r. ghorbani

Losses and losses that occur from defamation of dignity, reputation or damage to the social or personal reputation of a person and lead to physical, mental and emotional injuries are known as spiritual damage. Compensation for the moral damages of the victims of obvious violations of human rights is one of the well-known fundamental moral principles of human rights. In this research, the aim is to investigate the moral dimensions of moral damage in the victims of human rights violations and the methods of compensation in international documents.

Since the methods of compensation for moral damage in international documents are more diverse compared to domestic laws, studying these documents will facilitate the identification of commonalities, differences and points of silence in domestic laws. These studies will help to interpret, modify, adjust the differences and fill legal gaps regarding non-material methods of compensation. In order for the victims to make their voice heard by the compensation trustees, there are various mechanisms available. In fact, all the documents and organizational structures of the United Nations, including binding and non-binding documents, as well as its specialized committees, are on the right to compensation for the victims of violations. Human rights have been emphasized and only the type and amount of compensation has been proposed depending on the nature of the damages and the needs of the victims.

Age, growth, and reproductive traits of the South Caspian Spirlin in the southern part of the Caspian Sea basin, Tajan, River, were investigated. A comprehensive study was conducted on 663 specimens including 226 females, 297 males, and 140 unsexed individuals with a total length ranging from 25.88 to 121.66 mm. The specimens were collected using an electrofisher at monthly intervals. The female-to-male sex ratio was calculated as 1: 1.29. The growth rings on the scale were employed for age determination in this study. Both sexes exhibited only four age groups (0+ to 3+), with the 2+ age group dominating the population. Females consistently displayed larger sizes compared to males. The von Bertalanffy growth function yielded L t =123.90 (1- e -0.25(t+0.87) )  and L t =128.10 1- e -0.29 t+0.69  for males and females, respectively. Furthermore, the Fulton condition factor value was significantly higher in females than males. Notably, the maximum gonadosomatic index for both males and females coincided with the spawning seasons (May to August). Absolute fecundity varied from 290 to 1710 oocytes, with a mean of 793 oocytes. This study presents comprehensive data on the biological characteristics of the South Caspian Spirlin, providing valuable insights for fish stock assessment studies.

The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an economically important pest of grapevines worldwide, causing severe damage in vineyards. In the present study, the effect of four grapevine cultivars (Askari, Yaghooti, Keshmeshi, and Fakhri) was evaluated on larval weight and enzymatic activity of L. botrana. In addition, three major secondary metabolites, including phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were determined in ripe berries of cultivars, and their correlation with digestive physiology of L. botrana was investigated. Our findings indicated that the fifth-instar larvae of L. botrana collected from the Askari cultivar had the highest weight. The enzymatic activities of L. botrana were significantly affected by feeding on different grapevine cultivars. The highest amylolytic and proteolytic activity levels were documented in larvae fed on the Fakhri cultivar, while the lowest activities were achieved on the Yaghooti cultivar. Furthermore, the highest catalase and peroxidase activity was observed in the larvae fed on the Yaghooti cultivar. A significant difference in secondary metabolites was quantified among different grapevine cultivars. The highest biochemical compounds of grapevine were detected in the Yaghooti cultivar. Moreover, the larval weight, amylolytic, and proteolytic activity showed a negative correlation with phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins contents of the cultivars. Conversely, the antioxidant enzymatic activity (catalase and peroxidase) of the larvae positively correlated with the secondary grapes metabolites. Results revealed that the Yaghooti cultivar, a rich source of biochemical compounds, is not a suitable host plant for larval growth and development of L. botrana.

