فهرست مطالب parisa shahinrokhsar

The present research was carried out in Guilan province, Soumae-Sara city, Kishestan greenhouse town, in 2023.

This research is a causal and post-occurrence research and in terms of purpose is practical research. The validity of a researcher-made questionnaire was obtained by presenting it to 15 experts and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's coefficient, being 0.9. The statistical population of this research was 103 greenhouse owners who were divided into two groups with pressurized irrigation system and without it. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated, being 82 greenhouse owners.

Descriptive results showed that there are more greenhouse owners in the second group than the first group. The second group is lower than the first group in terms of education level, technical skills, cultivation level, performance at the same level and annual income, and they use more labor for their activities. The first group has access more skilled people and most of them can access after-installation services and spare parts. The second group is not satisfied with insurance services; furthermore, educational and promotion programs have not satisfied them well and they do not have access to research and service centers and they are dissatisfied with their services. They do not have the right desire for scientific visits, meetings with promoters, using computers, the internet, and promotional publications, as well as it does not attract their satisfaction. The findings of inferential statistics also stated these differences between the two groups as statistically significant. The logistic regression test showed that the coefficient of determination in the first step is 0.57, in the second step is 0.71, in the third step is 0.82, in the fourth step is 0.89, and in the fifth step is 0.93, therefore, 93% of the changes in the dependent variable of the research come from the independent variables.

By creating appropriate credit institutions for granting loans with lower interest rates and also having breathing space for repayment and longer repayment period, low-income greenhouse owners can buy the necessary equipment related to the pressurized irrigation systems in their greenhouse.

Because safflower contains more than 90% of unsaturated fatty acids, it can play an important role in expanding the area under cultivation of oilseeds and providing oilseeds in the country. Considering the lack of water and the need to investigate the behavior of the safflower plant in low irrigation conditions, it is necessary to have a proper estimate of its performance under water stress conditions. This oilseed plant needs areas with little winter and spring rainfall during the flowering period and is drought tolerant and has long roots with a high ability to absorb water from deeper soil profiles.

In order to estimate the yield production function and yield components of safflower plant variety Sina under water stress conditions, an experiment was carried out in a research farm located in Kermanshah province. This research was conducted using the data collected in two crop years in a research farm in Kermanshah. The yield response factor was implemented at three levels of 70, 60 and 30% of water requirement based on soil moisture balance in three iterations. Based on the data of the first year, the two production functions of Raes and Tafteh, yield response factors of the plant were determined and evaluated using the data of the second year. To calculate the growth degree day (GDD), two methods of direct calculation and modified average were used. The maximum possible temperature for growth is about 30 degrees and the minimum temperature for growth is 0 degrees as the recommended and acceptable low limit (no trend). In this research, the maximum value of 30 degrees and the base temperature value of 4 degrees were taken from the water requirment system database(niwr.ir). Then different periods of phenology were calibrated with this index. Also, the relationship between GDD index and transpiration evaporation coefficients and yield response factors and irrigation requirement were investigated.

The findings showed that the yield response factors of safflower plant to water stress varies between 0.5 and 1.2 in different growth periods and the highest sensitivity is in the flowering period and the middle period of this plant. Also, the results of the investigation of the two production functions showed that the values of the statistical indicators for both functions are the normal error value of 5% and the efficiency value of both functions is about 97%. The results show that the lowest average evapotranspiration in different treatments was related to the 30% water requirement treatment with 189.8 mm and the highest was related to the 100% water requirement treatment with 632.7 mm.

Based on the obtained results, the Sina safflower plant is most sensitive to dehydration in the middle and flowering stages, and the yield response factors reaches its maximum in this stage (about 1.2) and water stress is not recommended at this stage. On the other hand, Rees and Tafteh function with the presented yield response factors can estimate the results with acceptable accuracy in water stress investigation based on the presented coefficients. On the other hand, in the absence of plant data and complete meteorological data, only by using the GDD index can evaluate the values of plant coefficient and plant sensitivity to water stress and plant irrigation requirement  with appropriate accuracy.

