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In plant breeding programs, selection is one of the most important steps, and its efficiency is highly depends on the genetic diversity of the population and the heritability of traits. Due to the complexity of grain yield inheritance, direct selection is not very effective to improve it, so it is possible to obtain the necessary information for indirect selection to improve selection for grain yield by using multivariate statistical methods. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationships between important agricultural traits, evaluate basic selection indices and provide the best indices to improve grain yield and identify the best quinoa genotypes to continue the breeding program to introduce the cultivar. For this purpose, 60 quinoa genotypes received from IPK Institute of Germany and were evaluated in the frame of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2022 in the research farm located in Kohdasht city. The results of phenotypic and genotypic path analysis of grain yield showed that the two traits of 1000-grain weight and number of panicle per plant had the most positive and significant direct effect on the grain yield of the studied genotypes. Also, the use of phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients and the first row traits included in the path analysis model of grain yield as economic value led to the highest genetic benefit of the traits and therefore, they can be good and suitable indicators for the selection of superior quinoa genotypes.

Over the last two decades, the need to restore rivers to the natural and near-natural state has become noticeable. One of the most important tools to achieve this goal, is to assess the hydromorphological changes of the river due to human intervention. In the present study, in order to evaluate the hydromorphological conditions of the Tajan River along the middle to lower parts (city of Sari) the Morphological Quality Index (MQI) and Hydromorphological Quality Index (HMQI) has been used. Seven reaches in 50 m riparian buffer width were selected and three quality main indicators including geomorphological, artificial, and channel adjustment were studied using satellite images of Landsat 4 in 1975 and Landsat 8 in 2019, aerial photos in 1960 and 2006, hydrological data, and data collected during the field surveys. The results showed that the studied reaches of Tajan River mainly classified as the moderate-quality class for the MQI, while it is classified as one quality class lower for HMQI, mainly as the poor-quality class. The main reason is that all the studied reaches (except reaches 1 and 7), located downstream of the Shahid Rajaee Dam, within the 30 km, which change considerably the river discharge and sediment transfer, also the extreme human impact and anthropogenic stresses in the catchment, such as land-use change. The results also showed that the method, which was used in this study, is effective, in general, index-based assessment, diagnosis of the hydromorphological problems, and an exact comprehensive realization of the response to the mentioned stresses.

It has been reported that the incidence of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) has increased in recent years, especially among infants in the first year of life. It is thought that the use of antibiotics may trigger the development of CMPA by causing intestinal dysbiosis and altering immune response, and thus, it may be a factor responsible for the supposed increase. The relationship between antibiotic use and the development of CMPA has been evaluated in very few studies in the literature. Our aim is to evaluate whether CMPA development is associated with antibiotic use during pregnancy or neonatal period. The development of CMPA within the first year of life among infants hospitalized and followed up in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, between January 1, 2017 and October 30, 2020, was evaluated. During the study period, 1120 babies were followed up in our NICU. When the data of 975 babies who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated, it was found that the use of antenatal and conclusion postnatal antibiotics did not increase the development of CMPA. The data of our study contradicts the two study of which previously associated maternal and infant antibiotic use with the development of CMPA.This contradiction suggests that the aetiology of CMPA is multifactorial and more studies are needed to elucidate the antibiotic-CMPA relationship.