BACKGROUNS AND As an integral component of urban space, green space assumes a pivotal role in the purification and filtration of air, provision of recreational opportunities, and augmentation of the aesthetic allure of the urban landscape. In contemporary urban settings, the significance of urban green spaces is widely acknowledged and embraced as an indispensable facet of the city. The consequences of urban expansion and the resulting environmental problems have indefinitely made the presence of green spaces and their proper distribution essential. Meanwhile, it is necessary to pay attention to achieving spatial balance in the distribution of urban parks, as they are an important component of urban green spaces, particularly in large cities. The population in Karaj city in Iran, has experienced an excessive increase, particularly in the last three decades. This has resulted in the rapid expansion of urban areas the destruction of the natural landscape and the structural pattern of both natural and artificial ecosystems. The city of Karaj, formerly known as Baghshahr, has transformed into a metropolis, with only a few traces of its once abundant urban green spaces remaining. This research aims to evaluate the demand for green space and the distribution capacity among the districts of 3 and 8 of Karaj city. The objective of the current study is to provide solutions based on spatial justice to increase the use of green space. The current research utilizes a combination of descriptive-analytical and critical methods, as well as documentary and survey methods. To analyze and evaluate the condition of green spaces and their mapping, information, and data from relevant organizations and satellite images have been utilized within specific spatial-temporal scales and GIS software. The results showed that the highest weight obtained was related to participation, with a weight of 0.118. This was followed by social capital, with a weight of 0.116 percent. The lowest weight was related to public services, with a weight of 0.040. District 3 has more green space than District 8 due to the presence of gardens and trees planted by the municipality on the outskirts of the district. Additionally, the political ecology in these neighborhoods has not been impacted by District 3. However, Jahanshahr and Molana neighborhoods in District 8 have a high per capita population due to their small population and large areas of parks. Additionally, the presence of Family, fruit, Fateh and small Iran Gardens, contribute to the high population density in these neighborhoods. However other areas in the district experience a significant shortage of urban green spaces and are affected by the influence of political ecology at both the neighborhood and regional levels.

This paper presents an integrated two-dimensional numerical framework for simulating rainfall-induced landslides from instability initiation to post-failure flow. To describe the entire process, three steps are considered in this study: 1) a coupled hydro-stability analysis which detects the failure plane using the Finite Element Method (FEM) (pre-failure stage), 2) computing the local rheology of the failed mass (wet sandy soil) based on the water saturation at the onset of failure, using the saturation-based rheological model (transition stage), and 3) a continuum-based propagation analysis which solves the flow of the wet material by employing the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method (post-failure stage). Finally, to investigate the influence of rheological model on the post-failure behavior, the computed final deposition profile and flow kinetic energy are compared with those of a viscoplastic model.

One of the main problems in the production of chickpeas in most of the provinces where chickpea is cultivated including west and north-west provinces is the general and specific pests, including chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. This project was conducted in a randomized complete block design in Kermanshah and Lorestan provinces with seven treatments in three replications. Treatments included, Lofenuron 2 l/1000 l , Roy Agro 1 l/1000 l , Biolep P 1 l/1000 l , insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis Ber, (Biotech Indian)  with three doses of 1000, 600 and 400 grams per hectare. The efficacy of the insecticides was investigated 3 and 7 days after the treatment, and the number of damaged pods was recorded at the mentioned time intervals, and the percentage of damage of the pods was calculated. The results showed that the treatments were significantly different in efficacy and the percentage of damage and B. thuringiensis-based insecticides were statistically effective (75 to 81%) in controlling chickpea pod borer after seven days.  Biolep P biological pesticide showed 68.79 and 81.27% and Bt (Biotech India) 74.59 and 79.99% efficacy in Lorestan and Kermanshah provinces respectively. There was no significant difference in efficacy percentage between the biological pesticides and Roy Agro pesticide. The biopesticide Biolep showed no significant difference in terms of efficacy and damage percentage in comparison with the Biotech India biopesticide. The results show that if the pest is not controlled (control), the percentage of damage on chickpea pods is about 40%, but with the use of biological pesticides, this damage could be reduced to less than 10%.

The cause of geographic tongue is unknown and a few studies have been carried out on the associations of this lesion with food allergy. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of geographic tongue and its associations with food allergy and familial history in the patients referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department of Semnan Dental School, Semnan, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 936 patients were selected from those with various etiologies, who were referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department of Semnan Dental School, Semnan, Iran, 2018–2019. Information was entered into checklists through existing records, visual examinations and patient inquiries. Inclusion criteria were the absence of psoriasis and absence of other mucosal diseases and exclusion criteria were patients with incomplete records, patients with no records and presence of psoriasis and other mucosal diseases.

