parvin raji

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelop-mental disorder. According to the DSM-V, this condition has a variety of symptoms including impaired social relationships, and behavioral disorders. Various studies have shown that these children also have balance problems that are rarely investigated in this population. The purpose was to investigate the effect of single- and dual-task exercises on the functional balance of these children.

The study design was a clinical trial research. The participants were 40 children with ASD (9 to 14 years) who were randomly divided into two groups. The single-task exercise group only performed balance exercises, while the dual-task exercises group performed both balance exercises and cognitive tasks at the same time. The sessions consisted of 45-minute sessions (3 times a week for 4 weeks). The functional balance tests were performed before and after the intervention.

There were no significant differences between two groups in the Timed Up and Go test, 10-meter walk test and Mini-BESTest endpoint of the study, but there was a significant difference in Pediatric Berg Balance Scale (p=0.01, effect size=0.82). Dual-task exercises could not cause significant improvements in the functional balance of the participants compared to the single-task group. 

It seems that evidence that dual-task exercises cause significant improvements of functional balance of the participants compared to the single-task group is inconclusive.

This study was conducted to evaluate the psy-chometric properties of a Persian version of the Adolescent Leisure Interest Profile (ALIP) in Persian-speaking adolescents with Cerebral Palsy (CP). 

Thirty adolescents with CP participated. The test-retest reliability, construct validity of the ALIP with the Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE), and discriminative validity were examined. 

There were no floor and ceiling effects. Test-retest reliability of the Persian version of the ALIP for the total scores ranged from 0.69-0.94. Cronbach alpha for internal consistency of the Persian ALIP was obtained 0.98. Evidence for construct validity was found with significant correlations between the ALIP and the CAPE domains (r=-0.45-0.69). The standard error of measurement and the smallest detectable change values were 0.08-8.22 and 0.22-22.87, respectively.

The Persian version of the Adolescent Leisure Interest Profile is a useful tool for measuring leisure activities in Persian-speaking adolescents with CP.

According to DSM-5, sensory processing problems are among diagnostic criteria in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Various studies have shown that games, as the main occupation of children, can be helpful in performing sensory interventions. Solving sensory problems isoneof themostcommondemandsof families with children withASD. Children’s families play a key role in the implementation of occupational therapeutic interventions.

This randomized clinical trial investigated the effectiveness of sensory play activities performed by parents at home on the sensory patterns of children with ASD.

Fifty-one children with ASD, aged 3 to 6 years, were divided into the intervention and control groups. All participants attended 16 sessions of in-person individualized sensory integration therapy (SIT) in a clinic for 8 weeks. In the intervention group, children received 8 sessions of a sensory play activity intervention performed by parents at home. Data collection instruments included the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2 and the sensory profile 2. Parametric (independent and paired t-test) and non-parametric (Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests) were used for statistical analysis to compare between-group and within-group mean differences.

The resultsshowedthat althoughall four sensory processing patterns improved significantly in both groups (P< 0.05) (i.e., the within-group effect), children in the intervention group showed significant improvements in three sensory patterns, including sensory avoiding, sensory sensitivity, and sensory registration (P< 0.01). There was no significant difference in the mean score of the sensory seeking pattern between the 2 groups (P > 0.05).

Sensory integration therapy improved dysfunctional sensory processing patterns in ASD children, an effect that was enhanced by the simultaneous implementation of sensory play interventions.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between fine motor skills and reading components and compare the fine motor skills of normal children and children with dyslexia.

In this study, 47 children with dyslexia children and 47 normal children in the first to the third grade of elementary school in the age range of seven to nine years were examined with the Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and NEMA reading test. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, U Mann-Whitney methods, multiple linear regression, and Spearman correlation coefficient.

The results showed children with dyslexia were significantly weaker in fine motor skills than normal children (p <0.001). In addition, a relationship existed between the subtest of response speed and reading accuracy in normal children, but it was in normal children. A significant relationship was found between visual-motor control subtests and Upper-limb speed and dexterity with reading accuracy and speed. None of the motor subtests were related to reading comprehension. In children with dyslexia, no association was found between motor subtests and reading components.

