niloofar jenabian

This study aimed to assess the effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) mucoadhesives with two different concentrations on palatal epithelial wound healing and postoperative discomfort following free gingival graft (FGG) surgery.

In this triple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial, 39 patients undergoing FGG surgery were randomly allocated to three groups (N=13). Following palatal graft harvesting, the two experimental groups received mucoadhesives containing 0.8% and 0.2% HA, while the control group received mucoadhesives without HA. In all groups, the donor site was protected with periodontal dressing. Epithelization, color match, contour, and distortion were assessed at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days, postoperatively using the Landry's healing index and modified Manchester Scar Proforma (mMSP) index. Pain level and response to thermal stimuli were evaluated after 3, 7, 14, and 21 days using a visual analog scale (VAS). Data were analyzed by the Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Friedman, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (alpha=0.05).

Significant differences were observed in the mMSP index scores among the groups at 3, 7, 14, and 42 days, favoring HA groups (P<0.05). The Landry's healing index score was significantly higher in 0.8% HA group on day 21 (P=0.023), compared to the control group. No significant differences were found in pain score or thermal stimulus responses among the groups (P>0.05).

Mucoadhesives containing HA were found to enhance palatal wound healing, leading to improved outcomes in terms of epithelization, color match, contour, and distortion reduction.

Osteoporosis and periodontitis are two diseases associated with bone loss and are common among postmenopausal women. There are many contradictory results on the effect of osteoporosis on periodontal tissue. This study aimed to determine the association between osteoporosis and periodontal status in postmenopausal women.

This cross-sectional study was part of the second phase of the Amir kola Health and Aging Project (AHAP), in which 210 postmenopausal women were randomly divided into three groups (n=70 per group); normal bone density group,  osteopenic group, and osteoporotic group. Periodontal status was measured using Periodontal Disease Index (PDI), Plaque Index (PI), and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Data were analyzed in SPSS V17 applying ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Pearson correlation coefficient.

The average age of the participants was 65.24±4.36 years. There were no statistically significant differences between the mean OHI (2.26±1.40), PDI (2.76±1.42), and PI (1.23±0.87) in the osteoporotic group, and the mean OHI (2.01±1.62), PDI (2.56±1.61), and PI (1.35±0.91) in the osteopenia group, and mean OHI (1.73±1.37), PDI (2.47±1.43), and PI (1.23±0.87) in the normal group (P>0.05). The OHI, PDI, and PI had a slight but insignificant negative correlation with BMD.

According to this study, there is no link between osteoporosis and periodontal status in postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical, histological, and histomorphometrical outcomes of CenoBone® allograft with and without plasma rich in growth factor (PRGF) for the preservation of edentulous ridge in the dental sockets.

This study is experimental clinical trial that 14 dental sockets were included the sockets required ridge preservation followed by implant placement in the premolar and molar of the mandible. After extraction of the teeth, the CenoBone® allograft and PRGF were used in the test group and CenoBone® allograft was used alone in the control group. During the first stage of surgery and 5 months later, in the second stage of surgery (implant placement), the vertical changes of the ridge were measured. Furthermore, using Core‑Biopsy in the second stage of surgery, criteria of histologic and histomorphometric were determined. Data were analyzed with t‑test, Mann–Whitney U‑test, and Fisher’s exact test at the level of significance of P < 0.05.

The mean trabecular thickness in the test group (52.18 ± 5.53) was significantly higher than that in the control group (41.53 ± 10.40) (P = 0.344). However, there were no significant differences in the mean values of vertical bone absorption, bone percentage, remaining biomaterials, inflammation, and blood vessels between the two groups. There was no case of foreign body reaction and the bone was vital in all the cases and in direct contact with the biomaterial.

Although CenoBone® allograft with PRGF was effective in some histomorphometric factors such as trabecular thickness, it did not lead to significant clinical changes.

