r. hosseinzadeh

The lack of efficient inventory tools is an old and well-known problem related to in situ forest measurements. Time of flight technology (TOF), using photogrammetric techniques and the ability to detect depth, allows the creation of 3D point clouds and the measurement of various objects, including tree stems. Therefore, this paper presents the accuracy of diameter measurement with TOF technology compared to calipers for six tree species: (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), (Quercus castanaefulia C.A.M. subsp), (Acer velutinum Boiss), (Carpinus betulus L.), (Alnus subcordata C.A.M.), (Parrotia persica C.A.Mey.), differing in stem shape and bark (20 of each species) were studied in the Darabkola Research Forest. Then, the diameters at a height of 1 and 1.30 metres of the tree trunks were measured with a vernier calliper and a point cloud was created using a Phab 2 Pro smartphone. The target diameters were measured using the CloudCompare software. The results showed that there was not much difference between the field recordings and the TOF measurement. However, Acer velutinum, Fagus orientalis and Quercus castanaefulia had fewer measurement errors than Parrotia persica, Alnus glutinosa and Carpinus betulus. Overall, the diameter RMSE at a height of 1 m and 1.30 m was 1.01 cm and 0.87 cm, respectively. According to the Bias index, the values measured with the TOF technology were higher than those measured with the caliper for most species were. Due to the results obtained and the many possibilities of TOF technology, such as the possibility to measure the diameter at different heights, the creation of RGB-3D, the high scanning speed and accuracy, low complexity, the brightness and the lower cost than other technologies, three-dimensional surveying is a good option for forest inventory verification.

Let R and R0 be two unital rings such that R contains a non-trivial idempotent P1. If R is a prime ring, we characterize the form of bijective map ϕ : R → R0 which satisfies ϕ(ABP) = ϕ(A)ϕ(B)ϕ(P), for every A, B ∈ R and P ∈ {P1, P2}, where P2 := I − P1 and I is the unit member of R. It is shown that ϕ is an isomorphism multiplied by a central element. Finally, we characterize the form of ϕ : R → R which satisfies ϕ(P)ϕ(A)ϕ(P) = P AP, for every A ∈ R and P ∈ {P1, P2}.

The consumption of households and its structure has an important role in the rate of energy consumption and related air pollutant emissions. This study investigates the effect of changes in the structure of consumption in urban and rural areas on the emission of three main energy-related air pollutants (CO2, SO2, and NOX) in Iran during 2001-2011. To this aim, the environmentally extended input-output tables and structural decomposition analysis (SDA) were used. As the contribution of this study, the consumption of households is decomposed into two factors: total consumption and consumption structure. The results revealed that the changes in consumption structure in rural and urban areas increased the emission of all three air pollutants. The effect of changes in total consumption in both urban and rural areas outweighs the effect of changes in consumption structure. The negative environmental impact of urban households is worse than rural ones. The results at sectoral level showed that the changes in urban consumption structure had the main effect on CO2 emission in “water, gas and electricity” (135.68 Mt CO2), “chemical and plastics industry” (30.13 Mt CO2), and “food, clothing and textiles industry” (6.41 Mt CO2) whilst the changes in rural consumption structure had the main effect on CO2 emission in “water, gas and electricity” (25.39 Mt CO2), “chemical and plastics industry” (19.98 Mt CO2), and “food, clothing and textiles industry” (1.74 Mt CO2).

In this study the effects of a single training session of overweight men before and after a meal on serum acetylated ghrelin levels, daily energy intake and the exercise energy expenditure were compared.

In this  semi experimental study, 30 overweight men (Mean and SD age of 25.2±3.54 years, BMI 27.96±3.64 kg/m2, weight 83.2±5.8 kg) were randomized into three groups (n = 10) including before lunch training, post lunch training and control. Experimental groups performed eight weeks, three sessions/wk of aerobic training sessions, consisted of 25 to 40 min of treadmill running and/or cycling at maximal fat oxidation intensity, either an hour prior to or two hours after a meal. Exercise energy expenditure, daily caloric intake and fasting serum acylated ghrelin levels in response to a single exercise session were measured as data in both pre and post-test occasions.