The present research aims to investigate the effect of stress on Vafsi oblique clitic PAMs and accordingly determine their placement based on LFG analysis by using the prosody-syntax interface.  Vafsi is one of the Iranian languages belonging to the Tati group of Iranian North-Western languages which is spoken only in four villages of Vafs, Chehreghan, Gurchan, and Fark in Markazi province.  This research is library-based, but, in cases of need for more evidence, linguistic productions of the native middle and old-aged male residents of Chehreghan and Vafs are used. The theory in this research is bifurcated. First, the theory of clitics is introduced, and based on Zwicky & Pullum’s (1983) criteria for discriminating clitics from affixes, 8 types of Vafsi clitics are classified. Vafsi distinguishes between direct and oblique case person-agreement markers (PAM) (Stilo. 2010). While the PAMs representing the direct case (set 1) are suffixal to the verb, the oblique PAMs (set 2) are usually enclitic. Based on the transformational generative grammar, the last type of Vafsi clitics, which is Vafsi oblique PAMs create challenges in determining clitichood, as they act as affixes in some placements but as enclitics in others. Hence, based on the transformational generative grammar, earlier studies (Stilo, 2004a. 2004b; 2010), have classified Vafsi oblique PAMs (set 2) into two categories of “affixal form” and “clitic form”. There are several criteria in determining the placement of clitics: syntactic factors, phonological/prosodic processes, a combination of syntactic-phonological/prosodic processes, and semantic/pragmatic factors. Therefore, the second part of the theory which is LFG will be used to determine Vafsi oblique PAMs clitichood condition. The direct case PAMs (set 1) are always suffixed to the verb. The verbal complex (VC) also hosts many different particles (for example negation, duration and punctual markers, and preverbs) which precede the verb itself. The clitic PAMs (set 2) usually appear directly preceding the VC and must never occur directly following the verb. Depending on whether the host ends in a consonant or a vowel, the clitic adjusts its form and either retains its vowel (refer to Stilo. 2010. pp. 53-57 for examples). The clitic is not limited to the preverbal position. Besides further positions in the clause, the clitic can also appear within the VC in VC-initial sentences. However, this position (and the clitic’s ‘form’) is constrained by the co-occurrence of other VC-related particles. Consider the following example of the 1Sg PAM clitic in combination with the punctual marker bǽ (b- before vowels) in a sentence with a non-initial VC ((1a)) and a sentence-initial VC ((1b)) (Stilo. 2010. p. 247). (1) a.  án=om [bǽ-diæ]vc b.   [b-ím-diæ]vc that=1S.OBL   PUNCT-saw   PUNCT-1S.OBL-saw I saw that. I saw. Another stressed particle preceding the verb, which shows the same pattern concerning the clitic (and cannot co-occur with the punctual marker) is the negative marker nǽ. In contrast, if the clitic co-occurs with the unstressed duration marker ær, the pattern changes ((2)) (Ibid). (2)  a.    an=om ær-góæ b. [im-ær-góæ]vc that=1S.OBL DUR-want  [1S.OBL-DUR-want]vc I want that. I want. Examples like (1b) and (2b) led to Stilo’s conclusion that the clitic has an affixal counterpart. Note, however, that these combinations are the only ones where the clitic appears as an affix. In all other combinations (VC-external and VC-internal), the clitic retains its original form. An alternative explanation that goes without this bi-categorical analysis is the assumption that the clitic is sensitive to prosodic constraints in the sense that it has a ‘stressed’ form (ím) and an ‘unstressed’ form (om). Therefore, we can conclude that if the clitic is stranded in the sentence-initial position, it is placed after the first stressed element of the following VC. In (1b), this is the punctual marker bǽ, which is shortened to b- preceding vowel-initial material. The stress is then assigned to the clitic which assumes its ‘stressed’ form ím. In (2b), stress is on the main verb, so the clitic should be placed following the whole verbal complex. However, as noted above, the clitic is banned from that position. It thus remains in its original position as the first item in an intonational phrase, again assuming its ‘stressed’ form to compensate for the missing prosodic host on its left. It can thus be assumed that the PAM clitics originate in the position preceding the verbal complex which usually provides them with a prosodic host to their left in c-structure and p-structure. However, in sentences where the clitic is the sole element preceding the verbal complex, Vafsi seeks to repair this prosodic violation by a) prosodic inversion or b) adaption of the clitic to a ‘stressed’ form, both assumed to take place in p-structure.  In conclusion, it can be claimed that in this research, we showed that the oblique Vafsi PAMs do not have an affixal counterpart, since all instances and forms of the clitics can be justified regarding prosodic constraints. In cases where the prosodically deficient oblique enclitic is left without a suitable host, prosodic inversion aims to place the clitic accordingly. The so-called ‘affixal form’ corresponds to the cases where the clitic is forced to carry stress itself and consequently assumes a ‘full form’. Therefore, the ‘affixal forms’ in Stilo’s classification are in fact clitics carrying stress. In the end, a complete formal analysis of the oblique pronoun clitics at the syntax-prosody interface in LFG is provided based on Bögel (2015).