In general, 936 patients referred to Semnan Dental Clinic were enrolled in this study; of whom, 8.8% (82 people) were diagnosed with geographic tongue. Risk of geographic tongue in allergic patients was 2.54 times higher than in non-allergic. Women were 2.5 times more affected than men. Age was inversely associated; hence, risk was higher at the early age.

Based on the present study, younger women with food allergies are more likely to have geographic tongue lesions. Therefore, it is recommended to use appropriate non-allergenic diets as well as sensitivity testing to find allergens.

The discrete element method (DEM) is used to establish a rheological model that relates the apparent viscosity of a granular material to shear rate, normal stress, and water saturation. A theoretical model is developed to determine water distribution and water-induced forces between particles for different saturations. The resulting forces are embedded in a 3D shear cell as a numerical rheometer and a wet specimen is sheared between two walls. A power law rheological model is obtained as a function of inertia number and saturation. It was found that up to a critical saturation, the apparent viscosity increases with saturation and is higher than that of the dry specimen. However, when the saturation exceeds a critical value, the viscosity suddenly drops below that of dry condition. To evaluate the model, the collapse of two-dimensional granular material on a horizontal rigid bed is studied using continuum-based numerical simulation which utilizes the proposed rheological model.

The present study was done to investigate the phenotype-environment associations of common carp in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea (Gomishan, Miankaleh, Rezvanshahr, and Anzali Wetland) during winter 2016. The morphometric data of the specimens were procured from their left sides using the Image J and TpsDig2. Both geometric and morphometric methods were applied. The two-block partial least squares was used to examine the relationship between morphological and environmental characteristics. Significant positive correlation (p<0.05) was found between two data sets of morphology and environment, indicating a high level of adaptation for C. carpio in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea. The observed correlation between geometric and environmental data (0.74) was higher than the traditional morphometric-environment correlation (0.50). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study trying to make a comparison between two methods of morphometric studies in relation to environment, by doing an evenness function on the raw data. The higher level of correlation obtained by geometric data with environmental parameters may imply its advantage in future morph-environment association studies. The obtained results in the present study also can provide basic required information for the wild population conservation strategies in common carp in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea.

Interventional cardiology (IC) procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) could generate a high radiation dose to both patients and medical staff. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was performed on patient dose during PCI procedures and evaluating the effect beam angulation on dose-area product  (DAP) rate in cardiac catheterization laboratory.

We studied 30 PCI procedures in angiography department during four months. A calibrated DAP meter was used to record patients’ dosimetric characteristics. Effective dose (ED) was calculated using DAP values along with DAP to ED conversion factor. Local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) of the DAP, fluoroscopy time, and number of CINE frames were calculated as third quartile values of these parameters.

The mean ± SD of DAP value per procedure was 31.4 ± 17.1 Gy.cm², while corresponding values for fluoroscopy and CINE-acquisition (CINE) were 17.1 ±‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ 11.2 Gy.cm² and 14.4 ± 8.2 Gy.cm², respectively. The estimated mean value of effective dose per procedure was 5.7 ± 3.1 mSv. The projection 40º LAO/ 30º caudal had the highest DAP rate value during CINE across various projections. Local DRLs were proposed as follows: 39.6 Gy.cm², 6.9 min, and 679 frames.

The mean values of DAP in this study were lower than in previous published literature. Further, deep tube angulation led to increase DAP rates. It is recommended to use minimum tube angulation for avoiding unnecessary radiation exposure.

