فصلنامه زن و جامعه
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 39، پاییز 1398)

The present causal-comparative study in ex-post facto method aimed to compare self-esteem and social health of empowered and un-empowered female-headed households covered by the Welfare Organization. For this purpose, 100 females as heads of households (50 empowered and 50 un-empowered) were selected by purposive sampling among females of household heads covered by the Welfare Organization of Bonab city in spring 2017, which were 700 people in total, and their data were gathered. The tools of the study included Coopersmith’s Self-esteem Inventory (1967) and Keyes’s Social Health Questionnaire (2004). The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). According to the results, there was a significant difference between social health, general self-esteem, and social self-esteem between the two compared groups. However, social health, general self-esteem, and social self-esteem were high in empowered women than un-empowered women covered by the Welfare Organization. In the present study, empowering females of household heads was therefore observed useful and effective.

the objective of this research is to study the effect of female higher education on Iran’s economic growthduring the first quarter of 1998 to the fourth quarter of 2015 by using Johansen and Juselius cointegration method. The research results indicate that, the impact of coefficients of variables was based on expected theoretical foundations and are statistically significant. In other words, female higher education has a significant positive impact on economic growth. Also, the results based on error correction model indicate per period (per season), 0.76 short run imbalances to achieve long run balance is adjusted.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the causal relationship between self differentiation and morital satisfaction. The statistical population of this study is ordinary married women in Shiraz. To determine the sample size, random sampling based on the number of components in the model was used.  Then,  310 normal couples consisting of 155 women and 155 married men whose marriage duration varied between 5 to 12 years were selected. They were under the age of 50. The data gathering tool included Scourner's own differentiation scale and Enrich marital satisfaction scale (short form), which confirmed the validity and reliability of the instrument. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Amos software at two descriptive and inferential levels. The results showed that the effect of their differentiation on marital satisfaction was significant. This means that differentiation has a direct and significant effect on marital satisfaction.

This study aims to compare the social participation barriers of male and female employees of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade in sports activities. The research method is causal-comparative and of applied type. The statistical population of this study included all female and male employees who worked in the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade. The sample size was 152 people, and the same size of questionnaires about the social participation barriers including three dimensions of social trust, feeling of powerlessness and self-concept in six subscales of intra-group trust, out- group trust and abstract trust, feelings of powerlessness, positive self-concept and negative self-concept, were distributed among them. In this research, the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size based on the statistical population. The results showed that there is no difference between social trust (intra-group trust, out- group trust and abstract trust) between men and women employees. There was also no difference between the powerlessness of the male and female employees. In addition, the results showed that there is no difference between self-concept (self-concept of the person and the person's perception of the image of others) in male and female employees. According to the findings, there is no difference between social participation barriers in sports activities of male and female employees.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between socialization and motivation with sport participation among female employees of Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht Branch. This research is descriptive and is of a causal nature and field method. Due to the limited statistical population, the whole society (173 people) was selected as a statistical sample. To collect data, Taurinma's standard socialization questionnaire (1994) with 20 questions with a reliability coefficient of 90.90, and Mortazai et al.'S motivation and participation questionnaire (2014) was used for 37 questions with a reliability coefficient of 0.93. In descriptive statistics, the frequency, percentage, mean and inferential statistics of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, path analysis and structural equation model were used. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-22 software and LaserList software version 8.8 at a significant level of 0.05. The results showed that there is a significant causal relationship between social participation and sport participation among female employees of Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch (81.6%, 50.5% B). According to the fitting indicators reported, the conceptual model of this research has a good fitting level. Socializing and motivating women's sports workers is a process through which women acquire knowledge and awareness and motivation for effective and active participation in sports.

This study aimed to investigate the socio-cultural factors contributing to women’s sports activities.The study adopted a survey design. The data were collected using a questionnaire from a number of 600 women aged 20-65 years in Shiraz. The theoretical principles that have been used in this study a) psychological theories b) feminist theories and c) sociological theories that in the end of Pierre Bourdieu’s capital theory was used to inform the theoretical framework of the research. The data were analyzed using SPSS. In the data analysis has been used, analysis variance and regression and eth for investaging relations or comparison variables. The results showed that 58.3% of women did no exercise training at all. The studied variables included social class, stereotypical thinking, physical capital, social trust and cultural participation. The results of testing the research hypotheses revealed a significant correlation of social class, stereotypical thinking, physical capital, social trust and cultural participation with women’s sports activities. and the more important effective factors were behavior attitude, cultural participation, member of family's sport participation and social trust.