Nifedipine (NF) is a calcium channel blocker that accelerates wound healing and subsequently relieves pain and discomfort. The aim of the present study was to investigate the local effect of this drug on the wound-healing process of the palate.

In this triple-blind clinical trial study, 31 patients who were referred to the Periodontology Department of Babol Dental School (14 in the experimental group and 17 in the control group) were examined. They were candidates for gingival surgery and needed a palate transplant. Mucotom was used to create identical wounds in the palate (transplant donor). After a free gingival grafting, the active ingredient of 0.3% NF was applied as a mucosal adhesive (made of chitosan) in the area of the graft (palate). Patients were examined and recorded on days 2, 4, 7, 14, and 30 after surgery for wound closure and healing criteria (Landry & Manchester scar scale) and pain (VAS). Sutures were removed on day 7 of the study. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20 and chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Based on Landry and Manchester criteria, the wound healing process in the two groups was not significant (p=0.125). There was no significant difference between mean wound size reduction and VAS in both treatment and control groups (p=0.253).

Topical NF has no effect on the natural process of healing oral mucosal ulcers and reducing pain.

Considering that nutrition plays a prominent role in the health of the elderly, oral health and the associated quality of life are very important for a healthy diet. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among the elderly in Amirkola.

 This study was part of the second phase of the Amirkola elderly cohort study conducted on 750 older people who underwent a special oral and dental examination in 2016-2020 using the Oral Health Questionnaire. The frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption was assessed with the  Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency  Questionnaire (SQFFQ), OHRQoL was assessed with the  General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI), and information on age, sex, history of systemic diseases, and the number of teeth was extracted from the full data set completed by specialists for each patient. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20 using the chi-square statistical test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant.

 Non-smokers and people with a higher level of education had a better OHRQoL (P=0.022 and P=0.036, respectively). There was no significant relationship between the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and OHRQoL, but a significant relationship was found between the frequency of fresh herb consumption and OHRQoL (p=0.005). In men, there was a significant relationship between the number of teeth and frequency of vegetable consumption as well as between OHRQoL and frequency of fresh herb consumption in men (P=0.048, r=0.096).In women, a significant relationship was observed between the frequency of total vegetable consumption and OHRQoL (p=0.021, r=0.129).

According to the results of the present study, it was found that the amount of fruit and vegetable consumption has no effect on improving the OHRQoL among the elderly of Amirkola city.

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. The prevalence of hypertension in the elderly is increasing. Patients with high blood pressure have to take medication throughout their lives. In this study, the relationship between antihypertensive drugs and oral health-related quality of life in the elderly was evaluated.

This modified cross-sectional study, which is the part of the second phase of the Amirkola Health and Ageing Project (AHAP), was performed on 900 elderly people. Participants included 300 people with hypertension under medical treatment, 300 people with hypertension without medication and 300 people with normal blood pressure. All patients’ blood pressure was recorded, and the standard xerostomia questionnaire and GOHAI questionnaire (Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index) was completed for all participants. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 17, whereby student’s t-test, ANOVA and chi square, Pearson correlation coefficient and logistic regression model were used. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean GOHAI score in the three studied groups: hypertensive under medication treatment, hypertensive without medication treatment and normal blood pressure (51.1±7.4, 51.7±7.3, 51.1±7.5, respectively) did not differ significantly (P=0.533).The frequency of xerostomia was significantly different in the three groups (P=0.008). Among the antihypertensive drugs, the highest rate of xerostomia was due to the use of calcium channel blockers (31.1%) and diuretics (26.8%).

In our study, although antihypertensive medications were associated with xerostomia, they did not decrease the oral health-related quality of life.

Statement of the Problem:

 Molar teeth with furcation involvement are one of the most common problems in patients with periodontal disease. Regeneration methods are of the most controversial treatment strategies for these lesions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) with 1.2% Atorvastatin (ATV) in the treatment of furcation involvement of mandibular molars.