The problem of pollution in the Caspian sea has attracted increasing scientific concerns in recent years, but still, there is limited data relevant to the Gorgan bay. The current study aimed to evaluate the organic pollution of the Gorgan Bay, using Palmer Algal Index. Sampling was conducted seasonally in triplicate from summer 2017 to spring 2018. Phytoplankton samples were collected from surface water (maximum depth of 50cm), using a one-liter sampling bottle and fixed in 2.5% formaldehyde buffer solution. A total of 23 stations were selected including, seven stations in the eastern areas, eight stations in the centre, and eight stations in the western part of the bay. The Palmer Index indicated that all parts of the bay are highly polluted, in the four seasons. Comparison of the index among the three parts of the bay indicated that the central areas are more polluted than other areas in the three seasons, from summer to winter, while only in the spring, the western area of the bay showed the highest value of the index. The predominance of the pollution resistant Phyto-genera such as Oscillatoria, Euglena, Cyclotella, Navicula, Nitzschia, and Synedra supports the classification of the bay as eutrophic. Generally, the results of the algal index revealed that the water quality of the bay has reached a critical level.

Different species of weevils (Col.: Curculionidae) are found in oilseed rape fields, which some of those are canola stem-borer weevils. They feed inside petioles, crown and/or stems of the crop in larval stages and cause damage. These weevils are mainly belonging to genus Ceutorhynchus, which little information about their taxonomy, distribution and biology is available in Iran.

During 2016-2018, the biological characteristics of canola stem-borer weevils were investigated in canola fields of Mazandaran, Lorestan and Golestan provinces. In each province, three fields were selected for collecting samples. Yellow water traps were used for weekly collecting adult weevils from the fields during crop growing season. For collecting weevil-infested crops and determining infestation rate, 10 quadrates (0.5 × 0.5 m) were used per field. The adult weevils collected by the traps were identified and the pest biology as well as the infestation rates of the crop by the weevils were studied.

In this study, five Ceutorhynchid species were collected and identified: C. picitarsis and C. chalybaeus from Mazandaran, C. erysimi and C. pallidactylus from Golestan and C. sulcicollis from Lorestan, Mazandaran and Golestan. In late November, the adult weevils migrated to canola fields and after feeding and mating, the females deposited their eggs into main veins, petioles of the lower leaves or inside of the collar area of young canola plants and the emerged larvae penetrated into the host plant. The three larval instars of this pest fed inside host plant tissue during autumn and winter till mid spring season. The feeding activity of the first and second instar larvae were observed in late November and late December, respectively. Third instar larvae were found from beginning until mid-spring season. In late April, third instar larvae left the host plant, dropped in the soil for pupation and new generation adults emerged in May. These weevils are univoltine. The results showed that, the maximum infestation rates of oilseed rape by the stem weevils in Mazandaran, Lorestan and Golestan provinces was 20.1±0.89, 14.8±1.29 and 10.2±0.29 percent, respectively.

Determining the time of adult migration activity, oviposiotion and larval development of the weevils is an integral part of pest management strategy in oilseed rape fields. In this study, flight and oviposition activity of adults and also feeding activity of the first instar larvae were mainly observed in late November, which suggests this time as a suitable time for chemical control, if necessary. These weevils are mostly distributed around the Caspian Sea region (Mazandaran and Golestan provinces) however more investigations are required to conclude the existence of those in other parts of country.

Biodiversity and structure of the benthic macrofauna communities were studied in the southeast the Caspian Sea (Golestan Province – Iran) during one year from October 2014 to September 2015. Seasonal samplings were done at 6 stations in 3 transects. Depth, temperature, salinity, pH, E.C., total organic matter and grain size were measured. More than 4,037 individuals belonging to five orders, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Bivalvia, Diptera and Amphipoda, and eight families including Nereididae, Spionidae, Amphartidae, Tubificidae, Smelidae, Cardiidae, Chironomidae and Gammaridae were identified. In terms of total individuals, Streblospio gynobranchiata, Hypania invalida and Cerastoderma lamarcki, were the most abundant species, and Polychaeta were dominant in the research region. The highest density of all species was observed in autumn (1515 ind m2) and the lowest was observed in summer (698 ind m2). The maximum diversity, richness, and evenness were 1.36, 0.6 and 0.98, respectively. The results of distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) showed that environmental factors such as salinity, depth and substrate type were all important in detecting the distribution pattern of macrobenthic species in the research region. The dominant species, S. gynobranchiata, was distributed in the areas with smaller grain size and higher TOM and muddy sediments and had the most correlation with salinity, temperature, pH and E.C. Species such as T. fraseri. H. invalida and P. robustoides showed more dependency on TOM and mud factors in the spring and summer, while their dependency became lower in autumn and winter. Abra ovate was less influenced by all factors except the substrate.