Seemingly, fine motor skills can be used as an essential factor along with other effective factors in improving the reading skills of children with reading disabilities

Older people are more vulnerable to physical disability, as well as mental illnesses. They also may experience challenges that can be related to Nussbaum's Central Human Functional Capabilities. The purpose of this study was to explore the elderly's views related to Central Human Functional Capabilities.
This study used a qualitative approach to understand older people's perspectives on capabilities. Purposive sampling was used to select nineteen older women aged 65 to 79 years. The data collected through semi-structured interviews were thematically analyzed.
Eighteen themes emerged by thematic analysis of the ten functional capabilities, including life (life expectancy, life satisfaction), bodily health (functional independence, nutrition, and accessibility), bodily integrity (independent decision-making and dealing with insults), senses, imagination and thought (material interests and religious beliefs), emotions (love of children),  practical reason (daily routine), affiliation (respect for others, empathy for others, gender discrimination), other species (interest in nature and flowers), play (interest in recreational activities), and control over one's environment (political participation, being dependent).
Despite the importance of all the capabilities from the viewpoint of the elderly, the "bodily health" and "bodily integrity" capabilities were of particular importance. Health policymakers should recognize the Central Human Functional Capabilities and allocate resources and services that best promote these capabilities for the elderly.

Autism Spectrum Disorders are described as anomalies of social interactions, and having repetitious and stereotype behaviors. There is a positive correlation between hyper sensitivity and attention disorders in the diagnosed children. Also, there is a problem with hypo sensitivity in these children in the sense that they are not capable of performing adaptive behavior. Also, they lack interaction skills and social interactions. The present study aimed to investigate the intervention of the sensory based intervention of the high function autistic children on their adaptive behavior. The present randomized clinical trial was conducted on 50 children with Autism Spectrum Disorders who were selected from an available sample. The data was collected using Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales questionnaire. The evaluations were conducted both before and right after the interference. The control group received the normal therapy whereas the experimental group received this therapy together with the privileges of the sensory protocol of the present study. The obtained data was analyzed using SPSS and running Paired T-Test. The findings of the study indicated that there was no significant meaningful difference between the performances of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in the two groups regarding the interactive skills (P=0.575), daily living skills (P=0.702), socialization (P=0.449), and maladaptive behavior (P=0.605). According to the results, the interference had no effect on the adaptive behavior of the Autistic children. Considering the fact that adaptive behavior is related to secondary senses (olfactory, taste and hearing), it is suggested that these factors be taken into consideration, too.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is one of the most commonly encountered peripheral nerve ending disorders that occurs after compression or strangulation of the median nerve in the wrist tunnel. The functional status is greatly impaired in the daily activities of a patient with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and may cause problems for the subjects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise therapy on the functional status of patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. This study was a single-blind clinical trial on 66 female patients with mild and moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome that referred to occupational therapy clinics. Eligible patients were divided into two groups of 33 patients in the intervention and control each. The intervention group, in addition to the common interventions (including medication), received a prescriptive therapeutic treatment, and the control group had common treatments. The Functional status questionnaire or Boston questionnaire was completed in four intervals before, during the intervention (third week), immediately after the intervention and one month after the intervention in the two groups. To analyze the data, independent t-test, paired t-test and general linear model of repeated measure was used in SPSS. Interventions in the intervention group showed a significant difference in functional status (P<0.001) in patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Exercise therapy can lead to functional improvement in patients with Carpal Tunnel syndrome.

Improving the quality of life in children and adolescents with disabilities is the primary goal of children's rehabilitation services and researchers. Reducing and identifying environmental barriers for children with disabilities are essential to create an inclusive society. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between environmental barriers and quality of life of children with cerebral palsy. In the current descriptive/analytical cross-sectional study, 67 children with cerebral palsy were selected via the convenience sampling. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ), and CP-QOL questionnaire (Primary Caregiver). The data were analyzed using SPSS software running Pearson correlation. The findings showed that there is a significant negative relationship between quality of life and environmental barriers (r = -0.36, p <0.05). Also, a significant negative correlation was found between the quality of life of children with cerebral palsy and physical environment of home, the physical environment of the community, transportation, and social support (p <0.05). However, there was no relationship between the quality of life and the components of the physical environment of the school, social support at home, attitude of family and friends, attitude of teachers and therapists, and attitude of classmates (p <0.05). The results of the present study showed that there is a significant relationship between quality of life and environmental barriers so that as environmental barriers around children with cerebral palsy decrease, the quality of life increases and vice versa.