The present randomized clinical trial was conducted on 15 patients with moderate periodontitis and class II furcation involvements; 24 defects were located in four groups of six, including debridement, ATV1.2%, PRGF, PRGF with ATV1.2%. The parameters of vertical probing depth (VPD), vertical clinical attachment level (VCAL), gingival index (GI), horizontal probing depth (HPD) and gingival recession (GR) were measured at baseline (T0), immediately before surgery (T1), 3 (T2), and 6 (T3) months after surgery. Moreover, the bone conditions were evaluated by digital subtraction radiography before and six months after surgery. Data were analyzed using SPSS23 software.

No significant difference in radiographic parameters was observed among the groups (p= 0.08). There was no significant difference in the mean levels of VPD, VCAL and HPD among the groups at different times (p<0.05). Comparison of clinical parameters of VPD, VCAL and GI in the treatment groups compared to the baseline showed a significant improvement in each group (p< 0.05) but there was no significant difference among different groups (p< 0.05).

The use ofPRGF with ATV 1.2% in grade II furcation involvement in mandi-bular molars was effective in the improvement of clinical and radiographic parameters six months after treatment, but this effect revealed no difference in comparison with the other groups.

Intrabony defects are among the most important signs of progression of periodontal disease. Complete tissue regeneration is the ideal goal of periodontal treatment, and regenerative methods aim to achieve this goal. New studies have reported the positive efficacy of chitosan to enhance the recovery of bony defects. This study aimed to clinically and radiographically assess the efficacy of chitosan particles for treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.

In this clinical trial, 18 intrabony three-wall periodontal defects were randomly divided into three groups (n=6). The control group only received conventional flap surgery with a sulcular incision. In the second group, low molecular weight (100,000-300,000g/mol) chitosan was used in the three-wall intrabony defects during surgery while high molecular weight chitosan particles (600,000-800,000 g/mol) were used in the third group. The probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and radiographic defect depth (RDD) were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 months later. Repeated measures ANOVA, and McNemar’s test were used for statistical analysis.

In both the control (P<0.001) and coarse chitosan (P=0.035) groups, a significant difference was noted in PPD before and after surgery. CAL was not significantly different among the three groups (P>0.05). No significant difference was noted on radiographs between the groups regarding the regenerated bone density.

Chitosan showed no positive efficacy for treatment of three-wall periodontal bone defects.

Statement of the Problem: 

The tunnel technique has shown promising results in treatment of gingival recession. Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) is considered effective for soft tissue regeneration since it is a rich source of growth factors.

This clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy of PRGF along with the tunnel technique and connective tissue graft for treatment of gingival recession.

In this controlled clinical trial, 20 areas around anterior and posterior teeth in 3 patients with gingival recession were bilaterally selected. The tunnel technique was used with and without PRGF in the test and control groups, respectively (10 areas in each group). The keratinized gingival width (KGW), clinical attachment level (CAL), clinical probing depth (PD), cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to mucogingival junction (MGJ) distance, and the esthetic visual analog scale (EVAS) score were evaluated preoperatively and at 6 weeks and 3 months, postoperatively. The gingival recession width (RW) and vertical recession depth (VRD) were assessed preoperatively and at 2 weeks and 3 months, postoperatively. The pain visual analog scale (PVAS) score was measured at 1, 3 and 7 days, post-treatment and the healing index (HI) was measured at 1, 3 and 7 days and 1 month, postoperatively. The root coverage percentage was assessed during 3 months. Paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA were used for statistical analyses. p Value< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Significant improvements were noted in all tested parameters in both groups (p < 0.05). The mean root coverage percentage after 6 months was 88.68% ± 20.69% and 78.77% ± 24.94% in the test and control groups, respectively. None of the tested parameters were significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05).

Treatment of gingival recession with the tunnel technique can yield favorable clinical outcome, irrespective of the use/no use of PRGF.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, and a metabolic disorder affecting patientschr('39') general health in various ways. The present study aimed to evaluate the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among older adults of Amirkola, Northern Iran.