In the last decades, helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HEM) method became a focus of interest in the fields of mineral exploration, geological mapping, groundwater resource investigation and environmental monitoring. As a standard approach, researchers use 1-D inversion of the acquired HEM data to recover the conductivity/resistivity-depth models. Since the relation between HEM data and model parameters is strongly nonlinear, in the case of dealing with simple 1-D models which the number of model parameters is less than the number of measured data, i.e. overdetermined system, implementation of regularized nonlinear least square methods is a common approach to recover the model parameters. Among the least square methods, Marquardt-Levenberg acts as an integrated optimization algorithm which comprises both the gradient-descent and Gauss-Newton strategies. This algorithm resolves the deficiencies of the slow convergence of gradient-descent and the singularity of the sparse matrix in the Gauss-Newton. Furthermore, involving the line search strategy improves the objective function to ensure that the algorithm converges to the global optimum point. In this research work, we implemented the Marquardt-Levenberg including the backtracking-Armijo line search for HEM data inverse modeling. Moreover, we used a linear filter of the Fast Hankel Transform (FHT) to figure out the forward operator for data simulation. Developing our algorithm via programming using MATLAB, we successfully obtained a resistivity model of layered earth. We employed the algorithm to recover a resistivity model from the HEM data acquired above the Alut region located at the northwest of Iran where is characterized by shear zone structure consisting of chlorite schist, Phyllite/Phyllonite, metamorphosed limestone and dolomite, mylonite and ultra-mylonite rock units. As a result, in accordance with the geological map the study area, we have successfully derived a resistivity-depth section of the subsurface along the HEM flight line and detected plausible shear zone and mylonitic granite as the favorite targets for the orogenic gold mineralization.

Pulmonary contusion (PC) is a clinical entity that often accompanies blunt traumas. We aimed to investigate the radiological and histopathological effects of surfactant treatment in an experimental rat model in which lung contusion was formed by blunt thoracic trauma. 50 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Five groups were formed randomly. In groups 2, 4, and 5 lung contusion was made by the drop-weight method after anesthesia. Intratracheal surfactant was administered in the 4th hr in groups 3 and 4 and in the 24th hr in groups 4 and 5. All rats were sacrificed and their lungs removed at 48 hr after contusion. Alveolar edema, congestion, hemorrhage, destruction, leukocyte infiltration, immune staining were examined histopathologically. When the first thoracic CT scans were evaluated, we observed two rats with rib fractures and four rats with pneumothorax. 4 and 48 hr thoracic CT evaluation contusion and atelectasis showed no statistically significant decrease (P>0.05). After sacrifice of group 2, in macroscopic evaluation, there was a heterogeneous contusion and hemorrhagic appearance in the lungs of rats and less hemorrhagic appearance was observed in Groups 4 and 5 than in Group 2. In comparison of Immunohistopathological findings, surfactant treatment showed a statistically significant decrease in leukocyte infiltration scores (P=0.046). Immunohistopathologically, surfactant group had more staining but only statistically significant when compared to groups 4 and sham. (P=0.036). Surfactant treatment may be of significant benefit in lung contusion secondary to blunt chest trauma, and further prospective evidence of its efficacy in such disorders is needed.

        Regarding mediastinal N-staging in lung cancer patients, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and integrated 18Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/CT (18F-FDG-PET/CT) are the most widespread imaging methodologies in clinical routine. In order to further extract information from non-invasive staging, we evaluated the use of 18F-FDG-PET/CT and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) MRI using histopathology as the diagnostic gold standard. Patients and A total number of 50 patients had undergone MRI of the chest within two weeks prior to surgery for histopathological proof. DCE-MRI was evaluated on the basis of region of interest (ROI)-based signal intensity/time (SI/T) curves in the respective mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs). In total, 28 LNs could be allocated to the corresponding histopathological findings, as well as to corresponding findings in 18F-FDG-PET/CT. Malignant LNs presented with significantly higher FDG uptake in PET. Significant differences between malignant and benign LNs were found for DCE-MRI regarding the parameters MaxE, 4-minutes value, SE, EP and EP/MaxE. In DWI-MRI, malignant LNs presented with significantly lower signal intensity compared to benign LNs (p < 0.01). An apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) threshold of 1528 mm2/s was found to exclude malignancy for LNs that are above the threshold. 18F-FDG-PET in addition with MRI that includes DWI might improve mediastinal N-staging, which is of interest in cases of FDG-equivocal LNs. An ADC threshold of 1528 mm2/s might potentially help to further classify LNs with indefinite PET-findings. DCE-MRI of mediastinal LNs seems not yet to be approved for clinical routine.

