noushin mousazadeh

Effective management of endotracheal tube cuff pressure is crucial in preventing complications such as pneumonia and airway trauma. Despite recommendations for using a manometer to, cuff pressure monitoring, adherence remains suboptimal. Since intention is the most significant predictor of actual behavior, understanding the factors influencing it through a valid tool can help identify barriers and facilitators more accurately. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate of a Scale for Assessing Factors Influencing Nurses' Intention to Use a Manometer for Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure Monitoring.

This methodological study was conducted in 2024 on 186 nurses working in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of public hospitals in Amol, Iran. The tool was developed based on the Theory of Planned Behavior using the framework and examples provided by Ajzen, and the psychometric process followed Eccles' guidelines. First, the target behavior was defined. Then, an initial set of items was generated through a literature review and clinical experience of the researchers. The content and face validity of the tool were evaluated using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The construct validity of the tool was assessed through exploratory factor analysis, and its internal consistency was examined using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients. The test-retest method was used to assess stability.

During the item generation phase, 41 items were developed based on a review of relevant literature. After qualitative and quantitative assessments of face and content validity, the number of items was reduced to 25. Exploratory factor analysis indicated an acceptable fit for the data, with a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sampling adequacy index of 0.853 and a significant Bartlett's test. Four factors with eigenvalues greater than one were identified, accounting for 22.50%, 10.95%, 9.30%, and 10.60% of the total variance, respectively (53.35% cumulatively). In the final stage, six items with factor loadings less than 0.3 were removed, resulting in 19 items categorized under four factors: "Positive Behavioral and Control Beliefs," "Normative Beliefs," "Perceived Control Beliefs Strength," and "Motivation to Comply. Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients ranged from 0.827 to 0.900, with ICC = 0.95.

The tool demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability for assessing factors influencing the intention of ICU nurses to use manometers. Therefore, its application in future research could help identify additional barriers and facilitators in nurses' behavior, leading to the development of more effective training programs. It is also recommended that this tool be tested among different groups of nurses and in various hospital settings to further refine and improve it.

Pharmacology is the cornerstone of health science courses the same as biomedical programs in educational setting. New educational intuitions and methodical progresses in teaching and learning, as well as recent findings in pharmacology research, can help pharmacology educators reconsider and regulate their teaching approaches. Thus, the aim of this article is to review existing studies on the different methods of teaching pharmacology and investigate different outcomes in this regard. In the present investigation, recent articles in the databases of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, IranDoc and Scientific Information Database (SID) were examined, and the delegated documents were reviewed. The gathered data showed that students’ cognitive, metacognitive, and cooperative learning besides collaborative skills are effective factors for teaching. Additionally, application of blended learning or flipped instruction via technologies such as computer ameliorates the process of teaching and learning pharmacology in academic setting. Consequently, to overcome the difficulties in managing the data overload, it sounds necessary to introduce new teaching methods in academic context. Therefore, the current investigation is useful for practitioners, curriculum designers and educational administrators in medical and paramedical educational context.

The emergence of the Internet and its development led to the expansion of virtual education. The development of virtual education in recent years has had a tremendous impact on the improvement of education and the establishment of educational justice in different parts of the world. Despite its advantages, virtual education is also associated with some challenges. The present study aimed to investigate para medicine students’ experiences of virtual education. This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. The participants were 25 students in various fields of para medicine who were selected using purposive sampling. The study took place at universities in the north of Iran. The data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups from January to April 2022. The collected data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis method. The core category identified in this study was from helplessness to interaction which was divided into three main categories (challenges and desperation, deprivation of mutual interaction and learning, and resilience and adaptation) and fourteen subcategories. The main theme extracted from the interviews with the participants was from helplessness to interaction. When a person has numerous failures, cannot control environmental conditions, and feels the ineffectiveness of their activity and response, they will experience a sense of vulnerability. Thus, the person has to accept the conditions and interact with them. In other words, interaction is a skill that improves the ability to quickly learn new skills and behaviors in response to the conditions. Thus, identifying challenges and realizing the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats governing the existing virtual education environment can help to turn many threats into opportunities, promote virtual education, and support teachers and students to improve the quality and quantity of the teaching-learning process in the COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 era.