A case-control study was conducted with a sample of 500 elderly people (250 with T2DM and 250 healthy controls) who answered geriatric oral health assessment index (GOHAI) questionnaire and a questionnaire evaluating xerostomia. Then, all participants underwent clinical dental examinations. The obtained data were then analyzed by t-test, chi-square test, and Pearsonchr('39')s correlation coefficient, and p < 0.05 was considered significant.

The prevalence of xerostomia was not statistically significant between the T2DM patients and control groups (p < 0.079). Greater number of patients suffering T2DM reported xerostomia according to the records; however, the correlation between this disorder and periodontal disease index (PDI), Plaque index (PI), oral health index-simplified (OHI-S), and geriatric oral health assessment index (GOHAI) in the subjects of the two study groups was not significant (p < 0.0001).

In the present study, there was no significant relationship between GOHAI and periodontal indices, demonstrating no difference in the OHRQoL of elderly patients with T2DM and older healthy adults.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of acellular dermal matrix allograft (ADMA) for the treatment of gingival recession as a substitute for subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG).

In this controlled clinical trial, 18 teeth of 9 subjects with bilateral gingival recession were selected. One side was treated by SCTG and coronally displaced flap as a controlled group and the other side was treated by ADMA and coronally displaced flap as the test group. Probing Pocket Depth(PPD), clinical attachment level, vertical recession depth, recession width, gingival thickness، keratinized tissue width and the root coverage percentage were measured, before the surgery and 1, 3, and 6 months after the surgery. Healing index, pain index, and patient satisfaction were also under investigation. The results obtained from the study were statistically analyzed by the General Linear Model repeated measures and paired T-test.

According to the results, all parameters were improved except probing pocket depth, but the comparison between the groups was not statistically significant. Only root coverage percentage and pain index were statistically significantly less in the test group. The average percentage of root coverage in the control and test groups were respectively 82.01% 16.62% and 64.44% 9.4%.

Cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cells and is still the most common cause of morbidity in world. The purpose of this study was to determine cytotoxicity effect of high molecular weight (HMWC) and low molecular weight of chitosan (LMWC) on three cancerous cell lines MCF-7, HeLa and Saos-2 with different histological origin.

The anticancer property of two types of chitosan on three cancerous cell lines and human fibroblast as normal cell was evaluated by cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction .The cells were treated by different concentration of chitosan and viability was determined by MTT assay after 24, 48 and 72 h .Mode of death was determined by Annexin V staining assay for apoptosis and analyzed by flow cytometry.

While both types of chitosan were more efficient in inhibiting cell proliferation of three cancerous cell lines, fibroblast cells showed somehow more compatibility with chitosan .Viability of cells was reduced concentration-dependently to 70-90% of the untreated cells as control. There were no significant differences between the effect of both types of chitosan on all cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis showed necrosis more observable with MCF7 while the apoptosis pattern of death was more in Saos-2 and HeLa. Also higher viability with both types of chitosan was seen in fibroblast as normal cells.

While chitosan is compatible with normal diploid fibroblast cells, it shows anticancerous effect against 3 cancerous cell lines. Furthermore, it seems that the molecular weight of chitosan does not affect its anticancerous property.

The aim of this review study is to increase information about dentin hypersensitivity, its etiology and treatments. For data collection we used PUBMED to find relevant articles. Then using the obtained articles and relevant text books, we attempted to sort this information according to etiology, prevalence and available treatment options.

