فهرست مطالب omid sohrabi

Medicinal plants have been used historically for various treatments and in human nutrition. Due to their natural occurrence and biodegradability, medicinal plants can be an eco-friendly alternative to toxic chemicals such as pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides. An in vitro experiment was conducted to test the impact of six medicinal plant extracts on tomato growth and callus induction. Two concentrations of each extract (50 and 100 mg L-1) were added to the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium culture. Results showed that Juniperus sabina extract (50 mg L-1) accelerated tomato seed germination by 100% in vitro, compared to the control group in MS basal medium. Callus growth index (CGI) and callus weight (CW) increased by 50% and by more than 200% when using Taraxacum officinale (100 mg L-1) and Conocarpus erectus (50 mg L-1) extracts, respectively. Biochemical analysis revealed that the extracts were rich in phenolic compounds (348 mg g-1 of total phenol), flavonoids (162 mg g-1), antioxidants (61%), and auxin. A rise in antioxidant activity, plant growth regulators (PGR), and plant defense elicitation probably contributed to these outcomes. Plant extracts also affected the biochemical content of calluses, except for their total phenol. We recommend using these plant extracts to increase growth, accelerate seed germination, and promote callus induction. Optimizing concentrations and combinations of medicinal plant extracts require further research to maximize their benefits to different plant species and their growth-related values.

The irresponsible use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural production has caused significant environmental impacts and damages to human health. This study aimed to explore the effects of extracts from several Iranian medicinal plants on tomato growth under greenhouse conditions. A completely randomized design was used and the treatments included methanolic extracts of Taraxacum officinale L., Conocarpus erectus L., Allium jesdianum L., Rheum ribes L., Dorema aucheri L. and Juniperus sabina L. at three concentrations of 1000, 5000, and 8000 mg/L. The measured variables were stem length (SL), internode distance (ID), branch number (BN), auxin content (AC), cytokinin content (CC), auxin/cytokinin ratio, total protein, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and anti-oxidant potential (FRAP). Under greenhouse conditions, foliar spraying with Dorema aucheri plant extract (8000 mg/L) significantly increased the stem length by 15% compared to the control. Rheum ribes extract (8000 mg/L) resulted in an increase (19%) in internode distance. However, the number of branches decreased by 34% in response to the plant extracts. Compared to the control, the amount of cytokinin decreased after spraying, whereas the auxin content showed a sinusoidal trend of change. In response to all treatments, the auxin/cytokinin ratio increased, with the highest value observed in plants treated with Allium jesdianum extract (5000 mg/L). According to the results, the plant extracts proved effective and assisted in tomato growth. Future research may aim to identify the effective biological compounds in these extracts.

The indeterminate behavior of evening primrose is a frequent limitation in its cultivation. Controlling the final growth of plants at a certain stage is important. In the present ‎experiment, different plant extracts were compared functionally with ‎cycocel at different times of application. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment based on a ‎randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included normal water ‎‎(control), cycocel (zero and 100 ppm), walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract (zero and 25%), oak ‎fruit extract (Quercus castaneifolia L.) (zero and 25%), and cotton ‎capsule extract (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (zero and 25%). Evaluations were made on the seeds, oil yield and yield-components. The foliar application significantly reduced stem length (43-80%) and plant height (13-‎‎33%), but increased the percentage of oils (18.75%) and free fatty acids (67.5%). The highest ‎oil content (35%) occurred in response to a combination of walnut, oak, cotton extracts, and cycocel.‎‏ ‏The highest amount of free fatty acids (23%) indicated more immature‏ ‏seeds and ‎was obtained under the treatment of cotton extract. Natural extracts increased the oil percentage, but reduced ‎the free fatty acid percentage and the stem length. It seems that further studies in this ‎regard can help control non-terminal growth of evening primrose without having a need for breeding ‎programs.

Today, due to the destructive environmental effects of fertilizers and chemical toxins, the application of plant extracts to improve plant growth and controlling pests and diseases is of particular importance. For assaying the effect of some plant extract on tomato growth behavior, the present study was conducted both as ex-vitro and in-vitro experiments.

