nozar monfared

By Considering the significant decrease in the ratio of agricultural students to the total number of high school students in the past decade in Iran, therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the mechanisms of attracting, retaining and supporting students and students entering the secondary degree of in agricultural schools and factors affecting it. The research method used in this research was quantitative and qualitative and of the survey and interview type, and the statistical population of this study is the students studying in the agricultural schools of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi and Semnan provinces and the experts and facilitators of these trainings. They were selected by the purposeful sampling method and interviewed by a researcher-made questionnaire, in order to achieve the best solutions and educational mechanisms for attracting, maintaining and supporting scientific - technical and financial - facilities for students and graduates of these courses. The results of the exploratory factor analysis on the motivation of students to study in agricultural colleges, these motivations are divided into six factors: "Interest in agricultural career", "Earning income", "Continuation of father's profession", "Using the facilities available in colleges". agriculture", "personal and social development", and "influence of family, friends and advisors". Finally, suggestions based on research findings have been presented in order to increase and maintain the motivation of students of agricultural colleges.

This research was conducted with the aim of measuring the educational needs of tomato farmers in Deir city using the Borich needs assessment model and comparing it with the views of experts in the agricultural sector in the cropping year using a two-by-tow quadrant analysis table and using a consensus model. The statistical population of the research was two groups of working tomato farmers (N=3500) and experts of the relevant centers (N=25). The size of the sample was determined based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan to the number of 346 tomato growers and they were selected according to the size of the class(N=3500). The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was examined and confirmed based on the opinion of the thesis committee and a number of experts of the agricultural jahad of Bushehr province. 0.74 to 0.84 was obtained. The results showed that out of the nine identified needs, the ability to use water softeners and maintain them, the ability to fix the clogging of drippers, and the ability to service and maintain the drip irrigation system were the first three priority needs. It is necessary for the Jihad Agricultural Organization to provide effective communication between the companies implementing the project and the farmers, providing consulting services and training classes to provide services according to the needs identified in the research.

The Agricultural Jihad Organization can play a fundamental role in the development of the agricultural sector and achieving food security of the society. However, due to the lack of necessary dynamics, its performance has always been lower than the desired amount included in the development plan, therefore, its performance is seriously criticized. In this regard, the investigation of the factors that can save this organization from stagnation, and improve its performance is crucial. In doing so, this research was conducted to investigate the role of knowledge management on the organizational performance of Bushehr Agricultural Jihad with the mediating role of strategic measures related to human resource management. The statistical population included all experts of agricultural jihad organization in Bushehr province (400 experts). Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 210 of them were selected by stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment. The main instrument of this research was a questionnaire. The form validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by faculty members of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan and its’ content validity was calculated using AVE, eventually, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using ordinal theta. The questionnaire was based on the Likert scale (1- very little to 5- very much). Data processing was performed using SPSSV18 and Lisrelv8.54. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the dimensions of knowledge management can explain 75% of the variance of organizational performance of agricultural jihad experts in Bushehr province. In addition,

Tof citrus education of researchers at the Mazandaran Agricultural Research and Training Center This study sought to determine the extent to which intellectual capital affects the performance of researchers in the Mazandaran Agricultural Research and Training Center in the field of citrus training. This research is considered as an exploratory descriptive research in terms of applied purpose and as a descriptive research in terms of visibility. The statistical population also included all helper researchers, numbering 146 people, of which, using Cochran's formula, 110 people were selected as a sample, and with the proportional allocation formula, the share of each center in each city from the sample volume was determined and calculated. To formulate the theoretical framework of the research, the method of documentary study and search through electronic sources and to collect data through interviews and standard intellectual capital questionnaire based on Bontis and Holland model and a researcher-made questionnaire of educational performance has been used. For data analysis, correlation matrix, diagnostic factor analysis, sequential regression and modeling of structural equations were used using SMART-PLS software. The results showed The coefficient of intellectual capital path on the performance of helper researchers was equal to 0.245 and the value of t was equal to 2.637. Path analysis showed that at the error level of P = 0.05, intellectual capital has a positive and significant effect on the performance of researchers in the Mazandaran Agricultural Research and Training Center in the field of citrus production.