The ultimate aim of periodontal treatment is to regenerate periodontium and regenerative treatment after that. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PRGF with 1% metformin biofilm in the treatment of two-wall intrabony periodontal defects. In this clinical trial, 8 patients with moderate chronic periodontitis and two-wall intrabony defect were selected. The defects were assigned to 4 groups: debridement, 1% metformin, PRGF, PRGF and metformin. The parameters of vertical probing depth, vertical clinical attachment level and gingival index were measured at baseline, immediately before surgery, and 3 and 6 months after surgery. In addition, the radiographic changes were evaluated with digital subtraction radiography before and 6 months after surgery. Analysis of the results was performed with repeated measurements, Friedman test and chi-squared test. All the groups exhibited improvements in all the clinical parameters after 6 months. Inter-group comparison of GI, CAL and PPD parameters revealed no statistically significant differences. Radiographic changes in the group of 1% metfor-min with PRGF revealed statistically significant differences compared with other groups; however, there were no statistically significant differences in other groups. Application of PRGF with 1% metformin in intrabony two-wall periodontal defects was effective in improving the clinical parameters but this effect revealed no difference compared with other groups; however, in terms of radiographic changes significant improvements were noted.

Ability to reconstruct the papilla in anterior maxilla is important aspect of perio-plastic surgery. In most articles, connective tissue is used with different designs of incisions. The aim of this study was to use sub-epithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) with two types of incisions called papilla preservation and semilunar.
This basic randomized clinical study was performed on 10 sites in two patients. The patients were selected through inclusion and exclusion criteria. Papilla preservation and semilunar techniques were performed on four and six sites, respectively in the anterior maxilla. In both techniques SCTG was gained from palate .The apico-coronal and mesiodistal changes of the dark triangles were measured after 3 and 6 months. Landry(Healing) index was measured after 14 days and one month,Visual Analogue Scale (Esthetic) index was estimated in 3 and 6 month after surgery and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS ) index was analysed as well . Data were analysed using SPSS. Mann- Whitney, Wilcoxon and Paired t- Test were measured.
Mean±SD of mesiodistal distance in the time of surgery was 2.00±0.000 in semilunar and 2.1±0.629 in papilla preservation technique whereas after 3 months, it was 1.33±0.016 and 1.37±0.478 for semilunar and papilla preservation, respectively and after 6 month was 1.00±0.000 for semilunar and 1.25±0.500 for papilla preservation. Mean±SD of apicocornal changes by semilunar incision in the time of surgery ,3 month after and 6 months later was 2.67±0.516 ,2.25±0.612and1.91±0.204 whereas by papilla preservation was 2.50±0.577,2.25±0.500 and 2±0.000, respectively.
Both techniques had positive effect on papilla reconstruction and the outcome was the same in both groups.

The aim of periodontal treatment is to regenerate periodontium. Regenerative treatments include the use of plasma that is rich in growth factors (PRGF).
In a randomized clinical trial, 20 three-walled intrabony defects from five patients with moderate periodontitis were randomly assigned to three groups. Patients in the control group underwent debridement of lesions. In the first treatment group, the defects were debrided and cenomembrane was applied. The third group was treated with debridement, PRGF and cenomembrane. Measures of vertical probing depth (VPD), vertical clinical attachment level (VCAL), gingival index (GI; Sinless and Loe) and radiographic index (by digital subtraction) were made preoperatively and 6 months post-surgery. Wilcoxon signed-ranks and Chi-square tests were used for analyzing quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively.
All three groups showed improvements in all measures except GI. Intra-group comparison for clinical attachment level (CAL) indicated significant difference in all groups before and after surgery (P The use of PRGF was associated with improvements in all parameters but not for GI.

