ola hamad salah

In this study, acrylamide based graft poly (acrylic acid) hydrogel (AM-g-P(AC)) and its nanocomposite with CdS nanoparticles AM-g-P(AC)/CdS were produced by the free radical method and utilized for methylene blue (MB) dye removal from aqueous solution. The characterization and properties of the adsorbents were studied utilizing FESEM, FTIR, TGA, and XRD analyses, and the results showed that CdS NPs were successfully distributed in the hydrogel structure. CdS NPs were loaded into the hydrogel system and the best adsorption capacity of MB dye was determined at 0.05 g of Cds NPs. Also, the effect of equilibrium time, initial concentration, temperature, and initial pH on the adsorption capacity of MB dye was studied. Behavior of the equilibrium investigation of the adsorption method show that the equilibrium result determined are in the best agreement with the Freundlich isotherm model and the multilayer surfaces play an effective role in the adsorption method. The best multilayer adsorption efficiency (qmax) determined utilizing isotherm Freundlich model for AM-g-P(AC)/CdS. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qe mg/g) determined for CMC-g-P(AAm) and AM-g-P(AC)/CdS were determined as 534.45 mg/g and 467.67 mg/g, respectively. The biological compound activity results were observed before and after the process of loading CdS NPs on it against the types of bacteria tested (Staphylococcus epidermidi and Staphylococcus aureus) and (E. coli and Klebsiella spp.).

With the ex-potentially increase pollutants of dyes, the purification of cationic dye waste water has been an urgent environmental problem. As a new kind of porous adsorbent, hydrogel modified activated carbon frameworks still face challenges in agglomeration, regeneration, reuse ability, and synthesis environmentally un-friendly. In this work, activated carbon was grown in situ on the surface of sodium alginate (AAc-AM) beads to fabricate (AAc-co-AM)/AC. This study works to examine the elimination of Brilliant Blue (BB), a harmful and persistent dye that could cause extensive ecological damage, from an aqueous solution via adjusting the amount of acrylamide (AM) and the degree of co-polymer cross-linking. The co-polymer of hydrogels efficiently removes BB in a brief time frame. The synthesized hydrogel was characterized via FESEM and TEM. The best adsorption efficiency of the nanocomposite was 114.4 mg.g-1. Reactivation appears to indicate that the material could be utilized repeatedly and has a better ability to resist interference. In addition, the percentage removal of BB dye by hydrogel from aqueous solution were above 91.40%. Therefore, the hydrogel appears great potential for the wastewater.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the consumption of pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics. Tetracycline (TC) is one of the widely used antibiotics, as it causes resistance to all microorganisms in ecosystems. In addition, it is classified as a controlled antibiotic. In this work, the efficiency of TC drug degradation via photolysis and hetero-generous photo catalytic methods is studied under effect of several volumes of H2O2 (0-4 mL) as an oxidizing agent. Characterization of the sample was carried out via UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and TEM. The reveal results the photocatalytic degradation of TC drug is 92.67 %, at the best conditions weight of catalyst ZnO NPs 0.3 g, volume of hydrogen peroxide (3 mL), and concentration of TC drug 50 mg/L, pH=6, at irradiation time 60 min. H2O2 doses (0 and 4 mL) appear to have important variances in the first 10 min of the reaction for 4 mL of H202 comparative with the solution without H2O2 giving the best PDE% (98.44%). The (PDE%) rises as concentration of TC drugs decreases from (92.67%-29.76%), but light intensity increases. Regeneration/recycling of ZnO NPs the photo catalytic degradation efficiency was 88.9 %, 82.8 %, and 77.5% through 4 cycles compared to standard solution(fresh) was 92.67 %.

The hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO/CdS nanocomposite studied for photocatalytic degradation of Amoxicillin (AMX) drug. The physical and chemical properties of the prepared ZnO/CdS were characterized using several analyses such as TEM, FE-SEM, TGA, and EDX. The photodegradation of Amoxicillin (AMX) drug was studied by employing UV-Vis light under several conditions in the presence of ZnO-CdS nanocomposite. Influence of several parameters such as AMX concentration (10-80 mg/L), mass of nanocomposite (0.1-0.4 g), and regeneration of ZnO-CdS nanocomposite was studied and optimized. All experiments were carried out under the most optimum conditions, which included a drug concentration of 30 mg/L, a light intensity of 1.2 mW/cm2, and a solution pH of 6.8. The results showed that the photocatalytic efficiency rose with reducing concentration of AMX (95.99%-53.12%) when concentration increased from 10 to 80 mg/L. The photocatalytic degradation increased when the weight of the ZnO-CdS nanocomposite increased (44.43%-98.99%). It was observed that the photocatalytic efficiency of AMX was 80.86%-72.77.85% for the first to fourth cycles. This indicates the best stability of nanocomposites and could be potentially useful in practical batch degradation.