The purpose of this study was to assess irrigation management and determine water productivity in olive orchards managed by local farmers in the country. To achieve this, the amount of water provided by gardeners and the yield of 102 olive orchards that underwent irrigation using various methods, surface and drip irrigation, were measured across the provinces of Qazvin, Fars, Zanjan, Gilan, Golestan, and Semnan. This data was collected during two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019. Measured values were compared with NETWAT-estimated net irrigation requirements as well as Penman-Monteith-derived values. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the average volume of irrigation water, yield, irrigation water productivity, and applied water productivity in the selected provinces are significantly different at a probability level of 1%. According to the study, the volume of irrigation water used in olive orchards varied from 2848 to 11463 m3/ha, with a weighted average of 6011 m3/ha. The average yield of olives in the production poles of this product has varied from 1500 to 11000 kg/ha over the two-year period, and its weighted average has been 4867 kg/ha. It is also worth mentioning that the water productivity ranged from 0.2 to 2.40 and its weighted average was 0.95 kg/m3. Furthermore, the applied water productivity in the selected provinces ranged from 0.18 to 1.45 and its weighted average was 0.63 kg/m3. Upon evaluating the efficiency of irrigation in the olive orchards, it was observed that the quantity of water delivered was approximately 27% and 17% less in comparison to the irrigation requirement calculated using recent 10-year meteorological data and NETWAT, respectively. In other word, forced deficit irrigation has taken place in the olive orchards

The main objective of this quantitative-qualitative research was to analyzing the mental preferences of paddy farmers towards second cultivation in Rasht County. The statistical population of the study consisted of 30 progressive farmers in Rasht County who were selected by purposive sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS22 and Expert Choice11 softwares. The reliability and Validity of the questionnaire was approved by calculating the Cronbach's alpha and construct validity.The Findings showed that "lack of government support for the production and sale of these products, lack of successful model farms in cultivating alternative crops under government management" and "lack of an appropriate market for these products» with a ratio of 93, 90 and 73%, were the most important barriers to farmers' willingness to second cultivation, respectively. Also, the most important factors determining the type of cultivation were revenue generation, production costs and market for products, respectively. The results showed that, ratoon and local beans were in the highest ranks in the farmers' mental preferences in growing crops based on revenue generation, sales and production cost criteria, but in terms of water scarcity and employment criteria, local beans and forage were in the highest ranks, respectively. Overall, the results showed that, ratoon with a weight value above 0.453 was in the first priority in second cropping pattern and local beans and forage (with 0.353 and 0.087 weights) were in the next priorities, respectively. Designing an optimal cropping pattern, guaranteed purchase, establishing model farms and development of conversion industries are suggested.

Despite Gilan Province being a rainy region in Iran, inappropriate distribution of rainfall during the growing season has a negative impact on the growth of crops, including borage. This study was conducted to determine the proper irrigation regime for borage at different stages of growth. For this purpose, fifteen field experiments, based on 15 combinations obtained from the Central Composite Design, were conducted using high and low levels of treatments including water requirement (without irrigation (I1) and full water supply (I2)), two growth stages (stem elongation (D1), stem elongation and flowering (D2)), and two years with different rainfall (drought (Y1) and wet season (Y2)). The experiments were performed in Giulan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center located in Rasht. Irrigation and stage of growth had the most and the least effects on borage yield and growth parameters, respectively. Dry season increased the grain yield, oil yield and oil percentage, while other parameters reached their maximum value in wet year. The value of 1000-seed weight for D2 was equal to 18.9 g, and the values of dried flower yield, fresh flower yield, seed yield, and economic yield are equal to 468, 858, 486 and 983 kg.ha-1, respectively. Oil yield and oil percentage for D2 were equal to 160 kg.ha-1 and 33.5%, respectively. Considering the optimal levels for all parameters based on the interpolation of factor values in the central composite design, if the percentage and yield of oil is less important than the other parameters, it is necessary to provide 88% of irrigation water for the stem and flowering stages in the wet season. In order to achieve maximum yield and oil content, full supply of irrigation needs in dry season and in the stem stage should be considered.