Sensory defects are one of the common complications of stroke. Various studies have reported the prevalence of these deficits in stroke patients between 11 and 85%. These defects in the upper limb of the hemiplegic vary from the lack of primary senses to more complex perceptions, and they reduce the use of the affected limb. Weakness in fine motor manipulation of objects, weakness in the skills of grasping, decrease in the level of activity on the affected side and ultimately a decrease in the quality of life of the individual are seen. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of extroceptive and proprioceptive sensory stimulation on daily living activity and motor function of upper limb in stroke patients. This interventional study was a blind clinical trial that was performed on 60 patients with chronic stroke. Upper limb function (Fugle-Meyer test) and daily living activity (Barthel test) were evaluated. Patients received extroceptive and proprioceptive sensory stimulation for 6 weeks. Treatment was based on the Rood approach. The results of this study showed that the intervention group had significant improvement in motor function (p<0.0001) and daily living activity of upper limb (p<0.0001). Based on the results, it can be implied that extroceptive and proprioceptive sensory stimulation are effective methods in improvement of motor function and daily living activity of the stroke patient’s upper limb.

ObjectiveEvidence has shown that because of the multiplicity and diversity of the symptoms of cerebral palsy, integration between different specialists in evaluating the function of this population does not exist. Comprehensive ICF Core Set of cerebral palsy including a set of functions of these children and the aim of this study was to determine the validity of this version based on Iranian Occupational Therapists’ perspectives.
Materials & MethodsThis study was a qualitative study using expert panels and Delphi survey. Experts were the academic staff of the universities that were selected through convenience sampling. Content validity was done by them. Then a Delphi survey was used for generating consensus on the final version. Participants were 50 clinical Occupational Therapists who were invited via email from across the country. An agreement of 75% was considered as the cut-off for inclusion of each code-category.
ResultsAfter expert panels and rounds of Delphi, 60% of the code–categories of comprehensive version of ICF Core Set of cerebral palsy approved by Occupational Therapists. In the final version, 82 code-categories were listed that included 21 code-categories for Body Functions, 40 for Activity/Participation, and 21 for Environmental Factors. This indicates that Occupational Therapists pay more attention to the activity/ participation component.
ConclusionThe validity of the Iranian ICF Core Set for children with CP aged 0–6 years was supported by Iranian Occupational Therapists. It could be the basis for evaluation of this population in Occupational Therapy.

Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease have significant effects on the quality of life in this group of patients. Among these symptoms, dizziness is associated with the changes in Orthostatic Hypotension (OH). About 30% of people over 65 years have dizziness; However, the exact mechanism of dizziness in these patients was not clear. Dizziness has symptoms such as fainting, light headache, vertigo and imbalance. The present study is based on the given fact that one of the reasons for dizziness in Parkinson patients is the disturbance of balance systems. In addition, the vestibular system is one of the main elements involved in normal balance. As, the role of vestibular system in Parkinson disease has been suggested in previous studies. The main aim of current study is to investigate the effects of vestibular exercises on the dizziness of Parkinson patients. Twenty-four patients participated in this study based on the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Dizziness Handicap Inventory-Persian (DHI-P) was used for dizziness measurement. In addition, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach (FR) and 2 Minutes Walking Test (2MWT) were used for measuring the postural control before and after interventions. The intervention group performed the vestibular exercises and the control group performed the conventional exercises (3 days a week for 60 minutes and a total of 24 sessions). The total score of DHI-P showed a significant improvement in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Also, the BBS tests (P<0.001), FR (P<0.001), 2MWT (P=0.001) showed a significant improvement in the intervention group. Based on the results of this study, it could be suggested that vestibular exercises, as none sophisticated, feasible, and low cost rehabilitation–protocol has beneficial effects for patients with Parkinson disease. This protocol does not need any particular equipment and can be used in all environments while it can reduce dizziness and improve motor skills and postural control in this group of patients.
References

Mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have the lowest grade of quality of life compared with mothers of children with other disorders like mental retardation, learning disorders, or physical impairments. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study on the influence of severity of disorder and occupational performance of autistic child on mother’s quality of life. This study aims to determine the relationship between quality of life of these mothers with severity of disorder and occupational performance in their autistic children.
The participants included 35 mothers and their children with ASD (aged 3 to 7 years). They were selected by available sampling method from Tehran City, Iran. Severity of disorder and occupational performance were respectively measured by Gilliam Autism Rating Scale 2 and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure.
The relationship between mothers’ quality of life and severity of their children’s ASD was significant (except for two components of physical roles [P=0.276] and bodily pains [P=0.174]. Also correlation of mothers’ quality of life and occupational performance was significant (except for four dimensions of physical functioning [P=0.439] , physical roles [P=0.801], bodily pains [P=0.105] and role emotional [P=0.140]).
The results show that quality of life of mothers of autistic children is significantly associated with severity of disorder and occupational performance of children, but its relationship with severity of disorder is more pronounced than occupational performance. Therefore, in order to improve mother’s quality of life, the severity of symptoms of ASD should be decreased and child’s occupational performance increased.

