r. zare

This review paper provides the first attempt at compiling a classification of all taxa in the kingdom Fungi and fungus-like taxa, reported from Iran until the end of 2021. The list of all fungal genera reported from Iran and their placement at the higher-level classification (phyla, classes, orders and families) is presented. The number of described species per genus is also given. The country harbors 4500 species under 1194 genera, 366 families, 116 orders, 38 classes and 13 phyla. Of these, 4271 species distributed in 1150 genera, 353 families, 107 orders, 34 classes and 10 phyla belong to the kingdom Fungi. The remaining taxa belong to two fungus-like kingdoms: Chromista (191 species, 23 genera, four families, four orders, two classes and one phylum) and Protozoa (38 species, 21 genera, nine families, five orders, two classes and two phyla). Ascomycota (2278 species, 656 genera, 184 families, 55 orders and 11 classes) and Basidiomycota (1857 species, 441 genera, 139 families, 39 orders and 11 classes) predominate other groups.

White blister rust causal agents, previously assigned to the genus Albugo, are obligate plant pathogens affecting numerous plant families. The genus Wilsoniana has been erected from the genus Albugo to accommodate species infecting hosts in the Caryophyllales. Starting from spring 2018, we observed symptoms resembling white blister rust disease on leaves of Amaranthus retroflexus L. in the northern Iran. The specimens were subjected to molecular study by analyzing cox2, LSU and ITS rDNA sequences and morphological data sets. The results confirmed that the specimens belong to Wilsoniana amaranthi (Schwein.) Y.J. Choi, Thines & H.D. Shin (Albuginales, Oomycota). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed and documented record of W. amaranthi (ex Amaranthus retroflexus) from both Iran and West Asia. The results of this study will provide a reference for further resolution of W. amaranthi species concept.

A first annotated checklist of agarics and boletes in Iran is presented based on literature and new collections. A total number of 128 new DNA sequences, obtained from the ITS region as well as the nrLSU, is provided. Based on vouchered specimens, 19 species are newly recorded from Iran, all provided with nrDNA data from basidiomata. Overall, 585 species (comprising 556 agarics and 29 bolete species) are recorded from Iran, representing 147 genera and 34 families. The order Agaricales encompasses 82% of the species. Twenty-eight species are excluded from the Iranian mycobiota. The Hyrcanian forests harbor 79% of the species, with Mazandaran being the most species-rich province in the country. The three largest genera are Russula, Cortinarius, and Inocybe. We also scrutinized the available DNA sequences of Iranian agarics and boletes deposited in public databases. It is shown that 64 species of agarics and boletes in Iran are from environmental sequences, and nine species have been retrieved as plant endophytes. In total, only 24% of Iranian species are shown to have at least one nrITS sequence in GenBank or UNITE. Our analyses reveal that 42% of records in Iran arise merely from abstracts presented at various conferences, most of which lacking sufficient characterization and are suggested to be considered tentatively. General recommendations are given to avoid dissemination of low quality and ambiguous species records. This study fills in some of the gaps in our knowledge of agarics and boletes in Iran and provides a framework for biodiversity and phylogenetic studies.

ITS region and protein coding genes such as actA, cmdA, gapdh, his3, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 have been applied to investigate the molecular phylogeny of Cercospora species in recent years. Although gapdh is an informative gene for species delimitation in the genus, difficult amplification of this locuswith available primers limits its use for Cercospora. Therefore, in this study novel primers including GpdF-Cer (5’-TTC ATY GAG CCM CAC TAC GCT-3’) and GpdR-Cer (5’-RTC GGT GAC KRC GAG VAC-3’) were developed to supplement previously published primers for the amplification of gapdh. Besides, in a taxonomic survey on the genus Cercospora in Iran based on consolidated species concept, leaf samples with leaf spot symptoms were collected and Cercospora isolates were characterized based on a combination of morphological features and sequence data from the ITS, actA, cmdA, gapdh, his3 and tef1 loci. Seventeenspeciesof the genus Cercospora were recognized of which C. mercurialis on Mercurialis annua is confirmed for the first time, for Iran (Asia) mycobiota using sequence data of six genomic loci.Several new hosts are recorded for C. apii (one), C. beticola (one), C. cf. flagellaris (10), C. gamsiana (one), C. iranica (one), Cercospora sp. G (three) and Cercospora sp. T (four). Thus, new host families were added to the host range of C. beticola (Brassicaceae), C. cf. flagellaris (Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae, Vitaceae), and Cercospora sp. T (Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Rosaceae) in the world.

maternal anemia is one of the important health problems in developing countries and one of the frequent disturbances caused by malnutrition that impact on pregnant womens and effects on prenatal and neonatal health. The Aim of this study was to survey of relationship between maternal Hgb level and birth weight at urmia army hospital at 2019

this study was cross-sectional study. 456 pregnant women to attending urmia army hospital at 2019 that had inclusion criteria entered to the study. Data gathered and analyzed by Pearson and logistic regression analysis. Confidence interval was 95%.