The treatment of furcation area defects remained as a challenging issue in periodontal treatments. Regeneration treatment of furcation defects is the most discussed periodontal treatment. Although not completely hopeless in prognosis, the presence of the furcation involvement significantly increases the chance of tooth loss. The current research was conductedeto compare theeadditive effect of combined guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and platelet‑rich growth factor (PRGF) on the treatment of furcation bony defects.
A randomized, triple‑blinded, split‑mouth study was designed. It included patients with a moderate to severe chronic periodontitis with bilateral Grade II furcation involvement of first or second mandibular molars. Each side of mouth was randomly allocated for the treatment with either Bio‑Gide American Society of Anesthesiologists GTR or a PRGF or PRGF by itself. Plaque index, gingival index, vertical clinical attachment level, vertical probing depth, recession depth (REC), horizontal probing depth, fornix to alveolar crest (FAC), fornix to base of defect (FBD), furcation vertical component and furcation horizontal component (FHC) were recorded. The current research was conducted to compare the additive effect of combined GTR and PRGF on treatment of furcation bony defects. Altman’s nomogram, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Friedman test, general linear model, repeated measures, and paired t‑test were used as statistical analysis in this research. P Eight patients were finally enrolled for this study. Overly, general and specific clinical and furcation parameters were improved except REC that was deteriorated insignificantly and FAC improved not significantly. Intergroup comparison revealed better improvement of FHC in GTR/ PRGF group (P = 0.02).
A significant improvement in the Grade II furcation defects treated with either GTR or PRGF/GTR was noticed. Further large‑scale trials are needed to reveal differences of mentioned treatment in more details.

In an attempt to isolate multipotent stem cells from foreskin in a long-term culture, we encountered an interesting phenomenon which was the conversion of the fibroblast dominant condition to epithelial-like tissue formation. However, the basic mechanism(s) which may be involved in this conversion is not clear. This study was designed to evaluate the cells protein secretion activity and examine the role of oxidant/antioxidant capacity in this mesenchymal to epithelial cells transition (MET)-like phenomenon. The explanted tissues were obtained by spread out of the small sized foreskin derived tissue onto the cell culture dishes upona 40 –day incubation period in DMEM. After this period, the supernatant was collected and the amounts of glucose, total proteins, antioxidant capacity and protein profiles were determined and compared to the baseline medium. Also, routine hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed. Fibroblasts and uncharacterized fibers emerged from beneath of the specimen during the first week, and gradually overgrew within the first month. Surprisingly, these cells began to disappear around day 30 while epithelial-like cells turned out to be the major cells in cell culture dishes. Ultimately on day 40, the epithelial-like cells appeared. Total protein concentration was 1.44 mg/dl in the old medium versus 0.97 mg/dl in the baseline medium. The concentrations of glucose were 1.6 and 119.2 mg/dl for the old and the baseline medium, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the old medium was 176.29 μM, in comparison with the baseline medium 96.63 μM. There were differences in protein patterns between the two media on SDS-PAGE. The density of some proteins with molecular weight of 8-89 kDa was higher in the old medium corresponding to 40-day culture. The generated data showed that MET can take place in vitro probably through secretion of some small to intermediated sized proteins in a redox favored microenvironment. This can be considered as a good model for in vitro study of MET in metastatic tumors.

Gingival recession can lead to root exposure and discomfort for patients. There are various techniques for root coverage. The aim of this study was to compare the use of gingival unit graft (palatal graft including the marginal gingiva and papillae) with free gingival graft for treatment of localized gingival recession.
In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 18 bilateral localized recessions of Miller class I and II were treated in nine systemically healthy patients. Recessions were randomly treated with gingival unit graft in one side and conventional free gingival graft in the other side. Clinical parameters including clinical attachment level, keratinized tissue width, probing depth and vertical recession depth (VRD) were recorded at baseline and at one, three and six months after surgery. The healing index and patient satisfaction were also evaluated. One-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test were used for statistical analyses.
Both techniques caused significant improvement in clinical parameters. Gingival unit graft produced higher satisfaction esthetically (P=0.050, 0.024 and 0.024, respectively at the three time points), higher healing index (P Gingival unit graft might be an acceptable modality in Miller Class I/II recession defects. This technique may have advantages over free gingival graft such as significantly superior clinical and esthetic results.