Identification of painful procedures is essential for the development of procedure-specific pain-treatment schedules. The aim of this study was firstly, to analyze the prevalence of acute postsurgical pain (APSP) after various types of day surgery on the fourth postoperative day, and secondly, to assess the predictive value of preoperative pain for the development of APSP after different types of surgical procedures. From November 2008 to April 2010, patients scheduled for elective day surgery were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Data were collected one week preoperatively and four days postoperatively. The 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was used for pain measurement. Moderate pain was defined as an NRS 4 to 5, and severe pain as an NRS > 5. The predictive value of preoperative pain for development of APSP was analyzed using a univariate logistic regression, stratified for the surgical procedure. From a total of 1123 included patients, 182 patients experienced moderate pain (16.3%) and 136 patients experienced severe pain (12.1%) on the fourth postoperative day. A large procedure-specific variability in APSP was observed, with shoulder, anal and dental surgery associated with the highest pain levels. Overall, preoperative pain significantly predicted postoperative pain on the fourth day (OR 4.45). This predictive value showed a procedure-specific variation and was not noted after various well-defined procedures. The prevalence of moderate to severe APSP was high four days after day surgery and showed a significant procedure-specific variation. Furthermore, there was a strong relationship between preoperative and postoperative pain, likewise characterized by a significant procedure-specific variation

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a sexual dysfunction described as the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis adequate for sexual intercourse, and its prevalence increases with age. Seen as a common sexual disorder worldwide, organic causes are the underlying reason for 80 percent of ED cases, with the most characteristic pathology responsible for organic ED being atherosclerosis. This study investigates the diagnostic value of plasma PTX-3 levels in arterial ED.
This study included a total of 45 patients who were admitted to the urology and cardiologyoutpatient clinics of the Medical Faculty of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University (COMU) and consented to participate in this study. Patients were categorized into three equal groups in number: (1) patients with ED diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) (15 patients in total); (2) patients with ED not having coronary artery disease or any other equivalent diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia) (15 patients in total);and (3) ordinary patients with no ED (15 patients in total). An interview was conducted at the andrology polyclinic with each patient in order to ascertain detailed information on their medical and sexual history and on demographic characteristics. All patients were also administered the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire.
The findings from this study investigating the diagnostic value of plasma PTX-3 levels in ED were statistically significant for two comparisons: the differences between the peripheral blood and cavernous blood values of the patient groups (group 1 and 2) and the control group (group 3), and the differences between the peripheral blood and cavernous blood values of group 2 (patients with ED who do not have CAD) and the control group (group 3).
As PTX-3 is more specific than the formerly recognized biochemical markers in endothelial dysfunction, it can be used in the diagnosis of vascular originated ED.

We investigated the air quality changes from 2003-2013 in Istanbul, Turkey.
We studied SO2, CO and PM concentration patterns in 10 districts of Istanbul. The data was obtained from air pollution monitoring stations of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Protection Department. We compared the variations of mean concentrations monthly, yearly and seasonally. The winter season was accepted from Oct to Mar and the summer season from Apr to Sep.
The highest monthly average values for all measurements of sulfur dioxide and CO were 12.61, 949.19 µg/m3 in Sarachane respectively. The Highest value of the monthly average of the Particulate Matter was 72.07 µg/m3 in Kartal district. During the period between 2003-2013, monthly mean concentration values of different districts differed significantly in levels of SO2 (P=0.012), CO (P=0.029), and PM (P=0.024).
The emissions of air pollutants (SO2, PM, and CO) decreased considerably from 2003 to 2013.

This study investigated the possible effects of low (3 mg/kg) and high (6 mg/kg) doses of nicotine on the skeletal development of rat fetuses by the double staining method and the protective role of melatonin (10 mg/kg) against these effects.
Eighteen adult female Wistar-Albino rats were divided into six groups (n=3, each) as control, low-dose nicotine, high-dose nicotine, low-dose nicotine駩媶觢, high-dose nicotine melatonin and melatonin. While nicotine was given to the experimental groups on gestation days 1–20, nicotine and melatonin were administered together to the treatment groups. The fetuses were delivered by cesarean section on the 20th day of pregnancy. The skeletal systems of the fetuses were stained using the double staining method. The forelimbs and hindlimbs of the fetuses were firstly investigated under a stereomicroscope, and then their photos were taken. The total bone length, the length of the ossified part and the ossification rate were calculated using the ImageJ program.
The degree of ossification in the bones of the feet and the hands was determined. When the total bone length and the length of the ossified part were evaluated, they were significantly decreased in the nicotine groups (P It has been found that the use of nicotine during pregnancy delays skeletal ossification and that melatonin, a powerful antioxidant, eliminates the teratogenic effects of nicotine.

