normohammad torbati nejad

Flax products (seeds and meal) are one of the sources of energy and protein for ruminants. Flaxseed is an vegetable oil that contains 45-40% of oil and 23-30% of protein. In addition to extracting oil, its meal can be used as a protein source in animal feed diets. Although flaxseed is a very inexpensive and affordable source of omega-3s, more than 50 percent of its fatty acids are made from alpha-linolenic acid, but it cannot be used at high levels due to its anti-nutritional properties. Flaxseed processing improves nutrient consumption while reducing the negative effects of anti-nutritional substances such as lintine and makes food more palatable. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of processing type and level of flaxseed on the nutrient digestibility and blood parameters and safety of infant calves.

In order to investigate the effect of processing type and flaxseed level on the digestibility of nutrients and blood parameters and safety of infant calves, was used from 20 newborn Holstein male (with an initial weight of 41±5.4 kg). This experiment was performed in the form of a 2 × 2 factorial design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments included: 1- Treatments containing 5% micronized flaxseed, 2- Treatment containing 10% micronized flaxseed, 3- Treatment containing 5% extruded flaxseed and 4- Treatment containing 10% extruded flaxseed. The rations were provided to calves as pellets and were adjusted. The entire trial period was 60 days, including 14 days of habituation. Feed and fecal samples were collected in the last 5 days of each treatment period to determine nutrient digestibility. On the last day of the blood test, each of the treatments was performed to determine blood and immune parameters. Flaxseed replaced corn and soybean meal in the starter diet. Given that the effect of treatments on the amount of dry matter, daily weight gain, final weight of calves and also due to improved digestibility of nutrients was not significant, It is recommended to use flaxseed in the diet of infant calves at the level of 5% as a source of energy and protein.

Based on the results of this experiment, different levels of processed grains had a significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, insoluble fiber in neutral detergent, insoluble fiber in acidic detergent and crude fat (P <0.05). so that the highest digestibility of nutrients belonged to treatments containing 10% extruded flax and 10% micronized flaxseed. Also Experimental treatments also had a significant effect on blood urea nitrogen (P <0.05), but other blood and immune supplements such as cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, crude protein, albumin, HDL, LDL, VLDL, IGG, and the number of blood cells White, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes were not affected by experimental treatments (P <0.05).

Considering that the results of this experiment show that using processed flaxseed at the 10% level improves the digestibility of nutrients, We can use 10% extruded flaxseed as a source of energy and protein in the diets of infants.

The trend of changes in the situation of agriculture and animal husbandry in Iran during the last half century has been such that the livestock population has increased significantly and As a result, the nutritional needs of livestock have also increased. In Iran, sheep breeding is a major part of livestock activities. Irregular grazing has caused incessant erosion of pastures and Rising demand for meat has led producers to move from a grazing system to a dense production system, or in other words, a sheep fattening systemt providing food in a fattening period accounts for about 65 to 70 percent of the cost of raising and maintaining livestockt Therefore, physical and chemical processes can increase the nutritional value of feed and improve production efficiency.

In order to investigate the effect of physical form of alfalfa fodder and barley grain processing on yield and nutrient digestibility in fattening lambs of 30 Dalagh breed, 3.5±1/2month-old male lambs with an average weight of 17 ± 1.1 were used. These experiments were statistically analyzed in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with two factors. The experimental variables include: physical form of forage and barley grain processing. In the 98-day period (14 days of habituation and 84 days of the main period) with 6 treatments and 5 replications, the experimental diets were equal in terms of protein and energy content. Consumed feed and the rest of feed were weighed daily and the animals were weighed on an empty stomach every two weeks, after 16 hours of hunger using a digital scale And all statistical analyzes of this design were performed in SAS software version 1/9.

There was a significant difference between different treatments in terms of weight gain. The treatments that used pellet alfalfa in comparison with chopped alfalfa had a higher final weight of 42.81 compared to 41.50 and also had a higher daily weight gain in the whole period of 297.49 compared to 282.94. The dry matter consumption of the whole period in the treatments receiving pellet alfalfa was 1933.49 gr and higher than the treatments receiving chopped alfalfa 1883/76 gr and also the use of pellet alfalfa improved the feed conversion ratio in the third month. Feed digestibility was higher in pellet alfalfa treatments and digestibility of dry matter, netrul detergent fiber and crude protein were statistically significantly different in different treatments. Barley grain processing had a significant effect on end-to-end weight gain and end-of-period weight was reported to be significantly higher than ground barley and whole barley grain in treatments receiving flake barley, respectively. Also, the daily weight gain in the whole period in the treatments receiving barley flakes and ground and whole barley grains were 294.05, 289.40 and 287.20, respectively. Treatments receiving flake barley, ground barley and whole barley grain had higher digestibility of crude protein from 63.96, 62.98 and 61.95, respectively, from right to left.