Passive smokers are involuntarily exposed to cigarette or tobacco smoke and as known, inhalation of environmental tobacco smoke is a serious threat. There is little information about the effect of passive smoking on salivary markers and periodontal indices. This study investigated the effect of passive smoking on lactoferrin and AST in 12 - 15 years old children and adolescents. Patients and This case-control analytic correlation type study with no-convenience random sampling method was performed on 160 children aged 12 - 15 who had smokers in their families. The eligible children were divided into two equal groups; 80 cot+ children as case group and 80 cot– children as control group, matched according to age, sex and plaque index. Plaque index was obtained from all subjects. 2 cc unstimulated salivary samples were collected by spitting method. The collected specimens were tested by lactoferrin and AST kits in biochemistry were measured on the day of sampling laboratory. Gingival index Loe and Silness (GI) and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD). Mean and Standard Deviation of PPD and GI was 2.01 ± 0.077 and 1.53 ± 0.055 in experimental group and 1.93 ± 0.073 and 1.49 ± 0.046 in control group respectively (P < 0.001). The Mean and Standard Deviation parameters of lactoferrin and AST, in the experimental group was 38.66 ± 25.15 and 13.45 ± 6.33 and in the control group 10.18 ± 6.82 and 6.53 ± 2.65 group, respectively (P < 0.001). Passive smoking can be effective on inflammatory process of periodontal and salivary biomarkers related to inflammation. Lactoferrin was 11 - 104 in case group and 0.5 - 38 in control group. Aspartat aminotransferase in case group was 2.64 - 30.43 and in control group it was 2.16 - 12.02.

Antioxidant agents such as cocoa could have some benefits in treatment of inflammation including periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cocoa consumption on moderate chronic periodontitis. This single-blind randomized clinical trial study was performed on 40 subjects who were randomly divided into two groups. Treatment group received 30 gr dark chocolate (78% cocoa) and control group received 22. 5 gr white chocolate three times a day for 4 weeks. Saliva samples were collected from patients at baseline and t wenty-eight days after eating chocolate. Probing pocket depth (PPD)، Gingival index (GI، Silness and Loe)، Modified papillary bleeding index (MPBI، Barnett)، Clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded at baseline and 2nd، 4th، 6th، 8th weeks later in ramfjord teeth. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation of saliva were estimated by Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Tiuborbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) methods. Data of clinical parameters were analyzed using t-test and repeated measures test. Biochemical parameters were analyzed using t-test. Intra-group comparison of clinical parameters demonstrated significant decrease in both groups (p<0. 0001) and inter-group comparison showed significant decrease of MPBI in treatment group، (p<0. 03). MPBI and GI were significantly decreased in treatment group compared to the control in the weeks of 4th، 6th and 8th، according t-test (GI4، P=0. 008-GI6، P=0. 008-GI8، P=0. 009)، (MPBI4، MPBI6، MPBI8، P<0. 0001). Treatment group showed the increase in FRAP، (p<0. 00001) and decrease in TBARS، (P<0. 015) which were statically significant in compare with control group. Consuming dark chocolate could increase TAC and decrease lipid peroxidation، gingival bleeding and inflammation.

Zinc (Zn) as a nutritional factor affects the health of the oral tissues. This study was done for the evaluation of the effects of zinc deficiency on the oral tissues of rats. The study was carried out on 14 male Wistar rats, cessation of lactation on the 24th day after birth. The rats were randomly divided into two groups. Zinc deficient (ZD) diet was used for one group and another group was fed with a zinc-containing (ZC) diet. The alterations of the oral tissues in both groups were evaluated clinically after four weeks. Also the gingival index and periodontal pocket depth were recorded. The measurement of serum zinc level was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The microscopic slides of oral tissue specimen were evaluated quantitatively. The serum zinc level of the ZD rats was lower than the ZC group (p< 0.001). According clinical findings, the gingival index was lower in ZC rat (p=0.001), but there was no significant difference regarding the periodontal pocket depth between two groups (p=0.07). Aphthous ulcer was observed in ZD rats on the floor of the mouth. There was no significant difference regarding the epithelial and keratin thickening between two groups. This study indicated that oral and periodontal health was better in ZC rats than in ZD rats. Aphthous lesions were more prominent in ZD rats. This study confirmed that zinc deficiency may endanger oral and periodo ntal structures.

