ramin moradi

This study aimed to investigate whether cultural intelligence, a construct measure of individuals' capacity to adjust to new surroundings and different cultures, has an effect on their social functioning and effective communication with others, ultimately influencing their overall social health.

This research was a quantitative survey conducted on a sample of 380 individuals aged 15 years and above selected by multi-stage sampling in Yasouj city, Iran using a questionnaire.

Data analysis showed that the research population possessed higher levels of cultural intelligence and social health compared to the average levels, there being no difference between men and women. Married individuals were found to have higher averages of cultural intelligence and social health compared to single individuals. While there was no correlation between age and social health, there was a positive correlation between age and cultural intelligence.Testing the hypotheses revealed that various dimensions of cultural intelligence had direct and positive associations with social health. Cultural intelligence with a standard regression coefficient of 0.372 accounted for approximately 14% of the changes in social health; age did not have an intervening effect on the relationship between these two variables.

Overall, the findings of this study indicate that individuals with higher levels of cultural intelligence possess a greater ability to understand and accept other individuals’ perspectives, this leading ultimately to enhanced societal engagement and interpersonal interactions. Consequently, this heightened cultural intelligence positively impacts their overall social health.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the patterns that rural migrants went through until they reached marginalization. Interview technique has been used to find these patterns. The main method of analyzing the data obtained from the interview was thematic analysis. The community studied in this research are families who migrated from Kamfirouz region and settled in Saadi and Javadieh towns of Shiraz. After conducting 22 in-depth interviews with these people, data saturation was achieved. According to the findings of this study, four patterns can be concluded for the marginalization of these families: 1. The pattern of migration of families with economic poverty, 2. The pattern of migration of families that have undergone value-normative transformation, 3. The pattern of migration of large rural landowners, 4. The pattern of migration Families with work culture. In general, the results showed that the socio-cultural factors and contexts that were expressed in the second, third and fourth patterns were more influential on the migration and marginalization of immigrants than the economic factors in the first pattern.

This research aimed to investigate the factors of repulsion and attraction in the migration of villages by focusing on the narratives of migrants. Most of the research that have dealt with this issue have generally ignored the mental interpretation of immigrants regarding the factors affecting the repulsion of the origin and the attractiveness of the destination. The population studied in this research are families who migrated from Kamfirouz and settled in Saadi and Javadiyeh towns of Shiraz. The narrative method was used to obtain the life narrative of these people. Moreover, the interview method was used to collect the required data. The interviews were conducted using an exploratory approach and in a semi-structured manner in the residences of these people. After 22 detailed interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved. Four obtained models are: 1) Immigrant families with economic poverty; 2) Families that have undergone normative value transformation; 3) Rural landowners living on the outskirts of the city; 4) Families interested in work and constant effort (work culture). The results showed that from the participants’ perspective, the repulsive factors are lack of development, seasonal unemployment, lack of welfare and educational facilities, intense collective surveillance and violation of privacy of personal life. Moreover, urban attractiveness factors are the acquisition of higher social status, modern orientation, the existence of a network of previous acquaintances, the availability of suitable educational facilities, and higher welfare facilities in the city.

The issue of administrative corruption has become a pressing matter in Iran, affecting various aspects of the society. Corruption is a persistent and complex problem that perpetuates human underdevelopment through harmful cycles. According to Transparency International Organization, it involves the exploitation of entrusted power for personal gain. Despite the widespread presence of corruption within Iranian society, current evidence from both internal and external sources suggests that the education system conflicts with academic institutions as a particularly influential source of corrupt behavior. Academic corruption is a well-known phenomenon in Iranian universities with numerous examples, such as scientific fraud, plagiarism, forgery, distortion, academic black market, and buying and selling of articles appearing in the country's universities. Some investigators consider academic corruption as a form of scientific corruption, while others define it as encompassing all forms of unethical and improper conduct committed by educational advocates that violate ethical, social, legal, or institutional guidelines for personal or organizational gain with detrimental effects on an institution's objectives and principles. Despite the long-standing use of the term "academic corruption" in Iran's scholastic context, it remains largely unexplored from a scholarly perspective.