Increasing human societies' need for food security and the development of new science and technology, such as the production of high-yielding cultivars, the use of chemical inputs and genetic engineering, have devastating effects on the environment and natural resources. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made to introduce alternative agriculture as one of the ways to achieve sustainable development. Organic farming is a type of sustainable agriculture with the aim of creating integrated, systematic and humane agricultural production systems that are not in conflict with environmental and economic benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting organic farming activities among farmers in Bushehr Province. Using a survey, this study collected data from 67 farmers in two regions of Bushehr Province using stratified random sampling method. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by university professors and Jihad Keshavarzi Research Center and a pilot study, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.6 to 0.91. The findings of structural equation models of the both regions revealed that factors such as knowledge of organic farming principles, attitude toward environmental conservation, attitude toward human health, attitude to conventional agriculture consequences and attitude toward reference group were the main determinants of farmers` attitude and behaviors toward organic farming systems.  Finally, suggestions are presented to encourage farmers to use organic farming.

Entrepreneurship should be considered one of the necessities of the new millennium, an age known as the information society and the age of globalization. And it has important consequences such as the acquisition of emerging technologies and rapid changes in the field of human exchanges and fierce and brutal competition in the business world. This study examines two models of planned behavioral theory and cognitive-social theory to predict entrepreneurial intent among agricultural students. The statistical population of the present study included incoming undergraduate students in 2016-17, Bushehr Persian Gulf Fisheries Science and Technology Training Center. The number of people in the study population was 192. Using Krejcie and Morganchr('39')s table, the sample size was 124 people using a simple random sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the opinion of the faculty members of the university and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured and confirmed using a pre-test design of 30 people using theta test (0.76-0.89). The results of structural equations showed that in social cognitive theory, perceived expectations and perception of behavior have a significant, positive, and direct effect on studentschr('39') entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, in the theory of planned behavior, it was shown that the structures of self-efficacy, moral norm, and identity have a significant and positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. While the structures of control, attitude, and mental norm do not have a direct impact on entrepreneurial intention. Attitude has a positive and direct effect on the moral norm and an indirect effect on intention. Social cognitive theory can predict 76% of changes in intentions and planned behavioral theory predicts 77% of changes in agricultural entrepreneurial intentions.

Precision agriculture is one of the new aspects of sustainable agriculture. In this type of agriculture, the management of crop production inputs such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, seeds, etc. is implemented based on the spatial characteristics of the farm with the aim of reducing waste, increasing income and maintaining environmental quality. On the other hand, when pesticides are used within the framework of the pest management program and taking into account the ecological and environmental aspects, they are considered as a reliable and valuable tool. The general purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the attitude and behavioral tendencies of the experts of Bushehr Agricultural Jihad Organization towards the application of pesticide application technology (spraying variable). Cross-sectional survey research method and multi-stage random sampling method were used to collect information from 110 experts in Bushehr province. The results indicate that the behavioral tendency variable is affected by the variables of attitude about the benefits of variable spraying technologies and behavioral attitude. Also, the variables of perception of usefulness and individual modernity affect the variable of behavioral attitude. This research was completed by adding external variables to the technology acceptance model. Findings show the importance of individual modernity in shaping the attitude and behavioral tendencies of experts and this should be considered in planning for the adoption of these technologies.

farming is a kind of sustainable agriculture aimed to provide integrated, systematic and human agricultural production system without any conflicts with economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, it is effective to implement educational classes and workshops in related with different techniques of organic farming in order to facilate the adoption process of this innovative method in agriculture. Need assessment is the first step of each program. So, the main objective of this research is assessing of the educational need of bushehr province farmers for adopting and developing organic farming. The statistical population of this research consists of three groups including farmers (24345 individuals), agricultural experts and managers of Jihad agriculture organization of Bushehr province (350 individuals) as well as the lecturers and faculties of agriculture college and research and education center for agricultural and natural resources of bushehr province (120 individuals). Based on statistical population and referring to Morgan table, 200 farmers, 90 agricultural experts and executive managers and 30 faulties were selected, randomly. Quantitative phase of the research was accomplished based on survey using questionnaires and the qualitative phase was conducted based on designing focus groups and content analysis. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of agricultural specialists as well as conduction a pilot study, respectively. According to the findings of qualitative phase, 32 educational needs were extracted and ranked regarding organic farming. “Subjects importance”, “farmers’ Knowledge about the subjects” and “application of the subjects by farmers” were assessed in quantitative phase.