Nutrient-rich effluents (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) may lead to algae blooms and many harmful effects in aquatic environments. Micro-algae have been more effective among the various methods used for the removing of nutrients from wastewater. Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris has specific characteristics such as rapid growth, resistant to systems manipulation, simple and inexpensive production technology, as well as the rapid uptake of nutrients such as phosphate and nitrate. In the present study, two concentrations of chlorella vulgaris microalgae (13 and 26 million cells/mL) were injected into dairy effluent, diluted using distilled water by 25, 50 and 75%, and the amount of nutrient removal and microalgae growth were examined during the growth period. Results indicated that different concentrations of algae at various percentages of dilution (25, 50, 75%) had a significant effect on the removal of nutrients and algal growth (p<0.05). The absorption of nutrients (nitrate, phosphate and ammonia) were 57.01, 51.84 and 43.15 percent respectively that containing lower density of initial algae compared to the treatments of 2nd group (29.15, 51.84 and 43.15 percent) with higher algae concentration. In both algal concentrations, the highest percentage of phosphate and ammonia adsorption were in dilution of 25% effluent and the highest percentage of nitrate adsorption were in the first group with 50% dilution and in the second group with 75% dilution. The more percentage of nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, ammonia) was eliminated compared to the second group (26 million cells / mL) when the microalgae concentration (group I) was 13 million cells / mL. Absorption of nutrients was decreased by increasing the concentration of microalgae. Regarding to the percentage of nitrate adsorption, the higher absorbance in the dilution was occurred at the highest concentration of algae.

The purpose of this study is the use of stable isotopes in the analysis, analysis and description of the aquatic food web. Sustained isotopes, as the strongest natural tracer, carry vital and valuable information and are used in environmental studies due to their high resistance and long half-lives. The most important isotopes of the elements are H-O-N-C in the aquatic environment. Most isotopes are measured by mass spectrometers. Measurements show that the frequency of isotopes is not the same in nature. The aquatic food network is the result of the interference of food webs between organisms and its sustainability is defined by the ecosystem structure. Sustained isotopes are an effective and effective means of identifying the relationship between primary producers and end users of the food web and defining nutritional patterns, distribution and migration of aquatic organisms

In order to evaluate the germination characteristics and cardinals temperatures in invasive plant of Centaurea balsamita, a laboratory experiment as a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted in Weed Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2014. Treatments consisted of 8 constant temperatures (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 oC). The characteristics such as percentage of seed germination, seedling vigour index, rate of seed germination, dry weight of radicle and plumule and plumule, radicle length were recorded. The seeds of Centaurea balsamita were monitored for variability in germination criteria based on two regression models namely Quadratic Polynomial Model and Intersected-Lines models. The highest germination percentage and germination rate was obtained in 20 0C. The highest root length, shoot length, root and shoot dry matter was obtained in 25 ° C. Based on the regression between germination rate and temperature in Centaurea balsamita, the cardinal temperatures (Tbase, Topt and Tmax) were (1.44 , 1.26), (22.8 , 19.8) and (38.4 , 38.2) 0C.  The results showed that Quadratic Polynomial Model was estimated better than Intersected-Lines model in terms of cardinal temperature

