rahim motalebifard

In order to evaluate the effect of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) on growth and nutritional balance of Thompson Seedless grape (Vitis vinifera L.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design including four treatments with three replications in five private vineyards located at Urmia, Iran, during 2020 and 2021seasons. Treatments included T1= check (no fertilization), T2= farmers’ conventional fertilization, T3=optimum fertilization of mineral nutrients and T4 integrated soil fertility management. Results indicated no significant difference among the study sites in terms of cluster weight, chlorophyll index, titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) of fruits, but a significant difference was observed between macro- and micronutrients, except for iron (Fe). The cluster weight was increased in all fertilized treatments compared to the check (p≤0.05). Grapes increase in T3 and T4 compared to T2 was 2.27 and 4.04 kg/vine, respectively. A similar trend was observed in relation to the leaf chlorophyll index, which increased in T4 by 10.99% and 9.69%, respectively, compared to T2 and T3. TA and TSS concentration accumulation in berries were affected by T3 and T4 treatments. TA showed a significant decrease in T4 compared to T1 by 16.09% (p≤0.05). However, TSS accumulation showed the highest value in the T4 (p≤0.05). There was no significant difference between T3 and T4 in terms of these two qualitative Characteristics. Evaluation of nutritional status using compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND (norms in control treatments indicated that, on average, the order of nutritional requirements of macro- and micronutrients were K=Ca>Mg>N>P and Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B, respectively. The lowest nutrient balance index (9.02) was obtained in the T4 and the highest value was observed in T1 treatment (35.02). In general, it is concluded that due to the significant increase in quantitative and qualitative factors of grape yield with ISFM, this technology was the best for balanced fertilization program and optimum fruit production in vineyards.

Nitrogen and sulfur are the most effective nutrients in oil seed production, especially, canola. In order to study the effects of different levels of nitrogen and sulphur on seed yield, yield components, seed oil, and leaf and seed nutrients content of canola (Brassica napus L.) a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications for two years. The first factor consisted of two nitrogen levels (N1=180 and N2=240 kg. ha-1 net nitrogen) and second factor had four sulphur levels (S0=0, S1=200 kg ha-1 powder sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus inoculant, S2=100 kg ha-1 from ((NH3)2SO4 and S3=100 kg ha-1   from CaSO4). The results showed that effect of the nitrogen levels were significant on leaf nitrogen concentration, and seed nitrogen concentration and uptake at 0.01-probability level and seed sulphur at 0.05 probability level but was not significant on other measured attributes. Effect of the sulphur levels were significant on leaf sulphur concentration, seed and oil yield and seed sulphur concentration and uptake at 0.01 probability level and leaf nitrogen and seed oil concentration at 0.05 probability level. The maximum seed and oil yield, seed nitrogen and sulphur uptake, leaf sulphur and seed oil concentration were obtained from S1 level with 5069, 2135, 99.5 and 23.3 kg per ha and 0.95 and 42.1 percent, respectively. The two way interactions of nitrogen and sulphur were significant on leaf and seed nitrogen concentration. In general, the application of 180 kg nitrogen and 200 kg inoculated sulphur with two percent Thiobacillus inoculant would be recommended to achieve the optimum growth of canola in similar soils.

Water stress, as the most important non-biological stress, has many undesirable effects on nutrients uptake, growth, and yield of higher plants. Nutrient such as nitrogen are effective against water stress and proper usage of nitrogen can prevent drastic reduction of yield under water stress conditions. This study was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of nitrogen and irrigation on the yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The study was performed as a split-block based on randomized complete blocks design with factors of irrigation at four levels (0-3, 3-6, 6-9 and 9-12 meters’ distance from the main line source), and nitrogen at three levels (90, 135, and 180 kg per ha) using three replications and line source sprinkler irrigation system. Irrigation water of each level was measured by boxes that were fixed in the middle of each plot. The statistical analysis of results was done by the method described by Hanks. The results showed that application of nitrogen significantly increased yield, stem height, leaves number, water productivity, and leaf and tuber nitrogen concentration. Water deficit decreased yield, stem height, leaves number, and water productivity. The two-way interaction of nitrogen and irrigation was not significant on the measured attributes. The best treatment for water productivity (3.91 kg/m3 water) was using 621 mm irrigation and 180 kg N per ha. The highest amount of potato yield (42158 kg/ha) was obtained from application of 180 kg/ha nitrogen and 811 mm irrigation water.