In this study, the prepared, characterization, and photo-catalytic performance of zinc oxide/activated carbon (ZnO/AC) nanocomposites prepared via hydrothermal process to be applied for advanced oxidative process (AOPs). The ZnO/AC nanocomposites was characterized via field emission scanning electron microscopes (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) analyses. Different parameters were utilized to achieve best conditions including, weight of nanocomposite, and concentration of Riboflavin drug. Likewise, the photo-degradation appear high efficiency and activity when reused 5 cycles and confirm results that this photo-catalyst has promising prospects and a high ability to remove pollution from aqueous solution. Furthermore, AC can be a realistic and affordable re-placement for pricey noble metals. Photocatalytic activities of the catalytic adsorbents are used as model pollutant (Riboflavin drug) under UV irradiation. ZnO/AC nanocomposites showed excellent photo-catalytic activity (~99% degradation of drug in 60 min) compared with that of bare ZnO NPs and AC. In addition, a recycle or reused experiment demonstrated the best stability of the nanocomposite; the ratio photo-degradation of ZnO/AC reached last more 70% after five cycle successive runs and possessed strong photo-catalytic ability. The improve photo-catalytic activities may be related to the effects of the relatively high surface area. The best data between the studied photo-catalysts appear the drug removal efficiency of ∼92% in 1 h under UV light irradiation.

Grass waste (GW), a low-cost agricultural waste, is a more effective adsorbent to remove malachite green MG dye. Treatments physical or chemical of GW by soaking in solution H2O2 (10%) for 4 hours at 25 °C. The removal of MG from bio-sorption GW was studied at several weights of GW (0.01–0.1 g), equilibrium time (2–120 min), initial concentration (10–100 mg/L), and pH solution (2–10). The effect of the factors on the adsorption efficiency was studied using the batch process. Increasing MG dye concentration, the adsorption efficiency of GW increased, but the removal percentage decreased from 10.599 mg/g to 110.99 mg/g to 94.11% to 83.08%. The data evidently displayed a removal percentage of MG of about 89.89% at a weight of GW of 0.08 g/100 mL. The adsorbent was characterized via SEM and TEM. Desorption of MG dye studies was performed with hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, acidic acid, and H2O. A high removal percentage of 89.088% in acid medium 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. With the addition of HCl, the solution pH decreases, and hence, at a pH of 3, the GW surface becomes large and protonated, and the attachment among the molecules of dye and GW becomes weakened. The data revealed that bio-sorption GW adsorbent is potentially a very low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent for the removal of MG dye.

Heterogeneous photocatalysts have been widely utilized for the degradation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Under UV light irradiation, photocatalysis of the Sulfadiazine Hydrochloride (SFD) drug in wastewater using Pd/ZnO nanocomposite was studied. The nanocomposite was prepared using a hydrothermal process. The incorporation of Pd nanoparticles into the ZnO nanostructure increased the porosity and surface area, as well as the number of functional and active sites of the nanocomposite, which can improve the photocatalytic process of drug removal. According to structural analyses using TEM and SEM, Pd/ZnO refers to a highly stable and architectural morphology. The photocatalytic degradation process revealed that after 60 min, it led to the removal of the SFD drug, and a degradation efficiency of up to 85.77% was obtained using ZnO NPs, while the complete Pd/ZnO nanocomposite photocatalytic process was obtained after 60 min, with a degradation efficiency of up to 92.25%. The high effectiveness of the prepared surface of the Pd/ZnO nanocomposite on the degradation of SFD drugs from aqueous solutions was confirmed, and the results showed the effective performance of the prepared photocatalyst in the removal of drugs. Likewise, reuse and regeneration have an important role to play in reducing the economic cost and secondary pollution, as the Pd/ZnO nanocomposite has a good ability to regenerate compared to zinc oxide, with a high percentage (92.25% to 82.87%) of four cycles.

In this study, we examined the capacity of photocatalytic degradation catalyzed by TiO2 NPs and ZnO NPs to remove the tetracycline TC drug in different solution pHs (3–10). TiO2 NPs and ZnO NPs powders were prepared using the hydrothermal method and characterized via FESEM, TEM, TGA, and XRD. The effects of several method factors, such as weight of photocatalyst (0.1-0.4 g), concentration of TC drug (25-100 mg/L), different pH values (3-10), and irradiation time, on the removal of TC drug were studied. The photocatalytic degradation capacity of TC drug was fast in the present optimum condition (pH 10) and slower in (pH 3) of TiO2 NPs and ZnO NPs; the degradation capacity of the TC drug under UV light decreased with an increasing concentration of TC drug. The photocatalytic degradation capacity of TiO2 NPs is 81.33%, while the photocatalytic degradation capacity of ZnO NPs is 92.45 %. These data underline the use of effective, eco-friendly, easily available, and low-cost TiO2 NPs and ZnO NPs as photocatalysts for degrading TC drugs in aqueous solutions. Therefore, as shown by the results, the photocatalytic degradation of the TC drug using zinc oxide nanoparticles is greater than that using TiO2 nanoparticles.