High capital investment is one of disadvantages of current recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) that restricted adoption and application of them. Biofilters are very important and expensive components of RAS, as proper selection of them are critical to both the technical and economical success of a RAS. Hence In this research application and activation of four types of biofilter media (barley straw, wood chips, sponge and PVC pore pipes) in the common carp recirculating aquaculture system were studied. 12 pilot recirculating aquaculture systems constructed to conduct this research. Each system consisted from a polyethylene tank (90 L) for rearing of fingerlings and a black polyethylene tank (45 L) as a biofilter reactor. Stocking density of common carp fingerlings (mean weight: 4.8 g) in the each tank was 50 individuals. Results showed that TAN and NO2-N concentrations increased initially and then decreased during activation period. Nitrate nitrogen increased during the activation period of biofilters. All biofilters reached steady state conditions and activated completely at days 28-31, while PVC biofilter had relatively high concentration of NO2-N even at day 31. Growth and feeding parameters showed no significant differences between treatments, but there was significant difference between flow throw system and treatment PVC (p<0.05). In conclusion barley straw, wood chip and sponge biofilters were well activated under common carp recirculating aquaculture systems.

In order to study individual and integrated effects of biological، organic and chemical fertilizers on milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) quantitative and qualitative traits، a field experiment was conducted at Research Station، Faculty of Agriculture، Ferdowsi University of Mashhad، Iran during growing season of 2010-2011. A complete randomized block design with twelve treatments and three replications was used. The treatments were: control، vermicompost (V)، poultry manure (H)، chemical fertilizer (CH)، mycorrhiza (M) (Glomus mosseae)، biosulfur (B) (Thiobacillus sp.)، M+V، M+CH، M+H، B+V، B+CH، B+H. The results indicated that the all treatments affected the number of inflorescences per plant، inflorescences diameter and grain yield significantly and other traits weren’t affected by treatments. However، mean comparisons proved promising results for reduction in application of chemical fertilizer and its replacement with biological and organic fertilizers. Application of biosulfur increased the number of seeds per capitula in comparison with control up to 73%. The maximum and the minimum amounts of yield were obtained in M and M+CH، respectively. Other factors affected the yield approximately in the same rate. There was a significant enhancement (26%) in seed oil percentage by using M+H compared to poultry manure. The highest silymarin related to the use of Mycorrhiza and the lowest was obtained in M+CH. The maximum silybin was observed in Mycorrhiza treatment. The application of simple and integrated fertilization systems of organic and biological fertilizers can be effective to achieve a balance in applying chemical fertilizers in order to improve soil fertility، increase soil organic matter and also approach sustainable agriculture in farming milk Thistle.

Rural tourism as complex activity is in common from different aspects to other sectors of society that all aspects of its implication should be considered in the planning process to minimize its negative effects and raise positive effects on economic, socio-cultural and ecological. The aim of this study refers to assess the negative impacts of tourism development in the Kandovan village of the East Azerbaijan province. The census population of this study is consisting of 114 households in the Kandovan that they were selected by Cochran sampling. in this research survey, factor analysis and SPSS software were used to analyze the collected data from conducted questionnaires. The results has been shown the negative impacts of tourism development in the Kandovan village such as negative changes in the traditional custom of village; adverse changes in economic activity and income gap; quarterly revenues and rising commodity prices; increasing environmental pollution; and destroying buildings and monuments. These six factors together explain 82.660% of the variance. Also, most of the negative effects of tourism development in the Kandovan village is the first factor with 31.729% variance. The effect factor of behavior and lifestyle of tourists on the lifestyle and custom of the Kandovan villagers (Change of clothes, speaking style, etc.) is very tangible with 0.934 load factor.