The time use of people in the occupation areas is affected by conditions, such as disability, environment, and family changes. One of these disabilities is Cerebral Palsy (CP), which requires long-term care. This study aimed to determine the difference between time use of mothers of school-aged children with CP with mothers of pre-school children with CP.
The present study is a descriptive/analytical study. A total of 64 mothers of children with CP along with their children, aged 4-12 years, were participated in this study. They were divided into two groups; mothers of pre-school and mothers of school-aged children. In this study, mother’s time use form was used to collect data. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-19 conducting the Independent t test and Mann-Whitney tests to compare the two groups.
There was a significant difference between two groups with respect in working days of the week (P=0.009). This study indicated that mothers of the schoolgoer children allocated more time for their children. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to their time use on holidays and weekends.
According to the findings, particular attention must be paid to the quality of life of mothers with school-aged children who have CP.

The results of literature review revealed a controversy with regard to the effect of visual input on static standing balance in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Moreover, it has been suggested that using combining tasks, such as mirror visual feedback, can improve static standing balance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of visual feedback on static standing balance in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy compared with that in normal children.
Participants included 15 children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and 15 normal children were selected conveniently. Children were instructed to stand with bare feet for 60 seconds on a Kistler force platform with their eyes open, eyes closed, and mirror visual feedback. Independent t-test and paired t-test were used for data analysis.
A significant difference was reported in comparing children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and normal children during conditions of eyes open, eyes closed, and mirror visual feedback [P≤0.05]. A significant difference was reported in COP excursion [P=0.03] and COP path length in mediolateral plane [P=0.01] when comparing the two conditions of eyes open and eyes closes in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy [P≤0.05]. A significant difference was also reported in COP velocity in mediolateral plane when comparing the eyes open and eyes closed conditions in normal children [P≤0.05].
According to the results of the study, it can be suggested that children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and normal children are similarly dependent on visual input to maintain their static standing balance. Moreover, using mirror visual feedback can adversely affect static standing balance and it cannot benefit static standing balance in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.

Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System (PEGS) enable disabled children to self-report and also adjust and prioritize therapeutic goals for intervention. The aim of this study was to carry a validation study on the construct of cultural adaptation and the Persian version of (PEGS) among 6-12 years old children with physical disability.
This is a validation study. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 20 participants, namely, children and their caregivers to complete the piloted questionnaire. After obtaining the consent of the scale developer, two translators were given the task of translating the text. The translations were analyzed and a pilot study was conducted. Through numerous sessions of the expert panels with 10 occupational therapists from Iran University and Tehran University, changes were suggested and made on PEGS cards and caregiver questionnaire. Face and content validity were assessed by participation of 10 children and their caregivers, and 8 therapists respectively. Test-retest reliability with a two week interval was carried out. In addition, agreement between perceived efficacy of 31 children and their caregiver was calculated.
Findings from the pilot study and results of face and content validity indicated ambiguities that needed to be resolved. As a result, changes were made such as: replacing basketball instead of baseball, using cheese and bread instead of cheese sandwich, omitting knife for feeding activities, playing with rope instead of jumping rope and etc. Following the changes, content and face validity increased. Test- retest reliability for children's perceived competence in performing daily task was high (ICC=0.874). The children's goals were relatively stable after 2 weeks.
The Persian version of PEGS has the required validity and reliability in 6-12 years old Persian-speaking children with physical disability in need of rehabilitation services.