Today, due to the changing social and economic conditions, we can see the increasing presence of women. The purpose of this study was to compare the illness anxiety and marital sexual satisfaction in employed and housewife married women in 1398.

The research method was causal-comparative and Number of 87 employed women in Ali ibn Abi Taleb and Khatam al-Anbia Hospital in Zahedan and 89 housewives women selected through convenient sampling Method. Then they were evaluated using the Salkovskis Illness Anxiety Questionnaire and Mostavafi Marital Sexual Satisfaction. To analyze the data, multivariate and Independent-Sample T Test were used.

The findings indicated that employed women have higher levels of illness anxiety (p<0/01). In marital sexual satisfaction, this difference was higher in housewives women (p<0/01). Discussion and

It seems that if a job has high tensions, it can have negative effects on the mental and physical health and marital status of employed women. Therefore, providing the necessary measures to reduce the stresses of this group of employed women can be effective in reducing mental illness and improving marital relations.

isfaction is one of the important indices of couple's satisfaction from one another. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of guilt and shame and the difficulties in emotion regulation in sexual satisfaction among married students. The research methodology was descriptive following a correlational approach. The statistical population included all the married students in Islamic Azad University of Shiraz during 2017-2018, out of which 160 married students were selected by convenience sampling. Hudson and Harrison's Sexual Satisfaction Scale (1981), Tangney and et al's test of self-conscious Affect (1992) and Gratz and Roemer's Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (2004) were used for data collection. The collected data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression. Research findings showed that the correlation coefficients between the difficulties in emotion regulation and self-conscious affects and sexual satisfaction was R = 0.64. Therefore, it can be concluded that self-conscious affects (guilt and shame) and difficulties in emotion regulation play a role in sexual satisfaction.

The purpose  of this study was to investigate the mediating role of accountability in relation to family functioning and self-efficacy among female students Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht . The research method was descriptive and statistical population included all undergraduate students in the academic year was 93and 92. Islamic Azad University of marvdasht . The sample consisted of 235 people and stage cluster sampling was used.The instruments of research were, self-efficacy questionnaire (, 2005), Family Assessment Scale and a scale accountability RE California FAD-1))for which validity and reliability were calculated. Path analysis results showed that: (1) academic self-efficacy was a significant positive predictor of students' families. 2. predictor of academic self-efficacy is a positive and meaningful accountability. 3. responsibility and self-control, positive and significant predictor of student performance is family. 4. Accountability has a mediating role in the relationship between self-efficacy and family functioning of students.

women using a qualitative approach and a strategy of use. The research data were collected using purposeful and theoretical sampling and through a deep interview with 15 housewives who had been referred to a psychologist at a health center in one of the deprived neighborhoods of Khorramabad. Ground Theory was used to analyze the data. In the analysis of data, there were obtained fifty-eight concepts that were reduced to eleven main categories. Then we put the main categories in the form of a paradigmatic model. Finally, the core category was identified as " Grin and bear it: vulnerable women against to violence." This research showed that husband's issues are causing violence against women. Nevertheless, the inadequate social situation as well as the patriarchal culture governing this neighborhood will worsen the women who are questioned against the domestic violence of husbands. Violence against women has social and psychological consequences for women. These women in this situation have no choice. They will just have to grin and bear it.

The purpose of the article is to explain the mediating role of the psychological climate in the relationship between cultural intelligence and job matching of female teachers. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive method of correlation with emphasis on structural equation model. The statistical population of this study included all primary school female teachers in district 5 of Mashhad, which was 150 people. In this study, 102 people were selected using the Morgan table and selected by simple random sampling method. The research instrument consisted of three standard questionnaires of the psychological atmosphere, cultural intelligence job adaptation. Validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by content validity and their reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Which was respectively 0.96, psychological, 94.9 and occupational adjustment 0.85, respectively. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation coefficient and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis indicated that there is a direct and significant relationship between cultural intelligence and job adjustment. There is a direct and significant relationship between the cultural intelligence and the psychological climate. There is a direct and significant relationship between psychological and occupational adaptability. The psychological climate plays a meaningful role in the relationship between variables of cultural intelligence and job adaptability. Therefore, by enhancing the cultural intelligence of elementary school teachers as well as benefiting from the structures of the psychological climate, managers of these schools can take steps to increase the job compatibility of these teachers.