This study demonstrates peanut shells as a potential inexpensive and ecofriendly adsorbent for adsorption of streptomycin drug from aqueous solution via batch adsorption method. Reaction isotherm studies were carried out at several experimental conditions of concentration of streptomycin drug (10-100 mg/g), adsorbent dosage (0.1-2 g), equilibrium time (5-60 min), and solution pH (3-10). The adsorbent surface was characterized via field emission scanning electron microscopes (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The best adsorption efficiency of drug on to peanut shells was observed as high as 1.677 mg/g. The removal percentage % of streptomycin drug rise with increasing weight of peanut shells as well as solution of pH. Equilibrium of streptomycin drug on to peanut shells rind is found to be quick, and equilibrium to reached in 60 min. Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm models were useful to fit the result of equilibrium peanut shells, and it was noticed that isotherm Freundlich fits the multilayer peanut shells ability for drug was 1.455 mg/g. These data demonstrated that peanut shells are locally available, ecologically, effective and inexpensive adsorbent for the adsorption of Streptomycin drug from aqueous solution.

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) treated and oxidized with sulfuric acid were utilized as a higher adsorbent for fast removal of sulfadiazine hydrochloride (SFD) drug from aqueous solutions. The effect of different important parameters like equilibrium time (5-60 min), temperature 10-40 oC, pH (3-10), adsorbent dosage (0.001-0.05 g), and concentration of drug (10-100 mg/L) were well studied and optimized. As a result of the value optimization of different factors such as equilibrium time 30 min, temperature 30 ᵒC, solution pH 3, concentration of drug 50 mg/L, and weight of MWCNT 0.03 g. The adsorbent MWCNT was characterized via FE-SEM, TEM, and EDX analyses. The development of MWCNT shows a better potential (removal percentage 97.29% and adsorption capacity Qe 162.15 mg/g) within 1 hr for best drug removal from aqueous solution. The isotherm result was found fitted and in best agreement with the isotherm Freundlich model. The higher and fast removal of drugs was done using MWCNTs in a very short period of time, and the best adsorption efficacy of the developed adsorbent in comparison with developed adsorbent establishes the importance of this research.

In this work, a coal fly ash (CFA) as a waste generated from chimney furnaces was tested as a low-cost adsorbent to streptomycin (SPM) drug removal from aqueous solution. Treatment of the samples coal fly ash was performed to reduce cost the of end use. CFA composition depends on the kind of coal utilized and has crystalline and no crystalline character. CFA is a valuable material and extensively utilized in cement production and as a higher adsorbent for water treatment. The physical properties like surface area, morphology, porosity, and chemical composition (alumina, iron oxide, silica, and titania) make CFA efficient material for wastewater treatment. The CFA was characterized via chemical and physical techniques, like FE-SEM, TEM, and EDX. The best optimum condition of adsorption method for SPM drug removal onto CFA, several factors were studied like, effect of contact time solution pH, concentration of drug, adsorbent dosage, and solution temperature. The percentage removal of SPM drug increased while the modified CFA dosage increased. The removal percentage % of drug increased with decreased drug concentration, also increased with increase quantity of CFA. The best of SPM drug removal found 91.76 % at concentration of drug 10 g/mL, adsorbent dosage 0.05 g, temperature 25 oC, and solution pH of 6.6. The adsorption models were tested with two isotherms like isotherm Langmuir, and isotherm Freundlich, the adsorption model was found to follow the model Freundlich.

Activated carbon (AC) as a source of normal plants (Cashew Nut Shell) were utilizing as the best, ecological and cost-effective adsorbent for removal of contaminants of Amoxillin (AMX) drug from aqueous solutions via sonicated. Adsorption thermodynamics and equilibrium isotherm of AMX drug onto AC-CNS. The data indicate that AC-CNS can be used as a low-cost substitute compared with commercial adsorbents removal of pollutants from aqueous solution. The effects of pH solution (2-10), initial concentration of AMX (10-100 mg/L), solution temperature (15-35 °C) and adsorbent dosage (0.01-0.1 g) on adsorption were evaluated. The structural and morphological properties of the AC-CNS were analyzed including FESEM, TEM and EDX. The non-linear model was conducted to determine thermodynamic parameters and equilibrium isotherms, where the result of equilibrium isotherm was fitted onto the Freundlich model. Freundlich suggested a determined multilayer adsorption efficiency (109.66 mg/g). The nonlinear models of thermodynamic factors appear to show that the adsorption was spontaneous (negative value of ∆G and positive value of ∆S) and endothermic (positive value of ∆H) at the same optimum conditions.