Water is the main factor in forest production and rain and snow are the most important sources of forest water supply. But always a percentage of rainfall is lost and comes out of the forest surface water cycle. That part of the rain that does not reach the soil of forest ecosystems is divided into two parts. This article reviews the concept of rainfall in the forest and the impact of its components on the water balance of watersheds. Rainfall of trees plays an effective role in determining the amount of rainfall reaching the forest floor and therefore is an important part of the water level in the ecosystem of forest structures. Loss from the canopy surface and evaporation from the forest floor debris. It also focuses on the hydrological cycle and the food cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. If you know the amount of rainfall in areas with dry season during the growing season, if the amount of rainfall is high, according to the water needs of the mass, by performing thinning operations, to establish regeneration and also to meet the water needs of species The plant helped effectively. A large share of summer rainfall in the forest in the form of rainfall is out of reach of the forest massif; Therefore, it is necessary to know the amount of rainfall, especially to evaluate and measure evapotranspiration in forest ecosystems and therefore for the proper management of forest watersheds.

Considering Sefidrud River discharge decrease in the last decade in Guilan province in the north of Iran, groundwater and surface water resources can meet the water demand of rice cultivation in this area. It is evident that irrigation water quality should be considered in rice cultivation. Electrical conductivity (EC) is one of the essential parameters of assessing the quality of groundwater. The purpose of this research is to identify areas at risk of groundwater EC decrease for rice cultivation. For this purpose, zoning and probabilistic maps were prepared by ArcGIS software. The models were evaluated using ME, RMSE, MSE, RMSSE, and ASE statistical indices. The accuracy of the models was very good; the RMSE values for ordinary kriging were between 0.2674 and 0.4172 dS/m, and for indicator kriging, they ranged from 0.2841 and 0.4087 dS/m. The zoning and probabilistic maps showed an increase in EC of more than 1 dS/m from 2002 to 2015. In addition, the highest EC in Guilan province was in the central and eastern parts of the province, including Rasht, Astaneh, and Lahijan cities. More than 30% of groundwater resources were exposed to excessive salinity exceeding rice's tolerance level. Therefore, to prevent the quality mitigation of groundwater resources in the province and prevent yield penalty related to irrigation water salinity, the regional water companies should take appropriate management measures such as a ban on digging new wells or reducing groundwater extraction in hazardous areas.

Irrigation management plays an important role in the performance and productivity of rice water consumption. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of irrigation time on yield and of Ratoon Hashemi cultivar in the form of a factorial design with three replications and in three crop years at the Rice Research Institute (Rasht). Irrigation treatment was at three levels of permanent flooding (I1), capillary cracking (2 mm) (I2) and coarse cracking (5 mm) (I3). The results of compound analysis of variance showed that all quantitative and qualitative traits of Raton rice were significantly affected by the test years. In general, due to the right temperature and hours of sunshine, ratoon growth conditions in the first year of the experiment were better than in the other two years, which positively affected plant height, cluster length and 1000-grain weight, increasing grain yield by 1122 kg / ha. The effect of irrigation management on ratoon yield and yield components also showed that coarse crack irrigation increased yield by 463.4 kg / ha compared to other treatments. Also, the highest plant height of 104.8 cm was obtained from flood irrigation. Irrigation management was not effective on other traits such as 1000-grain weight, straw yield, cluster length and harvest index. The highest water consumption efficiency in the first year was 0.69 kg / m3/ha and the lowest in the third year was 0.41 kg / m3 / ha. Also coarse crack irrigation treatment compared to permanent flood irrigation treatment increased water efficiency by 34%

One of the most reliable methods for assessing the effects of climate change is the use of climate variables simulated by general atmospheric circulation (GCM) models, but these simulations have uncertainties. Avoiding the uncertainties associated with climate change in research will reduce the credibility of the results and result in unrealistic and unrealistic results. In this study, the data of temperature, precipitation and radiation simulated by 5 models HADCM3, NCCCSM, NCCCSM, INCM3, GFCM21 and MPEH5 at the Synoptic Station of Rasht based on A1B, A2 and B1 emission scenarios were statistically analyzed. Also, the uncertainty of each of the general atmospheric circulation models and diffusion scenarios was investigated by weighting method. The results of the test of the calculated statistics for each model were presented individually. The INCM3 model in the A1B scenario for simulating rainfall, the NCCCSM model in the A1B scenario for radiation simulation and GFCM21 under B1 scenario for simulating minimum temperature and HADCM3 model in the A1B scenario for maximum temperature simulation. The results of ensemble performance of the models also showed that in the future planning, the group composition of the models can be simulated with less uncertainty and more accurately the climatic parameters. In order to select the best scenario based on the group implementation of the models, the best match is the simulated rainfall data with real data based on B1 scenario, for A1B scenario data and minimum and maximum temperature based on scenario B1.