This article aims to determine ratio and trend of gardens and urban green spaces destruction in the city of Maragheh in recent decades and analyze effective factors on destruction and changing of land use of gardens and urban green spaces and finally investigation of effective factors on preservation of gardens and urban green spaces in garden city of Maragheh. In this research level and reasons for destruction of green spaces of Maragheh during years 1994 to 2006 and land use changing or preserved spaces have been investigated. The research is comparative and analytical. The data were collected by library and measuring method. In this relation، in addition to documentation of urban plans the researched lands (190 usage change cases) have been investigated. The statistical population involves total city district، residence population، gardens and urban green spaces inside the city and connected to the district that are under changing of usage. The research location is Maragheh as the center of city and second city of the east Azarbaijan province by area of 2500 hectare involving population equals to 151486 persons in 2006 (Iran censuses center، 2006) that is successful in preservation as Maragheh national park in spite of encountering to destruction of gardens phenomenon. Accordingly the gardens located in west part of the city by area of 91 hectare have been changed to city great park in order to preservation according to paragraph 15 approved in commission of article 5 of province in 1995/9/13 and the mentioned district has been established by increase to 125 hectare as national park usage outside of the city district in new master plan. This research was conducted during1994 to 2006 based on time of preparation of two master plans of the city and the mentioned documents and findings of these plans have been used for study. Adjacent of Maragheh to agricultural gardens has provided the context for urban expansion inside and outside of the gardens and in some cases it has been led to surrounding of plots in the city that has been changed according to usage. These land use changing have been caused to reduction of gardens area from %18 in city district in 73 to %10 in 85. The investigations show that change of usage and destruction of the gardens and green spaces have done in two ways in Maragheh. The results indicate that %65. 5 of change of usage and destruction of the gardens and green spaces in Maragheh have been done by governmental organizations according to legal regulations and %32. 6 is because of illegal conduction of owners and %1. 9 is because of undefined reasons، that it is warn for specialists and policy makers of urban development for encountering to green spaces destruction in urban expansion trend. The other considered points it can be referred to effective factors in preservation during the studied years that a few spots of gardens and urban green spaces are seen on the map of the city that the reason for preservation is impossibility of destruction of them.

The aim of this study was improving chemical and fermentation properties of wet sugar beet pulp silage using molasses and pith. Wet sugar beet pulp with two different dry matters (10 and 15%) treated with sugar cane pith (with the commercial name "Khotan" as a moisture absorbent) at 0, 5, and 10% and molasses at 0 and 5% levels and then ensiled for 90 d. In this experiment 12 treatments in 4 replicates and 48 laboratory silos were analyzed in a completely randomized factorial design. Using high dry matter sugar beet pulp produced silages with higher digestibility and pH but lower lactic acid, volatile fatty acids and ammonia-nitrogen concentrations (P<0.05). Molasses resulted in an increase in dry matter (DM) and a decline in neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF), acid detergent insoluble fiber (ADF) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations (P<0.05). Molasses did not have any significant effects on lactic acid or pH but increased (P<0.05) lactate to acetate ratios of silages. Application of pith resulted in an increase of DM, NDF and ADF concentrations and a decline of crude protein (CP) and ammonia-nitrogen (P<0.05). Pith also reduced lactic acid and volatile fatty acids concentration and increased pH and lactate to acetate ratios (P<0.05). Application of pith dramatically reduced waste water production (P<0.05). Application of molasses resulted in an increase in DM digestibility of sugar beet pulp silage but a reduction was occurred when pith was used (P<0.05). Application of molasses and pith inhibited fermentation rate and increased pH values of silages due to lactate and volatile fatty acids production (P<0.05). Finally, due to positive effects of molasses on digestibility and fermentation pattern, negative effects of pith on CP, digestibility and fermentation rate, and positive effects of pith on fermentation pattern and reduction in waste water production, it is recommended to produce sugar beet pulp silage by treating 15% DM wet sugar beet pulp with 5% molasses and 5% pith.

In order to study the different levels of irrigation on diversity، density and compound of weed species in corn field، experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station، Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during growing season of 2008-2009. The experiment was with four levels of irrigation (6130، 7290، 8800 and 12330 m3) and four levels of weed control (complete control، broad-leaves control، grasses control and without control). Weed sampling was done at four stages including first، meddle and end of critical period weed control and harvest then all species counted species separate. The results showed that in different levels of irrigation the weed species were different. At the first time of critical period، the most diversity was in 8800 and 7290 m3 and the minimum diversity was in 12330 and 6130 m3 irrigation levels. At the harvest time، the most diversity was in 12330 and 6130 and 8800 m3 irrigation levels and least diversity within different indexes were in 7290، 8800 and 6130 m3 irrigation levels، respectively. Stability index changed at different levels of irrigation. In addition، maximum when the irrigation level was in minimum level، however، highest level of irrigation caused the maximum unstability of species but levels of irrigation had no significant on dominance index.