One of the essential needs of human nutrition is animal protein supply. In recent years, poultry meat as a valuable source of protein in human nutrition is used in Iran and the world. Triple diseases Newcastle, Flu and Bronchitis have long been the main causes of poultry mortality in most countries. Therefore, recognizing farmers, knowledge and managerial practices about triple poultry diseases helps development actors’ effort to improve production and increase efficiency in this sector. Promoting poultry farmers, knowledge and management practices are the basic ways to achieve the goals in development of poultry industry. This study was conducted to investigate factors influencing knowledge, awareness and management practices of poultry farmers in Bushehr province about poultry diseases. The statistical population was 220 poultry farmers in Bushehr province. Based on Cochran sampling formula , 140 samples were selected. Data collection tool was a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability by Ordinal theta coefficient (theta=.078 -0.90). Results showed that knowledge of persons who are more educated and have access to more information significantly more. Knowledge of the disease, triple, social norms and access to information are variables affecting poultry farmers’ management practices.

Determinants of behavioral change toward organic farming among the farmers of Bushehr province was the main purpose of the study. Data collection was accomplished using survey and a sample of 101 farmers was selected using stratified random sampling from the counties of Bushehr, Dayyer and Jom-o-riz. Face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a group of professors and specialists of agricultural research center. The reliability was also confirmed by a pilot study with 30 farmers out of the study region and the Cronbach`s alpha was computed in a range of 0.60 to 0.91. Findings revealed that farmers have been used biological control techniques as well as green fertilizers more than the other methods of organic farming. According to the causal model, agricultural background, the use of communicative media and its effectiveness, attitude toward conventional agricultural consequences, knowledge about organic farming, attitude toward reference group, attitude toward environment and human health and attitude toward organic farming are affecting factors of organic farming activities by the farmers. Finally, some recommendations were presented: Selection and training of the educated individuals in order to promote organic farming in the area, facilitating the basic factors for this modern way of farming, assigning this task to the centers of agricultural extension and services, enhancement of scientific and practical skills of the experts and extension agents in terms of organic farming and healthy products.

The present study, which is a cross-sectional survey, was conducted to investigate the views of the farmers who had received the facilities provided by the Agricultural Bank on their self-efficacy in using these facilities and factors affecting it. The statistical population of the study consisted of 205 farmers who were introduced by Jihad Agriculture Organization of Bushehr Province during the year 1391 to the Agricultural Bank for receiving loan in order to implement agricultural projects. Using Krejcie and Morgan Table, 132 farmers were selected as the sample of study. The finding showed that most of farmers were old with low level of education. Also, the results indicated most of farmers don’t consider themselves as a successful and entrepreneur individual. In addition, there was a significant difference between two groups of farmers (who have the sense of self-efficacy and who have not the sense of self-efficacy) about variables education level, the extent of land and level of communication with specialists and various organizations.

Neglecting the activities regarding environment conservation has been criticized by many agricultural experts of Iran. Therefore, the crisis of agricultural development in the country was attributed to the conventional agricultural system and its related problems and a new pattern of agriculture has been emphasized in order to achieve sustainable development. Alternative agriculture has been presented as one the solutions toward sustainable development. Oraganic agriculture is highly recommended as an acceptable productive system of sustainable farming. Cureently, organic farming is defined as an art of green agriculture. According to the novelty of this kind of farming in agriculture sector of Iran, analysis of the farmers` knowledge regarding the principles of organic agriculture was the main aim of the study. This research was accomplished using survey and structured questionnaire in order to collect required data from a random sample of 168 of farmers of Bushehr province. Based of findings, educated farmers have more knowldege about organic farming, so this kind of agriculture has been use by more educated farmers, as well. There was a significant difference between different groups of farmers in terms of risk taking personality and organic technique use in agricultural activities. Risk taker farmers were used organic agriculture more than the others. TV programs, farmers` discussion groups and communication with Organization of Agriculture Jihad were the main applicable communicative mehods which have been used by farmers in order to get required knowledge about organic farming, respectively. At last, some applicale recommendations were presented to train farmers regarding organic agriculture as well as effective behavioral changes of them towards organic farming.