This study utilized qualitative methodology and a grounded theory approach to explore the perspectives of academic activists, including professors and doctoral students, on various aspects related to fraudulent practices in academia, such as contexts, causes, strategies, and repercussions. Grounded theory is a research method that involves deriving theoretical constructs directly from the data collected over time for analytical purposes. The research followed the Strauss and Corbin’s paradigm model, which is a systematic plan for grounded theory methodology. The focus was on professors and doctoral students from Shiraz and Yasouj universities, who were selected based on their experiences with academic corruption. A sample of 25 participants was chosen through theoretical sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached, meaning that no new features or characteristics related to academic corruption and its causes were identified. The collected information underwent a three-fold coding process, including open, axial, and selective coding methods, to facilitate the analysis of the results. This process led to the identification of a core category or primary classification, which was represented in a paradigm model. To ensure the accuracy of the findings, two researchers independently analyzed and coded the data using analytical techniques. Additionally, member feedback was collected to assess the validity of the communication and respondent validation was employed through continuous comparison checks by using the codes developed by the investigators to assess the reliability of the research results.

The findings of this study revealed that corruption in academia was influenced by various factors. The primary causal conditions included the presence of oil money, a deficient administrative system, and compromised institutional independence. In addition, poor awareness of corrupt practices and inadequate monitoring mechanisms acted as the intervening circumstances that facilitated academic misconduct. Situational factors, such as departmental culture and individual work experience, as well as background guidelines like university policies, also played a significant role in promoting fraudulent activities within higher education institutions. On the other hand, academic activists employed strategies, such as student alienation, deliberate silence, two-way blackmail, outsourcing, hostage-taking, and strategic cooperation, to further their corrupt practices. The consequences of academic corruption were commodification of science, emergence of an academic proletariat, alienation, moral dilemmas, decline in credibility and trust in universities, and institutionalization of corruption in the society. Based on the results, it could be concluded that university corruption operated as a double-edged sword, benefiting both the structure and the activist in the short term but leading to negative outcomes in the long run. This meant that the political structure and system, by prioritizing the quantity of articles produced through scientific research, could showcase their standing in the global community, while academic scholars benefited from the publishing papers and projects. However, this approach had drawbacks for both parties involved. The articles evaluated solely based on quantity did not directly correlate with production or economic growth, resulting in limited social welfare within a country. Moreover, the professors and students, who prioritized the publishing quantitative content might experience a sense of alienation as they grappled with conflicting emotions regarding their moral principles. It is important to recognize that this win-win mentality perpetuates corruption within the university system, creating a reproductive cycle that continues into the future.

Treating diseases depends on the type of relationship between physician-patient and dissatisfaction with this relation by the patients brings about using traditional medicine. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between dissatisfaction with the physician-patient relationship and the use of traditional medicine.

This research has been done using a survey method. The population is people aged 18-65 living in Ahvaz City, in 2019-2020, that 345 were determined as the sample size using Cochran's formula and were selected by means of a multi-stage random sampling method. The research tools are two researcher-made questionnaires including the “physician-patient relationship” and the “use of traditional medicine”. In the process of collecting data, the respondents were informed of the research objectives and they participated in the research if they were written consent. To examine the relationship between the two variables of physician-patient relationship and inclination to traditional medicine the correlation matrix and linear regression have been employed using the SPSS software version 25.

In general, 174 women and 171 men participated in this research. 139 were single and 206 married. In terms of ethnicity, 111 were Lor, 117 Arab, and the rest were Fars, Turk, and Kurd. The results of the regression analysis showed that the dissatisfaction with the physician-patient relationship significantly increases the use of traditional medicine (Beta=2.27, T=2.27, Sig=0.000).

Based on the results, the more people dissatisfy with the physician-patient relationship, the more they are inclined to use traditional medicine.

Awareness, knowledge, and attitude towards waste management, environmental factors of waste disposal sites and citizens’ as well as waste generators’ behaviors should be considered for implementing a waste segregation plan at the source.

The statistical population of this cross-sectional study includes 150,000 households living in Kerman. The sample size is calculated as 444 individuals using a stratified sampling method considering a 15% withdrawal probability. The correlation between Kerman citizens’ demographic data (age,gender, mean income, and household head’s educational level) and behavioral patterns (knowledge and awareness, attitude and behavior) regarding waste management and environmental factors of waste disposal sites was evaluated using SPSS software.