In the Iranian popular novels, women play effective roles as authors and by creating female characters they can reflect women status.  Feminist criticism come in two general kinds, analyzing the role of women through the manifestation of women and creative writers. The first division, or Gynocritics, on the bases of text, women status and roles were studied. The second division, or feministcritique, evaluates creativity and feminine language. This article analyzed the manifestations of women in various authors with outstanding selection of their works such as Fahimeh Rahimi, Narin Sameni and Fattane Haj Sayyedjavadi.  After determining the role of woman in these works, the results were compaired with feminist views and the differences in these works were compared. These finding showed that the role of women in the afore mentioned works with the major difference establish the Iranian views which are often based on knowledge and reflection of known place of women. Finally, no tendency to the Extreme view of feminism was observed.

Modesty, although rooted in the natural needs of young people, derives from the spirit of youth modernism, and the trend towards fashion represents a kind of rethinking and, in fact, an attempt to transform and change the apparent aspects of life. Regarding the significance of the discussion of the sense of the consequences of moderation, the present study used a field method, survey technique and questionnaire research tool to answer the main question. Is there a relationship between modality and different dimensions of social identity? The statistical population of this study was all girls aged 15 to 29 years old in Kerman. 384 of them have been studied as sample size. SPSS software and structural equations of Smart PLS were also used to analyze the data. The results of the research indicated that between socialism (P = 0.33) and its indices: national identity (P = -0.43), religious identity (P = -38 /), cultural identity (22 / 0-P =), historical identity (P = -0.26), and family identity (P = -0.36). Young girls in Kerman have a negative, inverse and meaningful relationship. Therefore, all research hypotheses are confirmed. Also, the results from the Structural Equation Model (Smart PLS) also showed that modality has a moderate effect on social identity (-0.450) and the moderating variable in total (0.220) explains the variance of social identity variable.

Intimacy among couples is one of the important factors in creating a stable marriage.Marriage has always been considered as the beginning of family formation and hence is a complex and very delicate human relationship. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of couple therapy with Imago-therapy and Feldman's integrated approach on couples' on the marital intimacy of conflicting couples in Tehran. This research was a semi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design and a follow up with the control group. The statistical population of this study included all of the conflicted couples who referred to the Office of Women's Affair of the Post Bank of the 6th District Municipality and the Psychology Clinic of the District 22 of Tehran Municipality in 2018. 15 couples among them were divided into experimental group (each group of 5 couples) and control group (5 couples). For this purpose, Barati and Sanei's marital conflicts questionnaire and Bagarozzi marital commitment questionnaire were used to collect data.
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In this article, the changes of the fertility of women in the family from 1981 to 2011 have been analyzed by using demographic documents or the secondary analysis of statistics. According to available statistics, the annual growth rate of Iran's population in 1986 was reported at 3.9%, which fell to 1.3% in 2011. In such a situation, the number of households expected to grow in line with the decline in population growth, while statistical evidence suggests that the annual growth rate of households in the 1996-86 period was only 2.51% that is up by 3.89 percent compared to 2011. During these three decades, household households also respectively dropped from 5.11 to 4.05 and 3.54. The theoretical analysis of such a situation, based on the theory of the transition of the second population, indicates the introduction of the values of modernism and its manifestations (individualism, industrialization and urbanization), such as the single parent, single child, biological couple, and the same as the growth of the divorce phenomenon. According to this theory, the findings of the present study indicate that households with a population of 7 people are now fading with a 2% share of the total population, the growth rate of 3 to 4-person households, accounting for half of Iran's population, is also decreasing and rising to 7% in single-person households. According to these findings, it can be concluded that during the last three decades, the reduction of fertility preference, the desire for single life and the formation of independent pre-marital households, along with a further factor called divorce, has reduced household size and increased the number of households. It shows the arrival of the values of modernism in the realm of Iranian homeland.