Organ donation is one of the main medical advances in treating patients with organ failure. However, the supply of transplant members ismuchbelow such patients’ demands, thereby arousing a serious challenge to governments. Organ donation is a sacrificial and altruistic behavior, and altruism is recognized as an effective factor in making decisions for organ donation.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between altruism and attitudes toward organ donation in society.

The present research was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in Iran during 2020 - 2021. The research sample encompassed328 individuals selected using the simple random sampling method. Data collection tools included a demographic information form, the standard Self-Report Altruism Scale, and the Attitude Toward Organ Donation Questionnaire. Linear regression controlling the intervening variables was used to investigate the relationship between altruism and attitudes toward organ donation.

The univariate analysis results showed that gender, occupation, age, and marital status were not significantly correlated with attitudes toward organ donation. In the multivariate model controlling the intervening variables, altruism increased attitudes toward organ donation (beta-standardized = 0.17; P < 0.001).

The findings highlighted the significance of altruism in attitudes toward organ donation. Accordingly, intervention programs promoting altruism can be helpful in different groups.

Teaching evidence-based practice in undergraduate nursing students is limited and requires a complex and step-by-step approach. The aim of this study was exploring the effect of a two-year educational-supportive intervention on undergraduate nursing students, evidence-based practice competency.

  This semi-experimental single-group study was conducted in Amol Nursing School from June 2017 to July 2019. Sixty -two undergraduate nursing students who were entered in same academic year, participated in this study as a census.  After assessing the evidence-based practice competency, a two-year educational-supportive intervention was conducted. In the third year, students were taught how to design clinical questions and critique the use of its results in responding. In the fourth year, students performed the above activities under the supervision of faculty members. At the end of the course, the competency level of evidence-based practice was considered as one of the seven test stations, as a post-test.

The average age of the students was 20.46±0.92 years and most of them (51.61%) were women. The evidence-based practice competency score of the students before and after the intervention was 13.71±2.31 and 34.71±5.19, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Comparison of evidence-based practice competency scores based on gender did not show any statistical difference (P>0.05).

The findings showed that the educational-supportive intervention implemented to improve evidence-based practice competence of undergraduate nursing students was effective. Therefore, nursing education practitioners and planners can use this model to nursing education.

Anatomical sciences are highly important in education of medical students due to their role in practice. Delivery of simple educational materials that are easily available to students have always been an interest of lecturers in this field. The present study aimed to compare the effect of blended teaching and traditional teaching on learning, memorization, and satisfaction of medical students in an embryology course in Amol medical Students, Iran.

In the present mixed method study, 50 medical students were randomly divided into two groups: educational film and control. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations were carried out. At quantitative level, midterm and final term exam results were studied and a standard checklist was used to measure satisfaction, etc. At qualitative level, information about students' views on educational videos was collected through interviews with 20 students and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

According to quantitative data, the students in the intervention group showed significantly better results at both midterm and final exam compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the checklist analysis indicated the blended teaching was superior to traditional teaching and the scores of responses in intervention group were higher than the average. At qualitative analysis, effective learning was the main class extracted, which included three sub-classes of learning promotion, increasing motivation, and cognitive abilities.

Considering that this method does not cause disruption in education and can be effective in visualization courses such as embryology, it seems to be beneficial to students.

The biggest threat to human health and life is the Covid-19 virus in these days, and until today no cure has been identified for it. Compliance to preventive behaviors is the best and only way to control and prevent its spread. The present study was done with the aim of investigating the predisposing factors of nursing studentchr('39') compliance of preventive behaviors of COVID-19 based on health belief model.

This descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the period from September to October 2016, with the participation of 225 nursing students from a medical university with a census sampling. The tool of study was   seven questionnaires that completed   through cyberspace. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistic and   Prediction was also performed based on the Health Belief model with simple regression and adjusted with the softwar SPSS v23.