Desert is an ecosystem in which the continuity and stability of life cycle face with great hardness and water scarcity is its most important feature. Despite the difficult situations in geography of desert areas, today global community isn’t anxiety about derest climates existence but toward desertification phenomenon like deleterious process that cause decrease of land production capacity, during the time and often invisibly. Desertification is currently a big problem in many countries, especially in developing countries, and includes natural processes and improper human activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the history, current condition and the concepts and principles of desertification in the world and Iran, and then address the causes and consequences of this environmental phenomenon. Also study the historical trends of combating desertification programs in the world and review and analyse our country’s macro policies and strategies for combating desertification in the past, present and future. This descriptive-analytical study using documentary research method and systematic search of raliable scientific resources, has a comprehensive attention to subject. The results show that inhibition of desertification and sustainable management of desert areas, need to reform developmental patterns and recognition it’s social, cultural, economic and political roots because of its complex and multidimensional nature. Aslo should emphasis on human development more than direct deal with the external manifestations and through technical approaches. So the national action programme to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought requires the convergence of natural and human resources and community based participation of all stakeholders in design, implementation and evaluation of strategies and field work flexible and evolutionary. This paper suggests to investigate factors influencing society's perception status about desertification and interaction between human and derest ecosystems in future research and theoretical foundations of social and political ecology should be conceptualized and developed in the field of combat desertification.

Experts believe training as the best factor for growth and development of human resources. In recent years, introduction of scientific and practical training has created great hope for creating dynamism in the country's education system and the growth and prosperity of the country. Since, the analysis of the situation as a first step of planning, it should be done successfully and efficiently, and must pay particular attention to the needs and interests of the target group. In other words, before planning to implement training, needs assessment is necessary. Need assessment of technical and vocational education in agriculture in Bushehr province was the main purpose of this study. Agricultural specialists, experts, managers and planners were the statistical population of the study and a sample of 180 people were selected using stratified random sampling method. Data collection has been done by questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were approved by a panel of experts and conductiong a pilot study. Findings have been presented in the shape of ranking 49 scientific-applied fields of study in agricultural sector. The most important fields include the production and processing of palm, palm processing and packaging technology, protection of natural resources and fisheries; Important fields including agricultural machinery, agricultural extension, drainage and soil improvement; Not so important fields including breeding and production of halophytes, management of dairy processing units, compost and canning industries; The least important fields including health and animal products, dairy cattle breeding and management units, range management, veterinary healthcare, administrative affairs. Based on the research findings some applicable recommendations have been presented.

A group of international centers have recently paid attention to natural disasters due their effects on humans’ society، specially farmers. Drought leads to water crisis، which is among the most important natural disasters. Iran، due to its geographical and climatic situation in the temperate northern hemisphere، is always faced with water problems، like many countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Among 116 countries، Iran is the 14th. In connection with water crisis and it indicates that the quantity of water resources is not adequate. Southern areas of Iran، such as Bushehr province، encounter a critical situation، in comparison with the national average. On the other hand، the groundwater is among the reliable resources for agricultural water supply. The world''s largest source of agricultural water supply is groundwater. Moreover، in Iran، about 53% of total water usage comes from groundwater supplies. In such conditions، the ability of farmers for dealing with drought is becoming progressively dictated by the resilience of their agro-ecosystems; the diversity of livelihood options; and whether or not they have access to resources. The reactions of farmers in the groundwater crisis are very effective in reducing injuries. Based on the various studies، farmers have diverse behaviors for adapting with new situations، and therefore more than 70 mechanisms which are used by farmers، have been identified in this regard. Generally the mechanisms of drought adaptation include very complex strategies to overcome basic needs for short or long periods.

