p. namdar

Orthodontic appliances are usually in contact with the oral mucosa for a long time due to the length of the long-term treatment and are associated with problems due to the continuous contact and friction created. This study was conducted to investigate the epithelial cells of the mucosa of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

In this cross-sectional study, smears were collected from three separate areas in 150 patients referred to the dental clinic of Mazandaran University: Area A (slide A): oral mucosa exposed to friction caused by orthodontic brackets, area B (slide B): oral mucosa exposed to friction with the tube on the orthodontic tape and Area C (slide C): oral mucosa without friction, i.e., the lower area of the oral cavity (control area). For histomorphometric analysis, each slide was evaluated with Papanicolaou staining using a light microscope, and the nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA), and the ratio of nuclear area to cytoplasmic area (NA/CA) were recorded in square micrometers.

The mean NA was 65.66±22.11, CA was 717.37±1846.53, and NA/CA was 0.037±0.010 square meters. The difference in NA and CA between slides was significant )p<0.001) (slide A

The findings of the study indicate that fixed orthodontic treatment has a significant impact on the nuclear and cytoplasmic area of affected areas compared to non-affected areas. Only some degree of inflammation may be seen in the areas exposed to the orthodontic appliance.

Sleep disorders have an adverse effect on the physical and mental health of patients with diabetes. Low quality of sleep can also affect disease control and complications. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and fasting blood sugar (FBS), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 250 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the diabetes clinic of Velayat Hospital, Qazvin, were included by convenience sampling. The data collection tool included the checklist of personal-social information and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Regression models, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and Mann-Whitney U test were used for data analysis. The mean and standard deviation of FBS was 207.72±75.40, and HbA1c was 8.58±1.92. Among the participants, 175 patients (70%) had poor sleep quality. Based on Spearman's correlation, there was a direct and significant relationship between the FBS (r=0.487, P<0.001) and HbA1c (r=0.465, P<0.001) with the total score of sleep quality. According to the logistic regression model, poor sleep quality increases the chance of poor blood sugar control by 3.17 times. The present findings showed a direct relationship between poor sleep quality and poor diabetes control. Therefore, ensuring sleep hygiene should be considered an important part of the treatment and care of patients with type 2 diabetes for better management of their blood sugar.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the maxilla is a rare malignancy arising from minor salivary glands. The clinical and radiological appearance may be similar to any odontogenic/nonodontogenic pathology. This study aims to report a rare case of primary central ACC of the anterior maxilla.

Case Report: 

A 31-year-old man was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery complaining of swelling and pain in the right anterior maxilla for 3 months. The patient has noticed swelling and pain in this side since about five months before and instead of diagnosing this tumoral lesion, false diagnosis and unsuccessful root canal therapy were considered. A biopsy was performed in the central region and microscopically, the lesion showed tumor cells arranged in sheets in fibrous stroma islands of epithelial cells showing a classical “Swiss cheese” pattern. Based on clinical, radiographic, and CBCT evaluation and positive immunohistochemistry of CD63, and C-Kit confirmed ACC diagnosis. After the diagnosis, the lesion was completely removed by enucleation and curettage performed by the surgeon. Postoperative radiotherapy was performed. Follow-up within 3 years since the initial diagnosis showed no sign of recurrence.

Based on the results of this study, early diagnosis and treatment of ACC can lead to successful treatment and patient survival.

The Covid-19 pandemic has adversely affected various dimensions of life and lifestyles, and sexual life is no exception. The present study aimed to determine the effect of multimedia sexual index promotion packages on the sexual function, desire, and satisfaction of couples during the outbreak of Covid-19.
Materials &

This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 60 married people in Qazvin City, Iran, in 2022. Participants were randomly assigned into control (n=30) and intervention (n=30) groups. Demographic questionnaire, Larson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire, Hurlbert Index of Sexual Desire, International Index of Erectile Function, and Female Sexual Function Index were used to collect data. The Chi-square, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon test were used for data analysis.

In the intervention group, the mean of sexual function, desire, and satisfaction significantly increased in the post-test compared to the pre-test (p<0.05). This difference was observed only in sexual desire in the control group (p<0.05).

Multimedia sexual indexes promotion packages improve sexual function, desire, and satisfaction of couples during the outbreak of Covid-19.

Malocclusion is one of the most important dental malformations that can affect a personchr('39')s appearance and function and self-confidence. On the other hand, knowing the prevalence can be an effective aid in proper prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 14-12 years in East Mazandaran.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 1369 students aged 12 to 14 years old from 18 schools in 5 different regions of East Mazandaran province in the academic year of 1996-97 were randomly selected. Angles classification was used to determine the prevalence of dental malocclusions in the study population. After collecting data, data were entered into SPSS 22 software and Chi-square statistical analysis was used.

Among the 1369 students included in the study, class I malocclusion with 69.2% (948 people) had the highest prevalence among students (73.8% boys and 67.6% girls). Also, the prevalence of class II and III malocclusion among students was 163 (11.9%) and 61 (4.5%), respectively. Only 14.4% (197 people) of students had normal occlusion.