Most of the samples were undergraduate students (83.6%) and women (67.1%). The mean age of students was 24.73 (SD = 8.28) years and the mean score of nursing studentschr('39') compliance of Covid-19, was 39 (SD = 4.5). Univariate regression showed that the variables of age, gender, educational status, economic status, and cues to action, perceived benefits and self-efficacy were predictors of   compliance to preventive behaviors of Covid 19. In multivariate regression, only the variables of gender (<0.001), cues to action (0.032) and perceived benefits (0.033) remained as the final predictors. These variables predicted a total of 22.6% of changes in compliance of preventive behaviors

Gender, cues to action and perceived benefits were strongest predictors of student behavior from compliance to Covid-19. Therefore, more attention to male students as well as planning based on the Health Belief Model with emphasis on strengthening the cues to action and perceived benefits in order to improve preventive behaviors of Covid-19 in nursing students is recommended.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a globally prevalent and often life-threatening disease that carries immense psychological burdens, such as body image concerns. Therefore, identifying protective psychological factors affecting body image concerns in CKD patients is of strong relevance. This study investigates the potential mediating role of religious coping in the relationship between self-care behavior and body image concerns among Iranian patients undergoing hemodialysis.

A cross-sectional design was used to evaluate body image concerns, religious coping, and self-care behavior in a convenience sample of 280 hemodialysis patients. Measurements included demographic factors, health characteristics, and valid instruments of study structures. Path analysis was used to evaluate mediating models.

The results showed a significantly negative relationship between self-care behavior and body image concerns (B=-0.162, β=-0.140, P=0.020). Additionally, variables of age (B=-0.164, β=-0.163, P=0.07), gender (B=4.169, β=0.154, P=0.011), and self-care behavior (B=-0.162, β=-0.140, P=0.020) were found to predict body image concerns in patients undergoing hemodialysis. These variables explained 7.5% of the predictors. The findings indicated a direct path from self-care behavior (β=-0.015, P=0.002) to body image concerns. However, when religious coping was introduced as a mediating variable, the relationship between self-care behavior and body image concerns became significant (β=0.020, =0.012, P).

In this study, religious coping clarified the relationship between self-care behavior and concerns about body image to some extent. In countries such as Iran, where religiosity is an important psychological construct, the findings can explain why religious people experience less concern about their body image changes.

Moral intelligence is one of the dimensions of intelligence that can provide a framework for the correct functioning of humans and is theoretically considered as a predictor of behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence and demographic characteristics of nurses working in intensive care units.

The present study is a descriptive-correlational one conducted in 2009. The study population included 112 nurses working in the ICU wards of public hospitals in Amol city who were selected by census method. For data collection, demographic information form and standard moral intelligence questionnaire were used. Analysis was done using SPSS version 19 software and descriptive and analytical statistics, calculation of mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation test, and Independent T-test were performed.

The results showed that the mean score of moral intelligence in the nurses working in ICU was 80.20±7.40 and very good. The highest score was related to the honesty and the lowest score was related to the compassion. The results of the Pearson’s correlation test showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the general score of moral intelligence and the variables of marital status (P=0.03), age (P=0.02), work experience (P=0.02), and work experience in the ICU (P=0.02). There was also a positive and significant relationship between honesty, responsibility, and compassion with the variables of age, marital status, and work experience in the ICU. There was also an inverse relationship between the overtime hours and the dimensions of the moral intelligence questionnaire. There was not a significant relationship between the overall score of moral intelligence with gender and with participation in the ethics seminar. On average, married people had higher responsibility, forgiveness, and moral intelligence than single people.

Considering the particular conditions of the special care units and the necessity of the presence of capable nurses in these units, it is superlative that married nurses with older age, higher work experience, and more work experience work in these units. It is also the responsibility of the managers and planners of the treatment units to reduce the working hours of the nurses working in these units and to carry out a correct assessment of needs before holding in-service training programs to help improve the moral intelligence of these nurses.

Aspiration-induced pneumonia is responsible for 15-20% of hospital infections and a 39% increase in   costs. Besides, it is one of the ten leading causes of death in   the USA. It can be prevented by choosing the feeding method. This study aimed to assess the incidence of respiratory aspiration using the tube feeding method of intermittent drip bag. This one group only post-test study was conducted on 36 ICU   trauma patients. The patients were fed using the tube feeding method of intermittent drip bag for three days, each time with 150 to 300 cc liquid nourishing solution for 30 to 60 minutes with three-hour intervals. To detect respiratory aspiration, 0.5 cc of methylene blue 1% was added to 500 cc of the liquid. In case the patients needed suction, whenever the blue color of methylene blue was observed in the lung secretions during suction of the respiratory tube, incidence of respiratory aspiration was ascertained. The data were collected using Demographic information registration form and Clinical Information Registration Questionnaire. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS V19 and descriptive and analytic statistics. The results revealed no incidence of respiratory aspiration via the tube feeding method of intermittent drip bag during   three consecutive days. The present study indicated no respiratory aspiration   observed using the tube feeding method of intermittent drip bag, this method can be utilized in the centers that are not equipped with feeding pump. Moreover, using feeding bags instead of feeding pumps plays a key role in reducing related costs.