Examining the variables indicates that attitude, environmental factors, behavior, awareness, and knowledge have the highest mean and standard deviation, respectively. The highest mean score of awareness and knowledge was observed among individuals who earned 40 million IRR and higher income (2.55 ± 0.24) and those who had a PhD degree (2.63 ± 0.27). The results show that one unit increase in the score of awareness and knowledge, attitude and environmental factors could increase the mean behavior score.

Teaching the households waste-related environmental issues and how to properly separate recyclable waste as well as providing correct information regarding the current (COVID-19 period) and future plans and policies of the waste management organization, and developing suitable motivational mechanisms could improve the performance level of a society.

CLA is an economically and zoonotically important disease in the world. The lack of a therapeutic procedure limits the treatment mainly to surgical intervention. Therapeutic efficacies of the intra-abscess instillation of O3-oil and H2O2-gly in CLA in small ruminants were tested. One hundred eighty affected sheep and goats were allocated to five groups as follows: 1) NC (no intervention), 2) PC1 (injection of olive oil), 3) PC2 (injection of glycerin), 4) injection of O3-oil, 5) injection of H2O2-gly. Samples of abscess contents were collected for microbiological examination prior to injection. The VAs were measured on T0, then with two-week intervals on T1 and T2. On T0 and T2, VAs were as NC (2.9 ± 0.5; 3.5 ± 0.5), PC1 (3.4 ± 0.7; 6.6 ± 1), PC2 (3.1 ± 0.7; 3.3 ± 0.9), O3-oil (3.3 ± 0.4; 0.4 ± 0.4), and H2O2-gly (4.6 ± 0.4, 1.5 ± 0.4). Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in VAs, merely in treatment groups. CP was recovered in 48.3% of bacteriological samples. The results of this study suggested that O3-oil and H2O2-gly would be reliable therapeutic agents for treating and controlling CLA. Ozone showed apparently a higher  efficacy and caused more rapid shrinkage/recession of the abscesses, compared to hydrogen peroxide..

 Corruption as a universal problem has taken up substantial time and money from judicial, social, and political officials of many countries  imposing lots of cost on people from different dimensions. In the last few decades, the issue of corruption has attracted the attention of many researchers from different fields, such as sociology, law, economics, etc., and much research literature has been produced on this issue. It can be said that corruption is a global phenomenon that exists more or less in all countries of the world, but its existence and extent differs from one society to another according to social and economic development and based on the effectiveness of moral, religious, and cultural values. Although corruption has extensive negative consequences, its importance is more evident in the healthcare system. It can have many negative effects because it deals with human lives. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to analyze the causes of occurrence and spread of corruption in the healthcare system from the experts’ perspectives in the context of sociological framework.

Materials & Methods  : 
The current research tried to identify the conditions and contexts related to the prevalence of corruption in Iran's healthcare system from the staff experts’ perspectives in this field by using a qualitative approach and the grounded theory method. Therefore, the research field was the headquarter of the Ministry of Health, in which the following criteria were adopted for selecting the samples: working in the headquarter of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, having information and awareness of some corruption in this area, and having an experience of responsibility in the executive and general positions of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The sampling process was such that the researcher first started with someone, who was easier to communicate with. One of the authors’ colleagues was introduced to the interviewing researcher. Therefore, the first sample became available. Based on the logic and nature of the issue, the next samples were determined via snowball sampling. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of the conditions and action strategies of activists, theoretical sampling and maximum diversity methods were also employed. To select the samples, their various characteristics, such as work history, age, level of education, marital status, and ethnicity, were also determined as the criteria for sample selection.

Discussion of Results & Conclusion    :

Based on the data analysis, 6 categories related to the process of spread of corruption in Iran's healthcare system were identified: "weakness of formal and informal education", "weakness of policy, management, and governance in the healthcare system", "glitch economy and lack of a fair distribution of the healthcare system", "weakness of laws and inefficiency of the regulatory bodies", "weak and corrupt structures in the healthcare system", and "existence of a corrupted pharmaceutical field in the healthcare system". The aforementioned categories were all nested under the core category of "corrupting healthcare system".This research showed that corruption in Iran's healthcare system had become structured and systematic and therefore, many corruptions took place with completely legal procedures. Moreover, due to legal weaknesses and loopholes, the laws did not provide the necessary deterrence to prevent the occurrence of corruptions. Overall, the results of this research revealed that what was seen as corruption in Iran's healthcare system had less to do with individual aspects, i.e., individual control mechanisms were not very effective in this regard though they were not separable from the conditions of corruption in Iranian society. To deal with corruption seriously, there was no other way around but to reform the official and unofficial structures of corruption and procedures.