Based on the findings of our study, class I malocclusion was the most common and class III malocclusion was the least common among girls aged 12-14 years in East Mazandaran.

Trauma is an important public health concern in the world. With the advancement of science and technology and the industrialization of societies in the past century, trauma and its complications have become an important issue. Trauma is the most common cause of death and disability in people aged 1-44 years. Furthermore, trauma is the leading cause of reduced life expectancy and years of life lost worldwide. The most important measure to be taken in the event of a crisis is to maintain the survival of the casualty, prevent permanent complications before basic treatment, return the casualty to pre-injury living conditions as soon as possible, and provide emergency assistance quickly and intelligently. Since traumatic injuries may deteriorate without intervention and time resolution, posttraumatic survival rate largely depends on time. The chances of survival after trauma in the case of severely injured patients increase with their timely transfer to treatment centers. Pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) are an integral part of the healthcare delivery system and play a key role in the provision of pre-hospital services and patient transfer to medical centers. The purpose of such medical services is to provide appropriate treatment at the right place and time by using available resources. The correct operation of different parts of this system results in the rapid and timely dispatch of ambulances to the patientchr('39')s bedside and the prevention of death and disabilities. Qazvin province has a strategic location in terms of transportation and industry. Qazvin is the communication route of more than 13 provinces in Iran and a bridge between the capital and the northern and western regions, as well as Caucasus and European countries. Figures related to the traffic accidents in Qazvin province show that this province has a large share of road accidents due to the small geographical area in the country. The present study aimed to determine the influential factors in the survival of trauma victims until discharge from selected hospitals in Qazvin province during 2014-2018.

This retrospective correlational study was conducted on 835 trauma patients using the data of Qazvin Emergency Center during 2014-2018. All the cases of the air transport of injured patients were included in the study due to the small number of cases. Among the cases of transferring trauma patients via the ground route, the subjects were selected via stratified random sampling with an equal volume for each year of the study period. Data were collected using an information registration form consisting of data on personal characteristics, trauma characteristics, pre-hospital and hospital emergency procedures, patientchr('39')s clinical condition upon arrival at the patientchr('39')s bedside, transfer mode, consciousness level at different times, and vital signs at different times. Data collection tools were the emergency center information questionnaire and the hospital records of trauma victims. Data analysis was performed in SPSS 16 using Chi-square, t-test, and regression analysis at the significance level of P<0.05.

 Out of 835 trauma victims, 608 cases (72.8%) were male, and 227 cases (27.2%) were female. In terms of age distribution, the mean age of the injured subjects was 39±16.03 years (range: 18-98 years). The trauma pattern was pervasive in 106 patients (12.7%) and blunt in 729 patients (87.3%). Among the subjects, 59 cases (7.1%) died of trauma, of which 14 cases (23.7%) had penetrating trauma and 45 cases (76.3%) had blunt trauma. The mean body mass index of the trauma patients in the hospital was 25.88±4.44 kg/m2. Underlying disease (P=0.03) and smoking habits (P=0.028) were significantly correlated with survival. The most common site of trauma was the limbs in 790 patients (94.6%). The type of trauma was blunt in 729 patients (87.3%) and 106 patients (12.7%), and the most common cause of trauma in 602 cases (72.1%) was vehicle accidents, while the least common causes were work-related accidents, explosion/lightning, and electric shocks (n=30; 3.6%). In addition, the mean severity of head, face, abdomen, upper limb, lower limb, and superficial anatomy injuries of the subjects was estimated at 22.66 ± 13.64, and the mean severity of head, face, abdomen, limbs, pelvis, and chest injuries of the subjects was 21.62 ± 14.23. The mean total duration of emergency services was one hour and 21 minutes (standard deviation: 33 minutes), and the mean duration of release operations was 25 minutes (standard deviation: 11 minutes). To investigate the influential factors in survival, a logistic regression model was used along with the inter-method reliability, and the variables affecting survival were analyzed by the regression model. According to the findings, the injury severity score (ISS; P=0.001) was significant in the regression model. In other words, a one-unit increased in the ISS reduced the chance of survival in the injured by 0.86. Furthermore, the chance of survival in the injured who had normal pupil and heart conditions was three and four times higher, respectively.

 Proper and timely methods of diagnosis and treatment of trauma (especially the prevention of these injuries) are paramount. Due to the high prevalence of traffic accidents as the main cause of such injuries, cultural and social structures should be corrected in the field of driving and transportation improvement. Diagnosis of the severity of the injuries plays a key role in effective patient care and leads to reduced mortality and morbidity due to major trauma. Given the large number of road accidents, efforts must be made to develop the necessary care and protocols to prevent death following trauma in proportion to the severity of the patientchr('39')s injury. This requires the cooperation of various institutions, including the police, roads, and urban development.