Potato production has fourth rank in the world after rice, wheat, and maize with the production of 321 million tons from 19.6 million hectares. In Iran this important crop has third rank after wheat and tomatoes with the production of 4.6 million tons. Potato is a temperate crop, growing and yielding well in cool and humid climates or seasons, but it is also cultivated in tropical to sub-polar climatic regions, and represents a major food crop in many countries. Potato is sensitive to nutrients deficiency especially phosphorus and zinc. At least one-third of the cultivated soils globally are estimated to contain too low amounts of bioavailable zinc for optimal crop production. In Iran more than 70 percent of irrigated soils suffer from zinc deficiency. Many reasons have role in mentioned deficiency such as calcareous and alkaline soils, lower organic carbon and higher application of phosphorus fertilizer. So, evaluation of zinc fertilizers efficiency is essential under different soil phosphorus conditions.
This project was carried out in order to investigate the effect of zinc sulfate levels on yield, nutrients concentration and zinc recovery and agronomic efficiency under different phosphorus conditions in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Hamedan province (Tajarak station). The current research was done as a randomized complete block design with 9 treatments, three replications and three locations (with different soil phosphorus levels). The phosphorus locations were involved two locations with 10-15 mg available P per kg of soil (without or with phosphorus application) and a locations with 20-25 mg available P per kg of soil. Zinc treatments were consisted of soil application of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and120 kg of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O) per hectare and foliar spray of zinc sulfate at the rate of 5 grams per liter at one week before and one week after flowering. After harvesting, the tuber and shoot yield, tubers and shoot zinc uptake, nutrients concentration were measured in different parts of potato plant, and recovery and agronomic efficiency of applied zinc fertilizer were calculated.
The results showed that the zinc treatments significantly affected the tuber yield of potato. The application of 40 kg.ha-1 zinc sulfate and foliar spray of Zn one week after flowering evidenced the highest and the lowest yield, respectively and the difference between these treatments were 17 percent. The differences between without Zn application and foliar spray of Zn one week after flowering were not significant on yield which showed that the time of fertilizer foliar application is very important and by delaying of foliar spray the yield could not increase. The zinc treatments affected significantly tuber zinc uptake and the foliar spray of Zn one week after flowering by 80 percent increase comparing with control, had the highest tubers zinc uptake. The tuber and shoot zinc concentration were significantly affected by the zinc sulfate levels. The highest and lowest concentration of zinc in shoot and tubers were observed in the foliar spray of Zn one week after flowering and control. This treatment caused 160 and 24 percent increasing in shoot and tubers zinc concentration in comparison with control. In spite of considered increase in zinc content by foliar application of zinc one week after flowering, the potato yield did not increase considerably. The tuber and shoot yield were affected significantly by different phosphorus locations (p