Pain management is very important in patients in general intensive care units (G-ICU). Therefore, this study was conduct to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Critical Care Pain Observation Tool in patients admitted to this ward.

The present study is a methodological and clinimetery study that was conduct in inpatients in general intensive care units of Amol city during 2009-2010. The accordance between the two assessors was investigated using Lin’s Concordance correlation coefficient and the weighted kappa coefficient. The researcher evaluated Sixty-six patients in two positions of resting and painful action, using discriminant validity and the intended tool, to measure the validity of the tool.

The results showed the validity of the instrument through the validity of known groups, the score difference in the three indices of tool were meaningful (P<0.001). Also, the difference between the overall mean scores in the two positions of resting and rotation was meaningful, as well (P<0.001).  Reliability of the instrument through weighted kappa coefficient for quartet indices of the tool in the two resting and change position status varied between 0.38 and 0.60. The accordance between the two assessors in the overall score of the tool using Lin’s Concordance correlation coefficient was 0.68 in the resting position, 0.82 -0.47 in assurance interval, 0.67 in the rotation position in assurance interval, and 0.42 to 0.82 in assurance interval.

Although the Persian version of the CPOT could differentiate pain-causing situations from no pain-causing ones, but its rate was low. Besides, the accordance between the two assessors was weak to medium. Therefore, it is recommended to use it with more care and caution in different patients with different diagnoses; also, other criteria for pain in patients should not be ignored.

Stargart is a chronic disease with multiple clinical symptoms and psychological problems, such as depression. Psychotherapy can play an important role in achieving therapeutic goals. Goal of this study was assessment effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on adaptation and depression in stargart patients. This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test and control group in which 20 patients with Stargartchr('39')s disease selected through available sampling and randomly divided in to two group. The experimental group received six sessions of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Questionnaires used to include California test of adjustment and Beck Depression. Data were analyzed by spss software to version 16. The results of covariance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores in intervention and control groups in adjustment and depression questionnaire. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective on adaptation and depression of Stagartchr('39')s disease and so it can be used as a therapeutic way for solve problems these patients.

Educating the staff in organizations is one of the most important issues in different countries, so concerning the necessity of nurses’ roles and scientific advancements in providing nursing care will not be achieved without in-service education.

The purpose of this study is to investigate intensive care unit nurses’ perception of the barriers to effective in-service education. Settings and Design: This qualitative study was conducted at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (sums).

The researcher used the conventional content analysis method to evaluate nurses’ perception of the barriers to effective in-service education from March 2015 to June 2016. Statistical Analysis Used: Data analysis was done with a conventional content analysis method.

Three main themes of nurse’s in-service education barriers were extracted from the analysis of the data. The themes are ineffective teaching methods, inappropriate content of educational programs, and inappropriate scheduling of teaching programs.

Identifying the barriers to effective in-service education can guide nurses and nursing administrators in improving education in the nursing field and subsequently providing better treatments for patients.

Nurses working in intensive care units (ICUs) are sometimes faced with ethical decision making which requires ethical sensitivity and moral intelligence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral sensitivity and moral intelligence in nurses working in intensive care units.

This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in 112 nurses working in adult ICUs who were selected by census sampling in Amol, Iran 2019. The Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and Moral Intelligence Questionnaire were administered and data were analyzed applying descriptive and analytical statistics.

No significant relationship was found between moral intelligence and moral sensitivity (r= 0.14, P= 0.15). But, there was a significant positive relationship between moral intelligence and the dimension of knowing how to communicate with the patient as one of the areas of moral sensitivity (P<0.05).

According to current study, high levels of moral intelligence would help nurses in having better relationships with patients. Therefore, developing appropriate programs are suggested to improve ethical sensitivity in nurses.