فهرست مطالب p. ahmadi

Given the importance of economic education/training, it is of as important to see the extent to which the junior high school curriculum contains topics related to this field. To this end, all the textbooks used at the junior high level, at the time of the study, were content analyzed using Shannon entropy method and an observation list of themes/concepts related to economic training, with an assumed validity, and the reliability of 0.9. Counting the frequencies of the observed themes, a total of 1184 was observed of which 418 of them were in the 7th grade textbooks, 375 in the 8th grade, and 391 in the 9th grade textbooks. Not all of these themes are equally covered, just as some are not covered at all. For example, the concept of appropriation is the most frequent topic covered across the grades, while things like task division and risk are ignored in all three grades textbooks. It was found that the Social Studies textbook has the most extensive coverage of economic themes, while the Culture & Art and Defense Preparation textbooks are at the lowest rank. Thus, a revamping of the textbooks used in junior high school level seems to be necessary.

For several decades, countries around the world have recognized the significance of development in attaining human excellence, eradicating inequality, and establishing social justice. They have prioritized the pursuit of development goals as the focal point of their macro policies. Since women constitute half of the population, it is crucial to prioritize their education. Higher education plays a key role in shaping human resources, underscoring the significance of promoting women's education and giving due attention to single-sex universities. The current research utilizes a qualitative approach within the interpretivism paradigm, employing the content analysis method to explore the lived experiences of students studying in a single-sex environment of Alzahra University. The research participants are comprised of female undergraduate students, selected through purposive sampling. The findings represent across four dimensions: the individual dimension, which includes aspects such as self-confidence, freedom of expression, respect, a safe and comfortable environment, stress control, good feeling, support, flexibility, feminine feeling, mutual understanding, focus on lessons and academic progress, spirit of questioning, jealousy, and a lack of interest in university, school-like environment, and clothing. Social dimension encompasses harmony, social communication, shared thoughts, and a lack of social communication with the opposite sex. Cultural dimension involves factors such as not allowing education and choosing a university based on values and versatility. The cognitive dimension includes learning topics in a theoretical and non-practical way, a focus on obtaining grades, and a lack of connection with the labor market.

Clinical empathy is a essential skill in medical profession, ability to understand the patient's perspectives and experiences and convey this understanding to the patient. aspects of education such as transferring behaviors, norms and values in the form of hidden curriculum work better than explicit. Hidden curriculum factors affect the formation of clinical empathy that is implicitly and unintentionally transmitted throughstructures, culture and organizational interaction. Thus, the main goal of this study is to determine the influencing factors on the formation of the hidden curriculum of empathy of residents of medical universities.

This qualitative study was conducted based on grounded theory. The participants include the third- year assistants of the internal medicine department of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, whose selection method was a purposive and theoretical. In total, semi- structured interviews were conducted with 22 assistants,. Interviews were analyzed using Corbin and Strauss coding methods (open, selective and axial) which were identified. To ensure reliability and validity, criteria: acceptability, transferability, reliability, and verifiability were used.

Findings indicate that the total number of free codes extracted from the content of the interviews was 73, which after merging similar codes with each other, classified in 9 similar concepts and finally in 4 the main themes were categorized. Results show that effective components on the formation of the hidden curriculum of empathy of residents included components of Skills needed by assistants (educational skills and basic skills), components of individual characteristics (psycho- personality and lifestyle), support factors including (material support and spiritual support) and the issues of organizational include (working environment of hospitals and clinics, job satisfaction and the structure of the educational system).

According to the results of the current research, for the formation of clinical empathy in the competent assistants, it is necessary for universities of medical sciences to carry out formal evaluation of clinical empathy, comply with international standards, provide Sufficient comfort facilities take steps to prevent job dissatisfaction and job burnout, create positive and supportive relationships, so the findings of this research can be helpful in the field of clinical empathy formation in assistants

A broad term, citizenship can guarantee an individual's rights and responsibilities in the society. The growth and dynamism of a society depends on citizens who feel responsible to participate in social and political affairs and have the necessary knowledge and insight to do so. Various school subjects make a significant contribution in this area. The present research has studied the evolutionary path of the concept of citizenship in the elementary school curriculum for social studies. A descriptive method involving content analysis of the subject material – elementary school textbooks for social studies from the 1980s up to the 2018-2019 school year – has been used. A checklist for the components of citizen education – three areas consisting of knowledge, skill and citizen attitude) as well as the quantitative method (Shannon's entropy) – have been used as the unit of analysis for the pages (texts, questions, exercises and pictures). Specialists have confirmed the validity of the checklist, and the research findings based on the load of data obtained from the three components of knowledge, skill and attitude indicate that while the concept of citizenship has the smallest coefficient of importance (0.318) through the years 1981 to 2002, while during the years 1981 to 2013 and in 2015 it rose to 0.326, and enjoyed its highest coefficient of importance and attention in 2013 (for third and fourth grades) and 2015 (for the fifth grade), 0.345. The rise in attention toward the concept of citizenship in the curriculum for social studies is a good omen implying the attention it enjoys as a significant part of the curriculum.

The role of attention in the performance of athletes is important in theory and practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of internal focus of attention based on balance and external focus of attention based on the accuracy of the Abdoliochagi in scoring from the e-hogu of girls of Taekwondo. The research design was pre-test and post-test with control group. The participants in this study were 45 female athletes from the age group of 10-14 having the red belt. After the pretest, participants were randomly divided into three group balance, accuracy, and control. The results of analysis of covariance showed that there was no significant difference between the adjusted mean scores of the Abdoliochagi Impact Score of the attention-focused group, the balance-based and non-focused attention group. Therefore, the focus of attention based on accuracy and balance did not have a significant effect on the scores obtained from the Abdoliochagi Impact. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that coaches during training and competitions do not emphasize on the focus of the athlete's inner attention on the balance and the focus of the external attention on the accuracy of the strikes in order to score points from the opponent

The present study aimed at evaluating thinking and lifestyle curriculum based on Francis Klein`s theory from the perspective of thinking and lifestyle teachers and students. The research method was descriptive- analytical. For collecting data, library information, articles, authoritative scientific sites and semi-structured interview were used. The statistical population was consisted of thinking and lifestyle teachers and students of the first high school of Tehran in the academic year of 1396-97. A targeted sampling method was used to select teachers and students.The sample was determined by theoretical saturation criterion, that after interviewing with15 teachers and 20 students, interview was saturated. The method of categorization and coding was used to analyze the data from the interview. According to the findings of the research, the damage to the thinking and lifestyle curriculum elements from the perspective of the teachers, the learning activities, the educational materials, evaluation, grouping and time of education, and, from the students' point of view, the learning activities, evaluation, the educational materials, time and space of education.

In this research, the anti-corrosion resistance of titanium/zirconium based conversion coating on Al-2024 substrate was investigated. Ti/Zr solution practical parameters such as acids concentrations(1, 5, 10 g/lit) solution pH (3, 4, 5), and immersion time (1, 3, 5 min) were optimized Obtained result from DC (Direct polarization) and EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) revealed that Ti/Zr conversion coating with the acid concentration of 1 g/lit for both H2ZrF6 and H2TiF6 solution pH equal to 4 and immersion time of 3min had the highest anti-corrosion performance. Corrosion current density and low frequency impedance values for untreated substrate are 48.1 μA/cm2 and 1439 ohm.cm2 respectively. These values for optimized Ti/ Zr conversion coating are 6.1 μA/cm2 and 4206 ohm.cm2. Also, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) images indicated the presence of fine and compact particles on the surface of Ti/Zr treated substrate