Oral lichen planus is a common chronic inflammatory disease in oral mucosa with malignant potential, pathogenesis of which is not still well known. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species can play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. The aim of this study was investigation of salivary oxidative stress and antioxidant systems patients with oral lichen planus. In this case-control study, 30 patients with oral lichen planus(case group) and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects(control group) that referred to dental school of Babol University of Medical Sciences, were selected using simple sampling method. Unstimulated saliva of two groups was collected. Salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation products were investigated and compared using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) methods respectively. The data were analysed using T-student test. The mean and standard deviation of salivary TAC in patients with oral lichen planus (297.23±149.72μM) was significantly lower than the controls (791.43±183.95μM) (P)

Periodontal disease, an inflamma- tory and infectious disease in adults and anemia associated with chronic infection, is one of the most common types of anemia. Considering the similarity of pathogens causing periodontal dis ease and anemia, this study aims to investigate the correlation between hematologic para meters associated with anemia and modera te chronic periodontitis. This case-control study was systematically performed on blood samples of 60 healthy men. The control group consisted of 30 men who had healthy periodontium and the case group included 30 men with moderate chronic periodontitis. Clinical examination of patients was done using Wil liams periodontal probe and assessment of CAL, PPD, BOP and GI. Blood samples were collected at the Depart- ment of Periodontology, Babol school of Dentistry and evaluation of red Erythrocyte indices, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, SI and TIBC was done. Data collected from clinical examinations and labor atory tests were analyzed by T-test, Pearson correla tion coefficient and Spearman tests. Reduction of MCV, MCH, Hb, HCT, SI and TIBC factors were observed with increasing GI and CAL and BOP. There is no significant cor rela tion between GI and CAL and BOP and MCHC fac tor. No Significant correlation exists between PPD changes and hematological factors associated with anemia. A correlation was observed between some hematological parameters asso ciated with ane mia and moderate chronic peri odontitis.

Administration of amoxicillin and metronidazole along with scaling and root planning (SRP) is an effective adjunctive therapy for chronic periodontitis. Studies have shown that administration of azithromycin is also effective for treatment of chronic periodontitis. This study aimed to compare the effect of short-term and long-term azithromycin regimen with amoxicillin and metronidazole for treatment of moderate chronic periodontitis in adults.

This experimental study was carried out on 75 patients with moderate chronic periodontitis aged 35-50 yrs. with at least one pocket with a probing depth of 4-6 mm and attachment loss of 3-4 mm in each quadrant. Loe and Silness Gingival Index (GI), Modified Papillary Bleeding Index (MPBI) of Barnett, Loe and Silness Plaque Index (PLI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) and Attachment Loss (AL) were calculated at 0, 2 and 4 days, 6 weeks and 2 and 3 months after therapy. The patients underwent SRP and assigned to three groups. Group one received 250 mg metronidazole plus 250 mg amoxicillin 3 times a day for 7 days. Group 2 received 500 mg azithromycin twice daily for 7 days and group 3 received 250 mg azithromycin once a day for one month. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Repeated Measures ANOVA.

PLI, MPBI, GI, PPD and AL parameters showed a significant reduction in all groups at all understudy time points (P<0.05). The reduction in BI, GI and PLI parameters was greater in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05); but, no significant difference was observed between groups 1 and 2 in this respect. A greater reduction in PPD was noted in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1 (P<0.05). AL showed a significant reduction in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2 only in the final follow-up session (P=0.042).

Antibiotic therapy regimens were all effective for treatment of chronic periodontitis but the magnitude of improvement was greater in long-term azithromycin group compared to others.