The adsorption capacity of a low-cost biosorbent, Sunflower Seed Shells (SFS) as activated carbon was prepared treatment by hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of 0.1 N, was investigated for removal paracetamol drug, several analyses of AC-SFS surface, like FESEM, TEM, and EDX have been done. The effect of some optimum conditions such as concentration of Paracetamol drug and equilibrium time, weight of AC-SFS, and temperature solution were investigated in the batch model. As the equilibrium time increases, the absorption efficiency increases. Likewise, the removal percentage increases and the increased weight of AC-SFS leads to an increase in the removal percentage, while the adsorption efficiency decreases. Finally, with increasing temperature, the adsorption efficiency and removal percentage increase, as a result the reaction is endothermic and spontaneous. Adsorption equilibrium studies were examined by Langmuir, Freundlich isotherm models. Freundlich model fitted the result best with an AC-SFS efficiency (Qe= 46.567 mg/g). The thermodynamic factors presses were calculated as the maximum ΔG= −3.015 kJ/mol, ΔS= 24.47 J/mol, and ΔH= 2.222 kJ/mol, the adsorption method of the studied drug was spontaneous and endothermic. These data revealed that the use of sunflower seed shells as activated carbon to remove drugs would be an interesting option from both economic and environmental.

Todays, activated carbon derived from biomass sources has wide applications. In this study, activated carbon of tea waste has been considered for adsorption of phenylephrine hydrochloride drug from aqueous solution via batch adsorption process. The adsorption tests were carried out under several conditions such as equilibrium time, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature. FESEM, TEM, and EDX techniques applied for characterization of activated carbon of tea waste before and after adsorption. The equilibrium results fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and it has been described as well via Freundlich model with best multilayer adsorption efficiency. According to analyses and experimental data, activated carbon of tea waste as a low cost, economically feasible and abundantly available adsorbent has great potential to high removal efficiency for phenylephrine hydrochloride drug.

This study investigates the comparative effects of maple syrup and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on blood biochemical indicators in female albino rats with induced kidney stone disease. Maple syrup, rich in antioxidants, and AuNPs, known for their biomedical applications, were evaluated for their potential therapeutic benefits or risks in renal health. Twenty sexually mature female albino rats were divided into five groups, including two control groups and three treatment groups. The treatment groups received varying concentrations of ethylene glycol to induce kidney stones, with or without maple syrup or AuNPs. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and albumin levels were measured, along with urinary oxalate and calcium concentrations. The group treated with maple syrup plus 100 mg/kg ethylene glycol showed a significant decrease in blood urea nitrogen levels compared to the negative control group (p<0.05), and a marked reduction in urinary oxalate and calcium levels (p<0.001). Conversely, the group treated with maple syrup plus 200 mg/kg ethylene glycol and AuNPs did not exhibit significant differences from the negative control. These findings suggest that maple syrup, particularly at lower concentrations of ethylene glycol, may have protective effects against kidney stone pathology, potentially due to its antioxidant properties. However, further research is needed to understand the implications of AuNPs and higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in such treatments.

This study aimed to investigate the potential hepatotoxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on neonatal NMRI mice through maternal milk exposure. A total of 20 postpartum dams were divided into two groups: the experimental group received 30 mg/kg of TiO2 NPs, while the control group received deionized water for 14 days. The offspring were analyzed for oxidative stress markers, bioaccumulation, and histopathological changes in hepatic tissues. The results showed no significant difference in body weight or liver-to-body weight ratio between the treatment and control groups. However, oxidative stress was evident in the treatment group, with a significant reduction in glutathione (GSH) levels (0.8 µmol/g tissue, p<0.05) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (3.68 u/g tissue, p<0.05), compared to the control group. Additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicative of lipid peroxidation, were significantly higher in the treatment group (96 nmol/g tissue, p<0.001). TiO2 content was markedly increased in the treatment group’s liver (22.4 ng/g tissue, p<0.001) and stomach milk (41.6 ng/g tissue, p<0.001), suggesting bioaccumulation. Histological analysis revealed pronounced tissue degeneration and vascular changes in the treatment group’s hepatic tissues, contrasting with the normal histology observed in the control group. These findings indicate that maternal ingestion of TiO2 NPs can lead to oxidative stress and potential hepatotoxicity in neonatal mice, with significant implications for environmental and consumer product safety regulations.