In the Safavid era and especially during the reign of Shah Abbas І, series of actions and institutional reforms caused a huge change in trade and brought short-term commercial and economic prosperity. In fact, after many years, Iranian people experienced a period of economic prosperity, however short. But this prosperity was short term and the economic reforms of this period did not lead to long-term accumulation of capital and sustainable economic growth. In this regard, various viewpoints have been presented to explain it, which often considering the dominance and dependence on macro theories, emphasize structural factors such as despotism and tyranny of the Iranian society as an obstacle to sustainable economic growth in this period. Therefore, not much attention has been paid to the human actor and subject and the culture and attitudes ruling his mind. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the culture and work ethic of Iranians in the Safavid era with the historical method and the technique of traditional content analysis of the sources of the Safavid period as an explanation for the lack of sustainable economic growth in this period. In general, the analysis of the data related to this era shows that the content of Iranian culture and work ethic in this period was such that it not only did not support the institutional reforms and short-term economic prosperity of the Safavid era, but also acted as an obstacle that acted against this economic boom.

Considering the destructive consequences of corruption in Iran’s healthcare system, the present study aimed to explain the roots and causes of corruption prevalence in this system.

This was a qualitative study with quantitative content analysis conducted in Iran’s Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MHME). Data were collected based on in-depth interviews with 13 experts in the MHME headquarters selected by theoretical and snowball sampling. The unit of analysis of the interviews was the sentence and the conducted interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis using the Shannon Entropy index.

Data analysis showed that legislative fields with an importance coefficients (IC) of 0.293 ranked first, followed by social and cultural fields (IC 0.26), economic fields (IC 0.175), decision-making fields and organizational factors (IC 0.174), and, finally, individual factors and micro-level fields (IC 0.102).

Considering the importance coefficient of individual factors and micro-level fields, it can be concluded that the personality and individual characteristics of the experts/relevant persons are less important in the corruption occurrence, while the legal, social and cultural variables paly crucial roles in explaining corruption in the Iran’s healthcare system.

 Shiga toxin-producing strains have been considered remarkable diarrheagenic agents and foodborne pathogens. Several studies have mentioned the role of some Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in diarrhea and dysentery in calves. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) have also been isolated from diarrheic calves. Generally, the culture and antibiogram results obtained from fecal samples are used to select antibiotics to treat calf diarrhea. However, the value of such a sampling method has not been evaluated yet.

 This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of fecal sample cultures for isolating STEC and EPEC in calf diarrhea by comparing them with small intestine samples.

 The small intestine and fecal samples were simultaneously collected from 35 diarrheic calves. Small intestine samples were collected under the ultrasonographic guide. A total of 70 confirmed E. coli isolates were screened by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect genes encoding Shiga toxin1 (stx1), Shiga toxin2 (stx2), intimin (eae), and hemolysin (E-hly). We also compared the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons and antimicrobial resistance properties in the STEC and EPEC isolates recovered from the small intestine and fecal samples. Finally, the presence of important STEC/EPEC serogroups, including O26, O103, O111, O113, O145, and O157 in isolates from both samples, was determined as well.

 STEC strains were detected in 25.7%, and 20% of E. coli isolates obtained from the small intestine and fecal samples, respectively. The stx1 was the sole Shiga toxin subtype detected among STEC in intestinal and fecal isolates. EPEC was detected only in one and two E. coli isolates from the small intestine and fecal samples, respectively.

 A numerically higher prevalence of STEC was observed in the small intestine compared to fecal samples; there was no significant difference in the frequencies of STEC and EPEC isolates between the small intestine and fecal samples. The results indicated that the fecal sample, as a non-invasive and practical method, could be used for isolating STEC and EPEC in calf diarrhea. The antibiogram showed the presence of a high degree of multi-drug resistance among the isolates.