Genetic variation, population structure and linkage disequilibrium in 144 durum wheat genotypes, mainly belonged to different geographic regions of Iran, has been studied in this research. Genotyping of population carried out by Illumina Infinium 15K array, consisting of 13006 SNP markers. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.08 to 0.37, with a mean value of 0.26. Pairwise kinship coefficients among genotypes showed that 58.85% of the values were zero and only about one percent of the coefficients were larger than 0.5, indicating that there was a poor relatedness among the genotypes. We identified six main subgroups within the population inferred by STRUCTURE analysis. The subgroups were somewhat separated based on geographical origins. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) indicated that the first two principal coordinates explained 16.35 and 7.52% of the total genetic variance among the genotypes, respectively. The results of this research indicated that SNP markers are efficient tools for genetic variation characterization, and population structure studies of wheat genotypes and can be used in selection of genotypes as crossing parents and marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

In scope of the study, behavior of timber-framed shear walls having openings with variable dimensions and locations subjected to reverse cyclic loading is experimentally investigated. Main variables considered in the study are the aspect ratios of timber-framed panel walls, dimensions and locations of the openings on the panel walls, material of the timber frames and spacings of the nails used in the panel connections. Load–displacement relationships, strengths, stiffnesses, displacement ductility ratios, energy dissipation capacities and failure mechanisms of the specimens are determined. The ultimate load capacities of the timber-framed panels are calculated as per Eurocode 5 and presented in comparison to experimental results. Moreover, lateral load-resisting capacities and load–displacement relationships of the test specimens are numerically calculated with finite element analyses. A good agreement was observed between the numerical and experimental results. From the test results, it is observed that the load behavior relationships of the test specimens significantly affected by aspect ratios, location of the openings, material of the timber frames and spacing of the nails used to provide connection between the timber-framed panel elements. Also, the increasing size of the openings decreased the stiffness’ of the test specimens.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have important roles in survival and chemoresistance. These cells are commonly recognized with CD44 and CD24 markers. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effects of mtDNA content on cell surface positivity for anti-CD24 and anti-CD44 antibodies and chemoresistance level in AGS, HGC-27 and MKN-45 gastric cancer (GC) cell lines and to determine a setpoint for mtDNA copy for each cell line.
In this experimental study, we initially decreased mtDNA levels in AGS, HGC-27 and MKN-45 by EtBr treatment. This depletion was confirmed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Changes in cell surface positivity for anti-CD24 and anti-CD44 antibodies in control and mtDNA-depleted AGS, HGC-27 and MKN-45 were then analyzed with flow cytometry. Changes in chemoresistance (5-FU and cisplatin) were analyzed for all cell lines. The relationship between mtDNA content and cell surface positivity for CD24 and CD44 markers was examined.
The highest CD44 positivity was found in HGC-27 and MKN-45 ρlow cells which had 33-40% mtDNA content of control cells, however, CD24 positivity decreased with mtDNA depletion in all cell lines. The highest chemoresistance levels were found in all ρlow cells. mtDNA-recovered (i.e. reverted) HGC-27 and MKN-45 cells partially maintained their increased chemoresistance while reverted AGS cells did not maintain an increased level of chemoresistance.
mtDNA depletion triggers chemoresistance in cancer cell lines and is correlated with increase and decrease of CD44 and CD24 positivity respectively in HGC-27 and MKN-45 GC cell lines. A mtDNA content above or below the identified setpoint (33-40% of that in control cells), results in the decrease of CD44 positivity and chemoresistance levels.

A notable proportion of idiopathic male infertility cases is accompanied by oligozoospermia; and yet, the molecular mechanisms of fertilization problem underlying this defect are still unclear. Epithelial cadherin has been involved in several calcium-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion events; however, its participation in gamete interaction has also not been fully investigated.

The aim was to investigate the changes in the expression of E-cadherin, based on the frequency of Single nucleotide polymorphisms in Nuclear Factor Kappa-B 1 and pre-mir-146a in oligospermic men.