This study aimed to explain thebehavior and attitudes of farmersin the adoption ofIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) technologiesinrice fields. The main instrument ofresearch was a questionnaire whose validitywas confirmed bya panel of professorsandexecutive experts, and its reliabilitywas confirmed by apreliminarytest.The sample employed inthe research study comprisedfarmers who were participating in extensionprograms of integrated pest managementheld in Lahijanand Amlash during2012-2014.The findings showed that the predominant activity of farmers wasthe use of combinedmethods (chemical and non-chemical), leaving crop residue on the field, and using biological control, with the rank average of 9.27, 9.25, and 9.12from the total average of 6.5, respectively.In addition to,private extension cooperatives, rice supervisors, agricultural extension staff,educators, and TV programswith the average of 11.14, 10.87, 10.80, and 10.71 of the total average of 7.49 had the highest share in informing the farmers. Based on such findings, some suggestions were also given,such as concentration on special aspects of integrated pest management, attention to the education of rural women, and employingyoung and educated members of farmers’ familiesas arms of agriculture extension in transferring innovation of integrated pest management to families.

A randomized complete block design with three replications was performed in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht in 2008, to find the effect of supplement foliar application of nitrogen and potassium on ’Daylam‘ hybrid rice grain yield, its components and grain protein percentage. Foliar application of 20 kg nitrogen (5 percent N) and 15 kg potassium (3 percent K2O) in different pre-anthesis stages was considered as treatments. Foliar application of distilled water was considered as control. Results showed that the grain yield and biological yield were increased in treatments which nitrogen and potassium was applied at pre-anthesis stages compared to control treatment. Foliar fertilization of nitrogen in maximum tillering stage had the highest effect on number of tiller per plant and grain number per panicle. The highest percentages of fertile tillers were related to foliar application of nitrogen at both maximum tillering and booting stages. Foliar application of nitrogen at maximum tillering and booting stage significantly increased grain protein content by 12.1 percent which it was 8.3 percent greater than control treatment. Result also showed that a significant and positive correlation exists between grain yield with biological yield and percentage of panicle fertility. Overall, it was concluded that maximum tillering stage is the best pre-anthesis phonological stage for foliar application of nitrogen and potassium on cv. Daylam hybrid rice.

This study is aimed at an identification of farmers'' knowledge level on soil and water issues، hardware and software requirements، and to characterize farmers'' educational priorities in Tehran، Khuzestan، Golestan، and Mazandaran Provinces. Three pilot plans were selected and evaluated in each province. Field survey was employed and the required data collected via personal interview whit the farmers، filling questionnaires، and consulting with local experts and authorities in the studied regions. The reliability of data was assessed through Cronbach''s Alpha coefficient being about 0. 81. Results showed that in spite of many activities and attempts done in the studied regions (including educational and extensional affairs، administrate executive plans، i. e.، irrigation and drainage networks، encouraging farmers to level their land channel lining، developing pressurized irrigation systems، etc.)، the actual condition of water and soil management in the study regions is a long way away from the ideal. In general، the farmers'' technical knowledge regarding soil and water issues was relatively low among the farmers questioned. However، they benefited from an average knowledge of agronomy e. g. rotation، application of nutrients and pesticides/herbicides mainly due to the fact that those inputs are payed for، and also one can actually observe their beneficial effects in the field. Most farmers (96. 6%) did not measure the applied water to their fields، instead، they concentrated on their indigenous knowledge. Time (56%) and amount (64%) of irrigation water applied to the fields was based upon the farmer''s local knowledge. Over 90% of the farmers involved in the study were not familiar with internet، computer and neither whit soil and water management softwares. The conducted training courses for farmers were mainly related to agronomy issues (81%). Rarely، they were provided training courses concerning such soil and water issues as، irrigation scheduling، irrigation management، and advanced irrigation methods. Main challenges in the regions under study were insufficient inputs (39%)، water scarcity (28%)، and inadequate agricultural machinery (12%). Educational priorities in the studied regions were also determined and presented.