A single training session either pre or post lunch meal increases serum acylated ghrelin level (P≤ 0/001), exercise energy expenditure (P≤ 0/001) and daily caloric intake (P≤ 0/001); indicating a compensatory energy intake which lowers the expected exercise-induced weight loss.However, pre meal exercise leads to more remarkable increases in exercise energy cost (P≤ 0/001) concomitant with an elevated fasting serum acylated ghrelin levels (P≤ 0/001).

If appetite suppression is the only goal for exercise, it seems that exercise training should be performed after meals, and if maximizing each session’s energy cost is the case, it is better to practice before meals.

The Dash Aghol iron deposit is located in the northeast of Bukan city and is hosted by Jurassic volcano-sedimentary sequence. The main host rock of the Dash Aghol deposit includes sandstone, limy tuff and limestone. Based on geometry of ore body, two different types of mineralization were distinguished in Dash Aghol deposit: lenticular primary mineralization which occurred as parallel and concordant with layering of the host rocks. Ore textures of this type include massive, laminated and disseminated forms existing in sandstone, limy tuff and limestone. Second type, includes supergene vein-veinlet and open space filling mineralization which is associated with faults and related brecciated zones and were occurred in hanging wall rocks of the primary ore lense. According to the stratigraphy, ore body form, texture, paragenetic sequences, ore bearing chert-carbonate- tuff facies and mineralogy, the iron mieralization in Dash Aghol deposit is stratiform tuff carbonate-sandstone host rocks deposits, in rolcano-sedimentary sequence of Jurassic, which were precipitated in shallow marine environment.

Nurse’s competency plays an important role in achieving health system objectives. One of the problems in health care system in various countries is the level of nurses'' competencies. The aim of this study was to determine clinical competency and psychological empowerment of nurses and their correlation with demographic characteristics.

In this descriptive-correlational study، 170 subjects were selected through simple random sampling method among the nurses of social security hospitals in Tehran. Data was gathered by the questionnaire with three parts: personal-social characteristics، “Clinical Competency Questionnaire «and» Psychological Empowerment Spreitzer«. Validity and reliability were confirmed in previous studies. Data were analyzed by SPSS/13.

The highest mean score in clinical competency was seen in managerial capabilities dimension (44. 41±5. 8) and the lowest mean score also was seen in diagnostic procedures dimension (13. 94±1. 84). The highest mean score in psychological empowerment was in competency dimension (9. 4±1. 38) and the lowest mean score also was in independence dimension (8. 37±1. 72). In addition، there was a significant correlation between the number of staff in ward، educational status of nurses and some dimensions of clinical competency and psychological empowerment and also between the working experience in current ward and some dimensions of clinical empowerment and clinical work experience and some psychological empowerment dimensions (P<0. 05).

Based on the higher rate of managerial capabilities and diagnostic procedures، in opposite of nurses impact and independence، retraining programs، continuing education or in-service education programs for nurses، giving more authority and more responsibility to nurses can promote sense of independence in all nurses

Vest parts of the central and eastern of Iran are covered by mountain basin-rangedeserts. These deserts have developed during the quaternary alternating between dryand wet climatologically conditions, and now that earth is going through aninterglacial age, they are passing through a dry period. In such conditions, when thedesert landforms seem to be stabilized for short periods; rapid changes take place indesert geomorphic systems due to human-induced changes in the environment.Road construction has a great impact in deserts than the other human activities. Thisarticle, using air photos and satellite images and, particularly, field data, discusses theeffect of road construction on geomorphic instability of alluvial fan surfaces, playa anddesert pavements. The results show that:1. Road construction operations carried out on the surface of dry alluvial fans changethe equilibrium profile of main and secondary channels, resulting in intense verticalerosion;2. Road construction carried out in playa environments disrupt the balance of waterand sediments of surface streams and the terminal basin, bringing about changes inlandform boundaries.3. Road construction operations carried out on desert pavements in the resumption ofdeserts, causing wind deflation.