In this case-control study, semen and blood samples of 131 oligospermic men as the case group and 239 fertile healthy men as the control group were analyzed. Variants single nucleotide polymorphisms rs28362491 and rs2910164 were performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method and E-cadherin expression were determined by immunoprecipitation studies.

ins/ins genotype of rs28362491 was determined as a risk factor for idiopathic oligospermia by 1.73 times (p=0.0218), whereas no significant differences were found between the groups concerning pre-mir-146a rs2910164 polymorphism (p=0.2274 in case of GC genotype and p=0.9052 in case of GG genotype). Combined genotype analysis results did not show any notable differences between the multiple comparisons of 28362491-rs2910164 in oligospermic men and control groups. In addition, E-cadherin expression of oligospermic men with ins/ins genotype was significantly lower than patients with del/ins genotype (p=0.0221). E-cadherin expression level was low in oligospermic men with respect to the control group in presence of ins/ins genotype of NFKB1 gene.

These results suggest that ins allele prevents binding of surface proteins to spermatozoa, leading to a low affinity of sperm-oocyte interaction in oligospermic men.

In this study, the antioxidant, antiacetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, and DNA protecting activities of the aerial parts of Glaucium grandiflorum var. grandiflorum were evaluated. It was found that the lyophilized methanolic extract exhibited an inhibitory capacity against FeCl3/ascorbic acid induced posphatidylcholine liposome oxidation (EC50 = 2.62  0.08 mg/mL), quenched HOCl (5.87  0.07 mg/mL ), stable DPPH (EC50 = 2.03  0.17 mg/mL) and ABTS cation radicals (EC50 = 4.80  0.14 mg/mL) and acted as reductant as expressed by the FRAP value (2.453  0.07 mM/L Fe2). The acethylcholinesterase inhibition capacity of the lyophilized methanolic extract at 320 μg/mL (80.75  1.59%) was found to be strong and almost equal to the inhibition capacity of the positive control, galantamine (82.23  2.21%) at 25 μg/mL. The significant AChE inhibitory activity suggests that the extract may be beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The extract also showed inhibitory activity against plasmid DNA damage (94 %), as well as COX-2 (69.05 %), which is a target for many anti-inflammatory and cancer-preventive drugs. These results indicate that G. grandiflorum var. grandiflorum methanolic extract is an excellent source of compounds with antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase and anti-inflammatory properties that prevent DNA damage.

The aim of this study was to calculate the radiation amount exposed during percutaneous nephrolithototomy (PCNL) and to make the urologists and other staff sensitive about the radiation risk they were exposed to.
We measured the radiation exposure during 114 cases of PCNL performed. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were placed between the operation table and the patient at the location of kidney and gonads of patients to measure the radiation exposure of patients. TLD were placed at the head, neck, finger and the legs of the operating surgeon to measure the occupational exposure of the urologist. And also two dosimeters were placed to the inner wall of the operating room and two dosimeters were placed to the hall.
The mean fluoroscopy screening time was 2.18 minutes (0.15 - 6.12) and the mean operation time was 49 minutes (10-150). The mean radiation exposure for patients was 1.307 milisievert (mSv) at kidney location and 0.562 mSv at gonad location per procedure. Surgeon exposure was 0.021 and 0.003 mSv per procedure for hand and leg, respectively. Radiation amounts exposed inside the room and by the surgeon were statistically significantly lower than measured radiation results compared to patient kidney.
According to our findings radiation exposure of the patient and the surgeon is below the annual occupational dose limit recommendations. However, for protecting from stochastic effects of radiation, fluoroscopy should be used as low as possible and lead aprons and thyroid shields must be worn to minimize the radiation exposure.

In this study, hydrological indices variability due to land use change were assessed in the Marboreh watershed. In order to prepare land use maps, maximum likelihood method was used in the ENVI software. It was created land use scenarios based on land use maps and climate data. Then, after the SWAT calibration and validation, flow discharge data, and hydrological indices were simulated and extracted for each scenario, respectively. Statistical analysis carried out using Mann-Kendall and t-test for hydrological indices. The results of Mann-Kendall test showed that in the first scenario, hydrological indices related to high flow including high flow pulse duration, high flow pulses days per normal flow days and high flow pulses duration per high flow has decreasing trends at the 1% significance level. All indices (except maximum September flow, low flow pulses duration per low flow counts and high flow pulse count) in the second scenario, and high flow pulse count in the third scenario and also except maximum September flow in the fourth scenario, had decreasing trends at the 1 & 5% significance levels. The results of t-test revealed that minimum April flow and maximum September flow in the first scenario altered at the 5% significance level with scenario #2 and #4 scenarios, respectively. Low flow pulse count, low flow pulse duration, high flow pulse duration, low flow pulses days per normal flow days had altered between #1 and #4 scenarios, and high flow pulses days per normal flow days altered between #1 with #2 and #4 scenarios at the 1% significance level. Generally, the results of this study in the Marboreh watershed revealed that hydrological indices related to the minimum and maximum flows were decreased and increased due to land use changes, respectively. Also, impacts of land use change on hydrological indices related to the minimum flows was higher than hydrological indices related to the maximum flows.