Virtual reality is a novel technology which creates attractive environment using computer hardware and software. In these virtual realities people can actively participate and use their motor and cognitive abilities. Current study aimed at investigating effect of virtual reality on the balance of children with cerebral palsy.
Material and This research is a single subject study with ABA design conducted on three children with cerebral palsy (GMFCSΙ level). Basic phase and intervention phase of investigation lasted for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Intervention sessions were repeated 3 times per week like base line phase. In each intervention session, children performed different computer games for 21 minutes. These games require center of pressure displacement in the frontal and sagittal planes. Follow-up phase was implemented 2 to 3 months after completion of intervention phase. Changes were measured using following measurement tools: pediatric reach test (PRT), Timed Up and Go (TUG), 10-meter walking (10MW) and subtest of balance and lower limb strength test, including Bruininks-Oseretsky of Motor Proficiency (BOMP). Finally results were investigated using visual analysis and C Statistics.
Comparison of PRT tests and subtest of balance and lower limb strength test, including BOMP suggested significant improvement in static balance (P=0.000), jumping ability, and dynamic balance of children participating in the research and durability of this improvement in follow-up phase, though investigation of TUG and 10MW test results showed no significant improvement.
Results in this research showed that using virtual reality can improve balance in children with cerebral palsy.

Aging is a dynamic and progressive process characterized by morphological, functional, and psychological changes, which restricts adaption to the environment and reduces the quality of life. Maintaining the ability of performing activities of daily living (ADL) is vital to the elderly and poor motor function is associated with higher dependency. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hand resistance training and dexterity as a treatment package on the performance of ADL in the elderly.
Material and A total of 20 senior adults were randomly (picking up by coded envelopes) assigned to intervention and control groups. We used Barthel test to evaluate the performance of ADL, and Box and Block test to evaluate the hand function.
According to results, changes in ADL were not statistically significant over time (P=0.583). However, the results of Box and Block test showed that right- and left-hand performance changes over time was statistically significant (P=0.002).
Based on the results, 6 weeks training could improve hand function and dexterity and maintain the ability to perform ADL in the elderly.

Spastic hemiplegia is one of the most common types of cerebral palsy. Pathology of the central nervous system can alter normal development of the somatosensory cortex and develop sensory deficits. These deficits can decrease upper limp motor performances and skills and reduce the tendency to use the affected upper limp, so the quality of life is impaired in these children. Therefore, in this study, the effect of sensory interventions (as part of occupational therapy services that impact on the performance of these children have been less reported) on motor function of affected upper limb children with spastic hemiplegia
was investigated.
Material and In this study, three children with spastic hemiplegia participated using single-subject (A-B) design. During the baseline phase, motor function was measured by Box and Block for three sessions a week to record changes pattern. After an initial assessment, treatment phase began. In this phase, children received sensory training interventions in 12 sessions and 3 times a week. Treatment program was included two parts: tactile and proprioceptive stimulation as active, passive and playfulness. Training for each child was provided according to his/her condition and was graded so that progress, activities got more difficult with the child’s progress. At the end of each week, evaluation was done to record regularly changes after the treatment phase. As follow-up, children were evaluated in three sessions, every other day. Then results of 3 phases were analyzed.
In a visual analysis for each three children, slope in both treatment and baseline phases was accelerating but in treatment was more than baseline. The effect size was large in all of them. In 2SD method, the results of second and third subjects were approved. However, it was not significant for the first one.
Sensory interventions as training program based on sensory deficits can be effective in upper limb motor function in spastic hemiplegia.

The number of elderly population in the world and also in Iran has increased due to health improvements and therefore، the quality of life has been focused in this group of population. Physical disabilities and particularly balance disturbances are among the consequences of the ageing process and hence، would affect the quality of life in elderly population. Mental practice is in fact the cognitive review of a physical skill without performing obvious bodily movements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mental practice of a movement skill on improvement of the quality of life in elderly men (60-80 yrs). This was a Single blind Randomized controlled trial (RCT) study. The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Tehran university of medical science (Irct ID: IRCT201107041722N3). The elderly population was 44 elderly men (60-80 yrs.) who were living in Kahrizak Nursing Home. They were randomly assigned in two groups and entered the study based on inclusion criteria. After baseline assessment، the quality of life of all of participants were assessed by SF36 test and also at 3 various stages (i. e. respectively، before the beginning of، baseline assessment; two weeks after intervention، short term follow up; and 3 months after intervention، long term follow up). Elderly population in the intervention group did mental practice of one movement skill for 4 weeks and during this periods، the control group did no mental practice. The results of our study showed the scores of SF36 in physical component، after the intervention of mental practice، have had a significant difference between the control and intervention groups. Although test scores in mental component and the whole test score showed no significant difference between the case and control groups at 3 stages of assessments. The results of this study showed the significant effects of mental practices on physical component of SF36 in elderly population. However، these results also showed that this type of mental practice had no significant effects on mental component and total score of SF36.

