneurship, transparency and improved business management, the existence of a customer-oriented culture, and cultural and social factors. In addition, the intervening factors consisted of laws and regulations, economic and financial factors ahead, protection laws and technology and information technology. Effective strategies included expertise, confidence building, supportive and financial policies, and communication with entrepreneurs. Finally, consequences included the growth of sports businesses, the distribution of equity in financial resources, economic productivity, and a positive attitude toward sports entrepreneurs as a social asset. It can be concluded that crowdfunding is a means of improving business in the field of sports, which should be considered by entrepreneurs in this field and entrepreneurs to provide the context.

The aim of the present research was to identify and validate the effective strategies for the development of e-sports clubs in Iran. The research method used a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach for data collection. The qualitative population consisted of experts, informed individuals, and authorities familiar with strategic sports management, as well as managers and officials of e-sports associations such as the development and progress committee and the e-sports association. The sampling method was non-probabilistic, with purposive selection and maximum diversity. The sample size for this research was determined to be 16 based on theoretical saturation. Additionally, in the quantitative section, the participants were managers and officials of e-sports clubs and e-sports athletes, totaling 360 individuals. The research tools included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire designed based on the extracted codes in the qualitative section. The qualitative data analysis was conducted using Maxqda software, while the quantitative analysis was performed using the AMOS structural equation modeling software. The results identified and validated 6 concepts and 44 codes related to the effective strategies for the development of e-sports clubs in Iran. Finally, the model results were confirmed in terms of validation. The results indicated that educational and research strategies, the development of official competitions, creating a platform for attracting financial support, differentiation, and interaction with the media formed the strategies for the development of e-sports clubs.

The sports health marketing plays an important role in improving the status of sports federations. As a result, the purpose of this study was investigating the sports health marketing strategic plan in the handball federation based on the SWOT model.

This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive. The research population was presidents and vice-presidents past and present of the handball federation, referees, coaches and selected athletes of the national team and scientific and implementation experts with number of 52 people, which all of them were selected as samples by census sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, which its face and content validity was confirmed by the opinion of experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method for strengths 0.86, weaknesses 0.84, opportunities 0.91 and threats 0.89. Data were analyzed by weighted average and rank methods in SPSS software.

The findings showed that for the strategic plan for the sports health marketing strategic plan were identified 11 strengths, 14 weaknesses, 10 opportunities and 11 threats. Also, the evaluation of the internal factors of the sports health marketing strategic plan in the handball federation showed that the amount of attention to strengths in compared to weaknesses was higher and the evaluation of its external factors showed that the amount of attention to opportunities in compared to threats was higher.

According to the results of the present study, the attention of managers and officials to

Diabetes leads to complications such as peripheral neuropathy. This study aimed to compare the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training, water training and omega 3 consumption on malondialdehyde (MDA), C Reactive Protein (CRP), glycosylated hemoglobin and blood pressure in diabetic men with peripheral neuropathy.

This research is a semi-experimental study and its statistical population consisted of diabetic men with peripheral neuropathy. A total of 80 diabetic patients with neuropathy were divided into four groups: omega-3 supplementation, resistance training, water training and control (For eight weeks, 20 people in each group).

In terms of glycosylated hemoglobin and blood pressure, there was a significant difference between the control group and the resistance training (P=0.001), water training (P=0.001) and omega-3 (P=0.001) groups. There was a significant difference between resistance training group and omega-3 group (P=0.041) in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin and between water training group and omega-3 group (P=0.004) in terms of blood pressure. In terms of MDA and CRP, there was a significant difference between the control group with the resistance training group (P=0.001) and the water training group (P=0.001) and between the resistance training group and the omega-3 group (P=0.001) and Water exercise group with omega-3 group (P=0.001), also.

Resistance exercise and water exercise reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as blood pressure and glycated hemoglobin in people with diabetic neuropathy. But omega-3 alone was effective only on glycosylated blood pressure and hemoglobin.