Accordingly، the main goal of this study is assessment of farmers'' adaptive behaviors in the city Dayer city for facing with the crisis of ground water sources and identify factors affecting these behaviors. The Geographical area of this study is Dayer region in southwestern of Bushehr province. The research population were all farmers in Dayer city (1100 individuals). Geographically، Dayer city is located in these three regions: Dayer، Abdan and Bardkhon. Moreover 285 cases were calculated as the sample size، by using the table Takmn، selected by stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was designed for data collecting. The Content and face validity were established by a panel of experts consisting of faculty members and some specialists. A pilot study was conducted with 30 farmers، outside the statistical population. Cronbach alpha score was between 0. 71 to 0. 86%، which indicated reliability of the questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) program. The responses were coded before being transferred into the SPSS based format.

Findings showed that the average age of the respondents was 45. 3 years; the oldest was 80 and the youngest 19. Based on the results، most farmers (83%) were able to read and write، and only 17% of the farmers were almost illiterate. The results also indicated that only about 4% of farmers، work record are less than 6 years. Moreover، about 12% of farmers have professional experiences in agriculture between 10-6 years. Findings about ground water sources situation showed that only 5% of the total wells in the city are in ideal conditions. The findings showed that only 5% of the total wells in the studied area were in ideal conditions. The findings showed that only 5% of the total wells in the studied area were in ideal conditions. These wells were faced with almost no limitation regarding to production of tomatoes and the farms with such wells have the regarding performance and quality. Based on the results، there were significant differences (F=52. 318، P=0. 000) among the three regions in terms of water crisis. Tukey post-hoc test showed that there were significant differences among all three regions 0. 01 level. Overall، the most critical condition of groundwater was related to the Abdan area and Dayer was the second one. In this regard، Bardkhon region was at the best situation. Results of this study about the tendency of farmers to adaptive behaviors showed that the studied farmers usually used farming adaptations. But among non-farming adaptations، most of the studied farmers welcomed to the assistance received from various public and private channels، respectively.

Regression analysis revealed that six variables of vulnerability of farmers، quality of life، membership in social groups، and status of agricultural wells، natural capital، and type of farm ownership which entered to equation totally explain about 80% of the non-farming adaptations variance. These findings also showed that the variables of vulnerability and quality of life had greater role in explaining the changes of dependent variable.

The purpose of this study is investigating factors affecting rural women’s awareness about their individual-family, economical and socio-cultural status and laws. A survey was conducted using stratified random sample of 400 rural women in Boushehr province. Data were collected through a questionnaire that its validity was tested by faculty. Also, the reliability of different scales used in the study were between 0.78 to 0.86. The finding revealed that level of education, income, access to media and participation in educational classes have influence on women’s awareness about their status and laws. Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the mean of women’s awareness about their individual-family and their socio-cultural status and laws. But, a significant difference was seen between the mean of women’s awareness about their economical laws with their individual-family and socio-cultural laws. Based on these results, to increase women’s awareness about their status and laws, the study suggested creating new jobs, establishing production cooperative, increasing number of agents in rural areas and increasing supports for public groups and increasing the role of women in decision making.

Drought is one of the most complex and a slow-onset natural disaster with frequent repetition in Iran's climate which affecting natural resources and human development recurrently. While the consequences of droughts can usually be predicted, preventive action is frequently absent or insufficient to prevent serious impacts in many regions of the world particularly in Iran. We believe that lack of a perception of what is drought management is stands in the way of cohesive anti-drought action. Evidences suggest that positive perception to feasibility of drought management is critical to its success, and major barrier to drought management approaches has been a lack of good perception. As such, an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms that lead people to be supportive of alternative water sources is critically important. Therefore, analysis of perception to feasibility of drought management was the main objective of the research. Jehad-Keshavarzi specialists in Boushehr provinces were the statistical population. Simple random sampling was used to choose 120 specialists at Jehad-keshavarzi organization using survey research method. The result reveals that specialists have favorable social norm about drought management more than other variables. We use, also, a path analysis for determine direct and indirect effects of other variables on perception to feasibility of drought management. Based on the research findings some applicable recommendations have been presented toward specialists’ drought management perception, at the end of the article.