The aim of experiment was to investigate the effect of extract of some plants including Taraxacum officinale, Concharpus erectus, Allium jesdianum, Rheum ribes, Dorema aucheri and Juniperus sabina. Ex-vitro experiment was performed as a completely randomized design with six treatments in three concentrations of 1000, 5000 and 8000 ppm and three replications. In in-vitro study, the experiment was performed with two concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm of plant extracts. The experiment was done at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2021-2022.

Results showed that in greenhouse and in most treatments, foliar application of tomato plnts by phytoextracts increased stem length (15 %), internode distance (20 %) and stem diameter. In contrast to that, in some treatments the number of branches (15 %), chlorophyll content and number of flowers (40 %) decreased compared to the control. Under in vitro conditions, germination rate (100 %), seedling growth (37 %), the callus formation (≥ 100 %) and callus weight increased as treated with the plant extracts. The analysis of used plant extracts indicates that they are rich sources of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant compounds. High antioxidant activity could be the main reason of observed results. Antioxidant compounds improve cell growth and even improve seed germination via the reducing the stress conditions. However, the role of these compounds in modifying the ratio of endogenous hormones in cultured tissue is not ignorable.

According to the approaches of using plant extracts for nutrition and pest and disease control, the results of the present study in Tomato cultivation is considerable.

One of the most important issues in higher education curriculum planning is identifying uncertainties. It assists to make better decisions in order to adapt to changing worlds. Therefore, the present study was conducted to provide a proposed model for the relationship between uncertainties in areas related to higher education curriculum via qualitative method. In this research, the method of qualitative content analysis of inductive analysis with data coding system was used, so that the process of referring to the data, summarizing them and finally reaching the concepts related to the research topic (identifying higher school curriculum uncertainties) was done. Data analysis was performed based on open coding and axial coding. The scope of this research includes articles and books related to the higher education curriculum that were published between 2000 and 2020. The sample consisted of 48 articles and 8 books that were selected using purposive sampling method. Findings were categorized with 71 concepts into 28 sub-categories and 13 main categories. The research findings indicate the existence of a network of uncertainties in the higher education curriculum. Finally, the proposed model of the relationship between uncertainties in areas related to the higher education curriculum was presented.

Today's organizations are in a world that is sensitive to social and environmental issues, and it is necessary to give special attention to the health and well-being of employees, as well as environmental protection, in addition to customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to determine the weight of each of the HSE maturity indices for oil and gas industries. The statistical population of the study consisted of HSE experts and experts in Sarkhon and Qeshm Refinery Company. HSE maturity indicators have been identified through semi-structured interviews with the organization's experts and the experimental data of the research. To determine the importance of dimensions and indicators, a combination of fuzzy DEMATEL and fuzzy ANP techniques have been used. The results showed that the dimensions of strategy and line with score of 97, evaluation and risk management with a score of 85 and leadership, commitment and culture with the score of 80 first to third priorities, and in the results section, the safety dimensions with a score of 172, health with score 142 and environmentalists rated 137 with the first to third priority. Finally, the HSE maturity level of Sarkhon and Qeshm gas refining companies was measured using the weights earned in the research, with 80.2% of the total points ranked 3rd (growth level).

Evening Primrose oil (Oenothera biennis L.) is a rich source of Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and other useful unsaturated fatty acids. Despite the diversity of sources of GLA, due to better absorption in the human body, evening primrose oil is the main source of GLA. In this study, the effects of pollination, harvesting method and application of salicylic acid on yield, yield components, and quality of evening primrose oil were studied. A factorial experiment as a randomized complete block design with three treatments including pollination (pollination by bees, no pollinators and free pollinators), salicylic acid (0 and 200 ppm) and harvest method (normal harvest, pre harvest by flame) and four replications was performed. The effect of treatments on the oil yield, oil content, fatty acids composition and the content of free fatty acids of oil were studied. Results showed that the oil yield and oil percentage of plants which visited by bees were at the highest amount (1.87 gr/ plant and 33.6%, respectively). Compared to the control, the oil yield of plants which treated with salicylic acid significantly increased. Between two different harvest methods, the highest oil percent (31.6 %) was observed in plants treated with flame. Under the interaction effect of treatments, the highest oil yield (2.24 g/plant) was observed in combination of bee and salicylic acid 200 ppm and the highest free fatty acids (2.19%) accumulation was recorded in the open cage with 200 ppm salicylic acid. Since pollination increases the number of formed seeds per capsules, therefore, it is expected that simultaneous application of pollinator and pre-harvest treatment by flame increases seed yield, oil yield and quality which is partly shown in the obtained results of present study.