Pearson analysis showed LBW significantly related with decrease of maternal hemoglobin (P<0.05). Maternal Hgb < 10.5 in the first trimester of delivery significantly increased the risk of LBW babies (1.66 (0.6 – 4.2)). Also the risk of LBW increased further with Maternal Hgb < 10.5 after delivery (3.2 (0.5 -4.8)).

birth weight is one of the head indicators of Maternal of maternal and neonatal health level and pregnancy period. In LBW babies the risk of abnormal growth, diseases, hospitalization, nerve development problems and retardation is higher than usual.

The purpose  of this study was to investigate the mediating role of accountability in relation to family functioning and self-efficacy among female students Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht . The research method was descriptive and statistical population included all undergraduate students in the academic year was 93and 92. Islamic Azad University of marvdasht . The sample consisted of 235 people and stage cluster sampling was used.The instruments of research were, self-efficacy questionnaire (, 2005), Family Assessment Scale and a scale accountability RE California FAD-1))for which validity and reliability were calculated. Path analysis results showed that: (1) academic self-efficacy was a significant positive predictor of students' families. 2. predictor of academic self-efficacy is a positive and meaningful accountability. 3. responsibility and self-control, positive and significant predictor of student performance is family. 4. Accountability has a mediating role in the relationship between self-efficacy and family functioning of students.

Previous studies have indicated that vitamin D3 deficiency is common in mentally disabled. This study aimed to determine Vitamin D3deficiency among mentally disabled patients city of Kashmar. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 72 mentally disabled people (10-60 years old) who were in a rehabilitation center in Kashmar city were selected through a census. Sampling was done by a researcher for subjects who had inclusion criteria. Serum levels of D3  were measured using HPLC method. The vitamin D3 deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level ≤ 12 ng/ml. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. 47.2% patients were classified as deficient in Vitamin D3. Age and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level was significantly correlated. 65 percent of disabled from age 20 to 39 years were severe and moderate deficient in Vitamin D3. The physicians, responsible for the treatment of patients with multiple complex developmental disorder, incorporate Vitamin D3   supplementation in their practice. In addition, screening for vitamin D3 deficiency should be integrated in the health assessment of patients with mental disorders.

In recent years, integration in medical education has been introduced as a prominent character in educational planning of universities of medical sciences. Presentation of disease-oriented specific pathology and pharmacology courses centered at the physiopathology, as examples of horizontal integration,is one of the educational goals of Shahid Sadoughi university of medical sciences. due attention to importance of the students’ opinions on success of this program, current study was conducted.
This descriptive-cross sectional research, was performed on medical students of Shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences with using census, in 2013. Data were collected through a questionnaire, consisting of two parts of demographic information and questions in four sections; awareness and necessity of integration process (6 questions), education (9 questions), facilities (2 questions) and satisfaction from integration program (8 questions), using a Likert scale. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS software.
based on students viewpoints the highest scores rates have been devoted to section of education from integration plan (3.36 ± 0.45) then,the scope of satisfaction from integration process (3.26±0.4) and lowest points to the facilities (2.92 ± 0.7) is identified.
Considering the finding of this research, students of physiopathology courses had positive attitude toward presenting of pharmacology and pathology in integration method, But for improving the performance of this method, and upgrading laboratories facilities,it is necessary to cooperate with other groups in order to avoiding duplication of topics and also producing of manual description of the goals and plans of integration for students.

Due to the process of deforestation and Increasing human population and growing demands for forests, afforestation and the development of forest is and will be of paramount importance. The objective of this research is to identify suitable plant species for afforestation and forest development in Dareh vesieh watershed by using multi criteria evaluation making. Slope, aspect, hypsometry, isometric, isothermal, soil, geology, river and land-use maps were used to produce the homogenous unit by using GIS. After removed Limitations from homogenous unit were determined suitable area for afforestation and studied ecological unit specifications. According to autochthonous species and adaptive exotic species and their ecological demand suggest species for afforestation in 26 ecosystem units that ecological demand of the suggested species is similar to ecology specifications of units that have capability for afforestation. Several species suggest for afforestation in every ecosystem unit such as Juniperus polycarpos, Amygdalus scoparia, Celtis caucasica, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Berberis crataegina, Pinus eldarica, Amygdalus lyciodes and Morus alba. Then, the best species suggests for afforestation in every ecosystem.