In the communication sector, a large amount of data needs to be transmitted very quickly with an increasing user demand. To accommodate these demands, single carrier systems leave their place to multiple carrier systems. The transmission of large amounts of data at high speed requires high-quality radio access over multi-way damped channels. The amplitudes of the signals reaching the receiver at different times and paths are caused by fluctuations in the signal strength, this is called damping effect. The received signal is weaker than the transmitted signal due to the average transmission loss and damping. The adverse effects such as the damping effect on the communication channel greatly affect the performance of the wireless communication and prevent to reach high transmission speeds. In addition to multipath demodulation, multipath propagation also extends the time required for the transmitted signal to reach the receiver. In wireless communication systems, the best way to mitigate the damping effect on the channel is to take advantage of diversification techniques. OFDM, one of the multi-carrier systems, provides efficient channel capacity enhancement. In this study, the performances of least squares (LS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation methods, which are channel estimation methods, required to remove the interchannel interference in the OFDM technique are investigated by computer simulations. In interchannel interference in the OFDM technique is analyzed with LS and MMS estimation methods and results are compared with respect to Signal to Noise Ratio aspect. The results are promising.

Poisoning with calcium channel blockers and beta blockers are associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, especially in children. Treatment of poisoning with these drugs includes administration of atropine, glucagon, calcium and inotropic agents as clinically needed; and newer approaches like hyperinsulinemic euglycemia and intravenous lipid emulsion therapies. We herein present two refractory cases of calcium channel blocker and beta blocker poisoning that underwent hyperinsulinemic euglycemia and intravenous lipid emulsion interventions.
CASE 1
A 17-year-old female patient has been brought to our setting unconscious and recalcitrantly hypotensive and bradycardic after taking 8 tablets of 90 mg diltiazem hydrochloride. The patient was given saline, atropine, repeating doses of calcium gluconate, dopamine, noradrenaline, hyperinsulinemic euglycemia treatment, hemodiafiltration, and lipid administration. She achieved a full recovery during follow-up, and was discharged with cure.
CASE 2
A 17-year-old girl, who developed an unresponsive hypotension after ingesting 12 tablets of 12.5 mg carvedilol, 6 – 7 tablets of 450 mg diosmin 50 mg hesperidin, and 6–7 tablets of 10 mg metoclopramide hydrochloride, was treated with saline, glucagon, calcium gluconate, dopamine, noradrenaline, and administration of hyperinsulinemic euglycemia and lipid. The patient responded well to the treatment, and was discharged with cure.
The newer treatment modality of lipid emulsion has been reported to achieve promising results by several reports in the literature; however, there are a limited number of published cases regarding its use in children. Further studies to assess the pediatric utilization of these treatment approaches are needed.

5-FU, an anticarcinogenic agent, is reported to have side-effects that include hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The study objective was to investigate the protective effects of naringin on 5-FU-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Thirty rodents were assigned to three groups. The control group received 1 ml of intragastric distilled water for 14 days. The 5-FU group received 1 ml of distilled water for 14 days as a placebo. On day 9, this same group received a 20 mg/kg dose of 5-FU administered intraperitoneally(IP) for a further five days. The naringinFU group received a 100 mg/kg dose of naringin (IP) for 14 days. On day 9, 20 mg/kg of 5-FU was administered (IP) to this group for a further five days. On day 15, the rats were decapitated, and blood and renal and hepatic tissues were taken.
It was determined that serum creatinine, BUN, AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH levels, as well as cytokine levels in the liver and kidney tissues were significantly elevated in the 5-FU group, compared to the control group. The comparative values were similar in the control and naringinFU groups. When the liver tissue was examined histopathologically, in the control group it was found to be normal in structure. However, necrosis was observed in the hepatocytes of the pericentric region in the 5-FU group. 8-OHdG cell density was significantly elevated in the 5-FU group, compared to the control and naringinFU groups.
Naringin was observed to have a protective effect on 5-FU-induced liver and kidney damage.