Gamma-linoleic acid in the seed oil of evening primrose makes it nutritionally and pharmaceutically valuable. If evening primrose wants to be cultivated as an annual plant, sowing time is important. By the late sowing and depends to time most plants do not produce flower stem and stay in rosette stage until next spring. To solve this problem, the present study was performed. Seedling were transplanted to 4 kg plastic pots containing a mixture of leaf compost: local soil: perlite (1:2:1 ratio) and placed in outdoor conditions. Non-vernalized plants were then selected and treated with different temperature regimes (1, 2 and 3 weeks in 4-6ºC) and gibberellic acid (GA3) application in different concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm, separately. The results showed that although some physiological parameters were affected by low temperature, no flower stem was produced. In contrast, plants that were treated with GA3 produced flower stem. Time of flowering and the number of flowers were significantly affected by the concentrations of applied GA3. Although yield components of GA3 induced plants were higher than that of normal growth plant, the seed yield of them was low. Surprisingly, the gamma linolenic acid (GLA) percentage of seed oil of plants treated with 2000 ppm GA3 was significantly higher than that of non- treated plants. Finally, it can be concluded that, although the application of GA3 guarantees delayed sowing evening primrose flowering and better GLA production, but low seed yield is a subject that cannot be easily ignored in production.

Backgrounds and in agriculture yield is the most important factor. Plants with indeterminate growth habit are problematic for on time harvesting and causes yield loss. Honey bee helps pollination of self and cross pollinator plants. On the other hand under stressed situation plant eager to complete sexual cycle of its life, so using stress inducing compounds to reduce vegetative growth of indeterminate plants might be beneficial.
Present research conducted in as spieled factorial design based on completely randomized block. Treatments of experiment included pollinator (cage with honeybee, cage without pollinator (isolated) and free pollinators, salicylic acid (0 and 200 ppm), pre-harvest treatments (flame, without flame). In this study parameters such as plant height, number of flowers and capsule, capsule length, weight of seed contained capsule, number of seeds, TSW and seed yield investigated.
Based on obtained results, honey bee significantly affected capsule length, weight of 1000 seeds (TSW), and weight of seed contained capsules, seed yield of plant, number of seeds in each capsule, number of flowers per plant and number of capsule s. Salicylic acid singly affected number of branches. On the other hand in plants treated by flame pre harvest, weight of seed contained capsule and number of branches affected significantly. The interaction effect of honey bee and salicylic acid on measured parameters was not significant. In contrast to that, significant effect of interaction of honey bee and flame was observed on capsules. Also treating with both flame and salicylic acid affected plant height, weight of seed contained capsule, number of branches, length of capsule and seed yield. Simultaneous use of pollinator, flame and salicylic acid significantly affected weight of seed contained capsules, length of capsule s and seed yield.
Although investigations of this study determines that, primrose is self-pollinator and even clystogam, nevertheless result showed that pollinator plays an important role in increasing seed yield. Plant treating with flame one week before harvest as pre harvest treatments seems to stimulate the filling of seed via increasing the speed of nutrient transport to seed and fastened seed maturation. By stopping the plant growth via burning the stem by flame stops vegetative growth and stimulates the seed filling. As the highest quality of seed is expected at seed maturity, the high seed quality will be achievable by using mentioned treatments. It seems that, by using any way to inducing tension during seed ripening of evening primrose, an indeterminate plant, accelerates seed formation and reduces seed maturity period which results to a higher seed quality and quantity.