With 12 million tons production per year, garlic is the fourth important crop in world. In addition to its medical value, it has been used in food industry. The Hamedan province with 1900 ha cultivation area and 38 percent of production is one of the most important garlic area productions in Iran. Few studies on water use and management of garlic exist in the world. Garlic is very sensitive to water deficit especially in tubers initiation and ripening periods. The current research was done because of scarce research on garlic production under water deficit condition in Iran and importance of plant nutrition and nutrients especially nitrogen on garlic production under stressful conditions. Nitrogen is necessary and important element for increasing the yield and quality of garlic. Application of nitrogen increases the growth trend of garlic such as number of leaves, leaf length and plant body. Reports have shown that garlic has high nitrogen requirement, particularly in the early stages of growth.
This study was conducted for evaluating the combined effects of nitrogen and irrigation on the yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativumL.). The study was performed as a split-block based on randomized complete blocks design with factors of irrigation at four levels (0-3(normal irrigation), 3-6 (slight water deficit), 6-9 (moderate water deficit) and 9-12 (sever water deficit) meters distance from main line source sprinkler system), nitrogen at four levels (0, 50,100 and 150 kg nitrogen per ha) using three replications and line source sprinkler irrigation system. The total water of irrigation levels was measured by boxes that were fixed in meddle of each plot. The statistical analysis of results were performed using themethod described by Hanks (1980). The chlorophyll index was measured using the chlorophyll meter 502 (Minolta, Spain). The chlorophyll a and bwas measured by the method described by Arnon (1946) and Gross (1991) in fresh leaf samples using spectrophotometer at 645 and 663 nm. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using MSTATC and SPSS softwares. Duncan’s multiple range test at p≤0.05 probability level was applied to compare the mean values of measured attributes. The Excel software (Excel software 2007, Microsoft Inc., WA, USA) was used to draw Figures.
The results showed that, the application of nitrogen significantly affected most of measured attributes. The application of 150 kg N per ha showed highest stem height (40.5 cm), dry weight of stem (5.34 g),wet weight of stem (69.5 g), chlorophyll index (49.7),chlorophyll a (9.8 mg.g-1dw) and chlorophyll b (4.04 mg.g-1dw) and increased stem height, dry and wet weight of stem, chlorophyll index and chlorophyll a and b around 7, 6, 7, 12, 22 and 36 percent, respectively. The irrigation levels significantly affected most of measured attributes similar to the nitrogen levels. The application of 409 mm irrigation water per growing season resulted to maximum stem height (41.9 cm), leaf number (7.5), dry weight of stem (5.39 g) and wet weight of stem (70.1 g), chlorophyll index (50.5) and chlorophyll a (10.2 mg.g-1dw) and chlorophyll b (4.04 mg.g-1dw). The severe water deficit (application of 138 mm irrigation water per growing season) decreased stem height, leaf numbers, dry and wet weight of stem, chlorophyll index and chlorophyll a and b about 13, 36, 12, 12, 19, 42 and 44 percent, respectively. The two way interaction of nitrogen and irrigation was significant and mostly synergistic on wet and dry weight of stem. The highest amounts of stem wet weight (73.2 g) and stem dry weight (5.63 g) were resulted from application of 150 kg nitrogen per ha under full irrigated condition that increased dry and wet weight of stem 17 and 25 percent respectively comparing with without nitrogen application under sever water deficit condition. Application of 409 mm irrigation and 100 kg N per ha is suitable for condition that enough irrigation waterexists. However in water deficit condition, the application of 150 kg nitrogen per ha could be recommended.
In general, to achieve the optimum growth of garlic in similar soils and climatic conditions, application of 100 kg nitrogen per ha would be recommended under normal irrigation conditions while at water deficit conditions the application150 kg nitrogen per ha could be recommended that had only two percent difference with the mentioned treatment and this difference was not significant.

In natural environments, plants are subjected to biotic (insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses) and abiotic (light, temperature, water availability, nutrients, and soil structure) stresses that can have negative effect on growth, metabolism, and yield. Among these, drought is a major abiotic factor that limits agricultural crop production. Potato production has fourth rank in the world after rice, wheat, and maize with the production of 321 million tons from 19.6 million hectares. By about 3 percent of cultivation area, potato had 7.2 percent of total agricultural production (5.57 million tons) in our country (Iran). Limited studies have been conducted on the interactive effects of Zn and P on potato tubers quality under water deficit conditions.
This study was conducted for evaluating the effects of soil moisture, phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) levels on the chemical composition and nutrients content of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Agria) as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three factors under greenhouse conditions. The study was performed with factors of Zn at three levels (0, 10 and 20 mg Zn per kg dry soil as ZnSO4.7H2O), P at three levels (0, 30 and 60 mg P per kg dry soil as Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O (monocalcium phosphate)) and soil moisture at three levels (0.5FC-0.6FC, 0.7FC-0.8FC and 0.9FC-FC) using three replications and 81 pots. The soil moisture levels were imposed three weeks from the flowering (64th day) until harvest (85th day after planting). After imposing of soil moisture levels and at the harvest, the yield and yield components, reducing sugars concentration in fresh weight by di- nitro phenol method (Mostofi and Najafi, 2005) and starch by Antron method (Mostofi and Najafi, 2005), N, P, K, Mg, Na, Fe and Zn concentrations in dried potato tubers were measured. Data were subjected to analysis of variance as factorial 3×3×3 with n=3 by using MSTATC software. Duncan's multiple range tests at p≤0.05 probability level was applied to compare the mean values of measured attributes. The Excel software was used to draw Figures.
The results showed that water deficit significantly affected most of qualitative attributes and nutrients concentration of potato Tuber N, P and reducing sugar concentrations were significantly increased (p The results showed that water deficit imposing had adverse effects on tubers quality and P and perhaps Zn requirement enhanced by increasing of water deficit. In general, to achieve the optimum potato tuber yield in similar soils, application of 10 mg Zn and 30 mg P per kg dry soil would be recommended under normal irrigation conditions while at water deficit conditions application of 10 mg Zn and 60 mg P per kg dry soil could be recommended.