Specific and unique characteristics of nanoparticles may entail specific and unique hazards. In addition, they may also exhibit toxicity under certain conditions. This study was conducted to investigate the toxicity of phenol-exposed and phenol-unexposed nano-TiO2 and nano-Fe/TiO2 particles. Stock solutions of the afore-mentioned nanoparticles were prepared at different concentrations and a sample of each was exposed to phenol. This was followed by exposing Daphnia Magna to the phenol- and non-phenol-exposed nanoparticles. LC50, NOEC and the concentrations at which mortality rates were 100% were determined 12 to 96 hours after exposure, while for the determination of the mortality rate of Daphnia the Probit model in SPSS version16 software was used. The results revealed that (1). The 48-hr LC50 values for phenol-unexposed nano-TiO2 and nano-Fe/TiO2 particles were 2705 and over 15000 mg/m3, respectively. The corresponding values for the phenol-exposed samples were 414 and 1253. (2). The 48-hr NOEC values for the phenol-exposed TiO2 and FeTiO2 were 41 and 789, respectively, the corresponding values for unexposed samples being 1253 and over 15000 mg/m3. (3). In addition, the 48-hr 100% mortality rates for phenol-unexposed nano-TiO2 and nano-Fe/TiO2 particles were, respectively, 1253 and over 15000 mg/m3, while for the phenol-exposed samples the corresponding rates were 1090 and over 2108. With regard to 48-hr LC50, the findings show that the toxicity of both nano-Fe: TiO2 and TiO2 increases as a result of exposure to phenol, the increase being 12-fold for the former and 6.5-fold for the latter. In general, however, based on LC50, it can be said that the toxicity of Fe:TiO2 nanoparticles, which has better catalytic characteristics, is lower in comparison to TiO2 nanoparticles. Thus, using Fe:TiO2 in preference to pure TiO2 should be investigated further, as it will be less hazardous to the environment.

Although rare, inflammation of the appendiceal stump can occur and is still an important clinical entity. Recently there has been an increase in stump appendicitis.

Case report:

In this study, appendiceal stump was observed in an 18-year-old man who had presented with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and had history of appendicectomy 7 months earlier. Recurrent appendicitis was noted in the appendiceal stump.

Stump appendicitis should be considered by the surgeon when presented with a patient with acute abdominal pain and a past history of appendectomy.

During 2002-03 forty-four different barley growing regions in East Azarbaijanprovince of Iran were sampled for epiphytic fungi. Isolation of fungi was achieved using standard methods. As the result 374 hyphomycetous isolates were obtained that were placed in 22 genera and 49 species based on colony morphology and microscopic features (Table 1). Among these, Acremonium egyptiacum, A. sclerotigenum, Acremonium sp., Arthrinium arundinis, Art. phaeospermum, Art. sp., Cladosporium malorum, Cladosporium. sp., Penicillium frequentans, Periconia igniaria, Scytalidium dimidiatum and Stachybotrys sp. were new taxa for Iranian fungal flora. Furthermore, the important and pathogenic species, Drechslera teres, is isolated from East Azarbaijan province for the first time. The majority of fungal species obtained in this survey belonged to various species of hyphomycetous genera such as Alternaria, Aspergillus, Drechslera, Fusarium and Penicillium. The full text is in Persian with English caption for the figures and table (pages: 197-171).

Some 350 Trichoderma isolates were obtained from soil samples collected from different parts of Iran. Cultures were purified on 2% water agar by hyphal tip method prior to identification. Obtained isolates were identified using morphological features including colony characters (pigmentation and growth rate on PDA) and microscopic characters such as shape of conidiophores, shape and size of conidia and phialides. Microscopic features of conidiophores and shape and size of conidia were studied and recorded 3–5 days after inoculation on cultures grown on 2% MEA at 20°C under ambient laboratory conditions by using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ten species including T. citrinoviride, T. longibrachiatum, T. saturnisporum, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. inhamalum, T. tomentosum, T. virens, T. asperellum and T. koningii were already identified and reported from Iran (ZAFARI et al. 2002) and three new species, T. ghanense (Fig. 1), T. spirale (Fig. 2) and T. atroviride (Fig. 3) from sections Longibrachiatum, Pachybasium and Trichoderma, respectively, are reported here. Trichoderma atroviride is known as one of the most important biocontrol agents against plant diseases caused by some pathogenic fungi.

In the continuation of studies on Alternaria species, some 500 isolates were obtained from seeds, soil and plant parts from various localities of Iran. Prior to morphological examination, pure cultures were obtained by single conidium and single chain methods. Descriptions for each taxon are based on cultures developed on potato carrot agar. Inoculated plates were incubated at 23-25°C under a cool-white fluorescent light/dark cycle of ca. 8/16 hrs. Microscopic examinations were carried out after 5-7 days. Conidiophores, conidia and sporulation patterns were studied and recorded. Seven species of Alternaria are introduced and described in the present investigation, five of which (A. chlamydospora, A. cinereariae, A. infectoria, A. mouchaccae and A. porri) are new to the mycoflora of Iran. Other two species, A. brassicae and A. japonicae, that have been reported from Iran previously, are described here with.