Steroid cell tumors (SCTs) constitute less than 0.1% of all ovarian tumors. They are divided into 3 categories according to cell of origin: Stromal Luteoma arising from stromal cells of the ovary, Leydig cell tumor arising from Leydig cells, and SCT not otherwise specified (NOS) when the origin of the tumor is not defined.
Herein is presented a case of SCT diagnosed one month after a caesarian section delivery of a female fetus with ambiguous genitalia. The patient was admitted to the emergency department with the findings of acute abdomen, and surgery was performed under emergency conditions. The patient had virilization and hoarsening of the voice before surgery. Intraoperatively, a 21-cm ovarian mass was detected and resected with unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
A histopathological examination of the tumor showed a tumor with cystic degeneration, necrosis, hemorrhage, and tumoral embolism. The pathological examination revealed ovarian SCT. Virilization was resolved immediately after the surgery. In women with virilization who give birth to a fetus with ambiguous genitalia, SCTs should be kept in mind.

Illnesses influence patients as well as patient's relatives and cause emotional problems, such as anger, fear, and anxiety. Determining the needs of patient's relatives increases satisfaction of patients and relatives and enhances health-care goal achievement.
The objective of this study was to examine the needs of critically ill patient's relatives in emergency departments and the state of meeting these needs.
This descriptive study was conducted on 202 critically ill patient's relatives at emergency department of Atatürk University Research Hospital. The data were collected using the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory for Emergency Departments (CCFNIED) and a form for meeting the needs of critically ill patient's relatives. Data were analyzed using percentage distribution, mean, analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney U test, and Kruskal–Wallis test.
The needs of patient's relatives according to the order of importance included communication with family members (3.88 ± 0.28), being supported (3.40 ± 0.42), being involved in care in the emergency department (3.27 ± 0.34), and comfort (3.20 ± 0.51). Using CCFNIED, the total mean score was 3.52 ± 0.31.
Related studies are recommended to consider patient's relatives in the emergency department as a part of care, enable them to be involved in patient care, provide support for them, and enhance their comfort.

In this study, the mutagenic and anti-mutagenic effects of methanol extract of three lichen species (Cetraria aculeata, Cladonia chlorophaea and Cetrelia olivetorum) were investigated by using E. coli-WP2, Ames-Salmonella (TA1535 and TA1537) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test systems. The results obtained from bacterial test systems demonstrated that methanol extracts of three lichen species have strong anti-mutagenic potencies on TA1535, TA1537 strains and to a lesser extent on E. coli-WP2 strain. The anti-oxidant level of human lymphocytes cells was determined in order to clarify the mechanism underlying the anti-mutagenic effects of these lichen species. Co-treatments of 5, 10 and 20 µg/mL concentrations of these three lichen species with AFB decreased the frequencies of SCE and the level of MDA and increased the amount of SOD, GSH and GPx which decreased by aflatoxin. The findings of this work have clearly demonstrated that Cetraria aculeata, Cladonia chlorophaea and Cetrelia olivetorum have significant anti-mutagenic effects which are thought to be partly due to the anti-oxidant activities and the interaction capability of lichen extracts with mutagen agents (Sodium azide, acridin, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and aflatoxin B1).

Renal cell carcinoma accounts 85% of all renal tumors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical and pathological results of female patients with RCCs and compare with male patients. The patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical characteristics of male and female patients were analyzed and compared with age, tumor size, histological subtype, Fuhrman nuclear grade, and pathological T stage. There were 266 patients in the study. Of these patients; 181 patients (68.05%) were male and 85 patients (31.95%) were female. The female patients’ and male patients’ mean ages were 57.09±13.36 and 60.24±10.44 years (P=0.007), respectively. Tumor size was smaller in female patients than male patients with statistically significant association (5.69±3.20 and 6.97±3.67, P=0.046). According to the histological subtypes, female patients had a greater proportion of chromophobe RCC with 18.82% of the patients. Interestingly, papillary (12.56%) and sarcomatoid differentiation (6.01%) subtypes were predominantly seen in male patients. The proportion of localized disease (pT1-2) was 80% and 74.3% in female and male patients, grade 1 and 2 consist 61.16% and 48.63% of the female and male patients. The female patients with RCC had smaller tumors and presented at younger age than male patients. Further research and epidemiologic studies are needed to define the effect of gender in renal cell carcinomas.