Improving the affecting factors of balance could be a critical procedure in managing the elderly''s balance dysfunction. The goal of this study is to find out how and to which amount a prolonged period of stretch and massage impact on elderly''s balance.

In this RCT study with a simple randomized case selection، 205 normal subjects screened and after that، 18 subject (74. 6 5. 45 Years) for intervention group and 17 (75. 8± 4. 27 Years) subjects for control group contributed for the study. The procedure was 15 sessions in 5 weeks (3 sessions per week). Each session last about 1 hour. Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) were used for evaluation of balance.

Using by SPSS-19 software and after independent T-test، significant differences in balance scales were found between the intervention and the control groups (p<0. 05).

According to present evidence، stretch and massage are significantly effective on elderly''s balance function.

All activities of daily living need to balance control in static and dynamic movements. In recent years, a numerous increase can be seen in the functional balance assessment tools. Functional balance tests emphasize on static and dynamic balance, balance in weight transfer, the equilibrium response to the imbalances, and functional mobility. These standardized and available tests assess performance and require minimal or no equipment and short time to run. Functional balance is prerequisite for the most static and dynamic activities in daily life and needs sufficient interaction between sensory and motor systems. According to the critical role of balance in everyday life, and wide application of functional balance tests in the diagnosis and assessment of patients, a review of the functional balance tests was performed. The Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Magiran, Iran Medex, and IranDoc databases were reviewed and the reliable and valid tests which were mostly used by Iranian researchers were assessed. It seems that Berg balance scale (BBS) have been studied by Iranian and foreign researches more than the other tests. This test has high reliability and validity in elderly and in the most neurological disorders.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor impairment in childhood and affects 2 in 1000 live births, in which postural and motor control involved. In hemiplegic type, two sides of the body have differences in postural tone that cause weight shift to the intact side. In these children postural disorders appear as postural stability disorder. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of lateral wedge insole on postural control in cerebral palsy children. Sixteen hemiplegic children attended in this program and stood in two conditions on the force plate with and without lateral wedge on the hard plate. Center of pressure displacement measured for medio-lateral and antro-posterio directions. Every test took 20 seconds. It was repeated 3 times. Range of sideways decreased significantly with use of 5º wedge. Also a shoe wedge of 5º provided symmetrical weight distribution. The results represent that a 5º lateral wedge applied to the unaffected limb, can improve factors of postural control and gain the symmetry in hemiplegic children

The role of function of upper extremity in activity of daily living is critical and any impairment of function could cause major problems for diplegic spastic cerebral palsy (CP) patients. So, the application of rehabilitation protocols that could regain the hand function is very important.The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of simultaneous activation of exteroception and proprioception on function of upper extremity in children with diplegic spastic CP, 3-7 years old.

Thirteen CP patients (3-7 years; mean: 4.92 years; 4 boys and 9 girls) were participated in this study. Simultaneous activation of exteroception and proprioception were done 3 times a week (for 8 weeks). Function of upper extremity was evaluated by Quest Test and the degree of spasticity in wrist was evaluated by Modified Ashworth Scale.

The results of this study showed that after simultaneous activation of exteroception and proprioception, function of upper extremity was significantly improved (P<0.001). In addition, degree of spasticity in wrist muscles was significantly decreased (P<0.022).

Based on results of current study, it might be suggested that simultaneous activation of exteroception and proprioception could improve the function of upper extremity and decrease of spasticity. This in respect could reduce the disabilities of patients. So, the application of current protocols for the patients is suggested.

Aging is a natural phenomenon that affects on different systems of our body. This process is not due to diseases and accidents. Activity of Daily Living (ADL) is important for elderly persons. The aims of this study are to investigate the effects of progressive resistive exercises on Activities of Daily Living of elderly persons. Fifty elder men with age above 61 years old participated in this study. Twenty five elder men in exercise group with mean age of 69.45 and 25 elder men in control group whit mean age of 72.24. Strength of shoulder and knee extensors were evaluated by Tekdyne Incentive Dynamometers (TID). Activities of Daily Living were evaluated by Barthel - Index The measurements of shoulder and knee extensors of elder men were evaluated with TID. The data showed significant differences between mean score of pre and post interventions (p ≤ 0/0001). The measurements of self care activities, mobility and total score of elder men were evaluated with Barthel-Index. The data showed significant differences between mean score of pre and post interventions (p ≤ 0.0001). Presents data showed that progressive resistive exercises could be an effective approach to increase strength upper and lower body and improve Activities of Daily Living of elder men.