Forage processing of alfalfa and barley grains means that in the whole processing of feed of fattening lambs, it increases the feed consumption and increases the daily weight and in total a higher final weight in fattening lambs, Also, animal feed processing improves feed efficiency and increases digestibility.

In this experiment, we used 15 newborn Holstein male calves that their initial weight was 41 ± 4.5 kg and their age was one week. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments and five replications. Treatments included: 1- control treatment without flaxseed, 2- treatment containing 5% flaxseed and 3- treatment containing10% flaxseed. Flaxseed replaced corn and soybean meal in the starter diet. The whole experiment period was 60 days. The rations were given as pellets to the calves. To measure nutrient digestibility, fecal and feed intake of calves were sampled for 5 days at the end of the experiment and then the digestibility of the samples was done using an internal marker (acid insoluble ash) in the laboratory. Blood samples were taken to measure blood parameters at the end of the experiment period.  Different levels of flaxseed had no significant effect on performance parameters such as final weight, daily weight gain, daily dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio. Addition of calf seed to starter calves had a significant effect on digestibility of dry matter (p=0.0498), crude protein (p=0.0067), and insoluble fiber in neutral detergent (p=0.0249). Treatments containing 10% and 5% levels had the highest dry matter digestibility, respectively. The highest digestibility of crude protein and digestibility of insoluble fiber in neutral detergent were related to 5% flaxseed treatment. Experimental treatments with different levels of flaxseed had a significant effect on blood urea nitrogen content (p=0.0047), so that the highest urea nitrogen content was obtained for treatments containing 5% and 10% flaxseed, respectively. Due to the fact that treatments on the amount of dry matter, daily weight gain, final weight of calves were not significant and also due to improved digestibility of nutrients in treatments with 5% flaxseed, it is recommended to use 5% of flaxseed as a source of energy and protein in the diet of dairy calves.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of green tea waste (GTW) on gain performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in feedlot lambs. For this purpose, four experimental treatments with 0, 2, 4 and 6 percent of dry matter GTW were used. The amount of final body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significant among treatments with 2, 4 and 6% GTW (P<0.05) but there was no significant difference between treatment with 2% GTW and control in relation to performance. Treatment contain 2% GTW had the highest value of CP digestibility among the treatments (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in DM and OM digestibility of 2% GTW treatment and control group, but they were significantly more than other treatments (P<0.05). Nitrogen retention of 2% GTW treatment was not significantly different from control treatment, but it was significantly more than other treatments (P< 0.05). The amount of ammonia nitrogen of rumen liquor was significantly lesser in GTW treatments than control (P<0.05). The concentration of blood urea nitrogen was significantly lesser in GTW treatments than control (P<0.05). According to the results, using GTW in 2% level (DM) of lamb’s feedlot diet improved performance because of better digestibility and nitrogen balance.

Early weanling and rearing of lambs on milk replacer is an important act to increasing flock productivity. Two experiments were carried out to compare the voluntary intake and nutrients digestibility ewe milk and commercial milk replacer and their feeding effects on the growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency of suckling lambs. In experiment 1, eight lambs (two 4-lamb groups) at 31 to 34 days of age for 14 days and in experiment 2, thirty (two15-lamb groups) Dalagh breed male lambs at 3±1 days of age for 90 days were reared in individual cages. In both the experiments, one group was fed with ewe milk and the other one with milk replacer. In experiment 1, the average of dry matter intake per Kg metabolic weight, dry matter, crude protein and crude fat digestibility of lambs which were fed with those which were fed with ewe milk and milk replacer had statistically significant difference (p< 0.01). In experiment 2, the average of daily weight gain, dry matter intake and feed efficiency of lambs fed with ewe milk and milk replacer did not have statistically significant differences (p>0.05). These experiments showed that suckling lambs fed with milk replacer in comparison with those fed with ewe milk; did not have any difference in growth, feed intake and feed efficiency.