Nursing is considered as one of the most stressful professions. Working in night shifts، long shifts and unpredictable type of activities increased the likelihood of fatigue. This situation reduces physical performance and capacity of nurses and their accuracy and increases the likelihood of errors. Considering calming essence can reduce anxiety and warring، this study examines the effect of lavendula essence oil on the accuracy of intensive care nurses.

In this semi experimental study، 32 female nurses who working in intensive care unit in hospitals of Semnan were selected by convenience method. Subjects completed Bonardel accuracy questionnaire before intervention and then were given inhalation lavendula or placebo randomly for one hour. After intervention، subjects completed Bonardel accuracy questionnaire again and the results compared. (IRCT: 201104306342N1)

Based on the results، 81. 3% of nurses (n=26) were married، 56. 3% (n=18) had less than five years of work experience and 62. 5% (n=20) of them were aged 20-29 years. The mean and standard deviation of accuracy changes before and after the intervention in lavendula was 13. 81±4. 97 and in placebo was 1. 07±1. 80 that there was a significant difference between them (p<0. 001).

The results showed that lavender essence can promote of intensive care nurse''s accuracy.

Recently، vibration has been used widely as a rehabilitation intervention for neuro-musculo-skeletal disorders. As، the knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder among the people، this study was designed to investigate the effect of quadriceps local vibration on the symptoms of knee OA in the female patients.

This randomised clinical trial was done on 34 female patients with unilateral or bilateral tibiofemoral OA (62 knee)، who were randomly assigned to one of the vibration groups: (17 patients with 31 affected knee) or control (17 patients with 31 affected knee). The subjects in the control group received 15 sessions (5 weeks) conventional physiotherapy protocol، while the vibration group received the same conventional physiotherapy protocol plus local vibration training protocol over the quadriceps muscle of affected knee. Maximum torque of concentric contraction of quadriceps muscle at 30، 60 and 90 degree/sec، pain pressure threshold (PPT)، active knee flexion range of motion (ROM) and the amount of knee effusion were measured before and after intervention and also after 4 weeks of follow-up period.

After intervention، significant increase in the knee flexion ROM in the dominant lower limb (p=0. 016) and reduced pain perception in the right leg (p=0. 023) and in the left leg (p=0. 019) were seen in vibration group، compared to control group، while no significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups in term of maximum torque of quadriceps and knee effusion.

Local vibration over the quadriceps muscle may improve knee joint ROM and reduce pain in patients with knee OA، while، no beneficial effect was found on other knee OA symptoms such muscle weakness and knee effusion.

Due to the high incidence of deaths from breast cancer, high cost of treatment and limited resources, the need to formulate and implement effective programs in reducing the burden of disease is obvious. Care, control and creation of cancer information system having an infrastructure from collection of minimum data sets (MDS) are the top priorities of research in Iran’s Ministry of Health. This is an applied descriptive research with comparative approach implemented in 2010. MDS for breast cancer on selected countries were searched and reviewed and proposed model based on the country’s need was designed. Research data were implemented in 2 stages; assessment of MDS on selected countries and the validation of the proposed model through several meetings that has been carried out by the Undersecretary for Research and Technology and several oncologists and pathologists. The MDS is composed of 11 parameters in the form of fields in closed structured arrangements with consideration to coding responses. These parameters include: hospital data, demography, referral, physical examination and investigation, diagnostic information, pathology, treatment, palliative care, completion of primary treatment, clinical trials and follow-up. This form is available for use in the cancer registry database. MDS provides an opportunity to strengthen communication between performed researches and research results for the improvement of programs, policies and strategies and provides positive effect on equality in the health system. Although the stages of creating the MDS for breast cancer has been successful, but many challenges has been met until its completion.