Considering the importance of the temperament genre in Iranian culture, in this research, the representation of the ethical behaviors of Iranians in these works has been examined and criticized. temperament genre with the aim of surveying and cataloging the cultural and ethical characteristics of Iranians is one of the special types of social writings that has a long life and is at least equal to the emergence of academic sociology in the country. The book "Az Maast Ke Bar Maast" by Reza Bahrampour is the sample studied in this research. To review and criticize the representation of ethical behavior of Iranians in this work, the method of critical discourse analysis based on Van Dijk's model has been used. The results showed that the the temperament genre use many ideological strategies to depict the moral behavior of Iranians. Rather than investigating and describing the cultural and ethical behaviors of Iranians, this discourse is constructing these behaviors. In this way, by directing the behavior of Iranians, it leads them to morally objectionable behaviors; According to Bahrampour's representation in this book, the ethical behaviors of Iranians are three times more than the moral behavior they like. In fact, the temperament genre makes this possibility available to Iranians to interpret their actions towards non-Iranians. Therefore, these works tell Iranians that they are inherently immoral and, on the other hand, Westerners are inherently moral people.

This study attempts to ask why moderate political forces allied with radicals in the process of 1979 revolution in Iran. Researchers have cited factors such as "society's united rebellion against the state", "the class coalition", "the weakness of political and state institutions" and "the appeal of the revolutionary leader's discourse." In this research, the authors, in the framework of Richard Snyder's theory, using the qualitative method and the technique of documentary study, examine three independent variables of the king's relationship with the (main) army, the king with the elite, and the system's relations with the major powers as the causes of coalition formation. They have paid. The results show that the patrimonial and brave behavior of the Shah deprived the army of independence, control of its equipment and facilities, dissemination of mistrust, channeling upgrades, and ultimately obedience and devotion to both the soldier and the commander. As a result, the army's surrender and devotion to the Shah, the Shah's stalemate to the elite, and the Shah's devotion to the United States, undermined moderation's desire for intra-disciplinary conflict to form a coalition between the moderates and the redicals for a greater purpose.

Corruption is one of the most important of social problems not only in Iran but also around the world. it largely influenced by economic, social, cultural, political and judicial systems and affects all of these dimensions. One way to measure it is to perceive corruption from the perspective of citizens. Perception of corruption is the attitudes of individuals towards the level of corruption among employees of each of the administrative agencies. This study has done with survey method with a sample of 390 citizens who referred to Yasuj city government departments. The results indicated that the variables of religiosity, sense of social justice, individualism and institutional trust had significant effect on perception of corruption. The results of PLS software analysis also showed that independent variables can explain 51.6 percent of the variance of perception of corruption. The most important variable affecting perception of corruption at the sample level was a sense of social justice, with a direct effect equal to -0.450.

In this research, we analyze the cultural policies of the family. The results show that the Iranian family, like many other societies, is subject to significant changes. In recent years, the tendency to form a family has been reduced to a certain extent, and marriage is delayed until social, economic and social status is achieved. Evidence suggests divorce has changed from a denied phenomenon to a solution to the tension and conflict between couples. Extramarital marriages, especially in major cities, have increased marriage and increased divorce rates. The generation gap has spread and the conflicts of women's role are expanding. According to the statistics, the documents and the reality of society, the family has not shaped as cultural policy-makers desired and planned for it. This gap between politics and the situation in society has been analyzed in such a way that changing social conditions, globalization and cultural transformations, the spread of media and communications, and ... have influenced the family and due to the changing social context, this different factors have affected family structure.

Suicide is a major health and psychosocial problem in the contemporary world. The current study aimed to investigate the social factors affecting the tendency towards suicide among female high school students in the city of Boyer-Ahmad.

In this quantitative study data were collected following a survey technique and using a questionnaire. The study population was all female high school students in Boyer-Ahmad city. The sample size was estimated at 373, based on the Lin table, with a 95% confidence interval and 5% sampling error. Sampling was performed using a two-stage cluster sampling technique.

There was a negative association between suicidal ideation and all five dimensions of religiosity. There was a positive significant association between the rate of change in socioeconomic status and the rate of suicidal ideation, as well as a negative association between the rate of social support and the rate of suicidal ideation. Academic failure, parental divorce experience, and sexual abuse experience could also influence suicidal ideation. Overall, these factors could explain 1.44% of the changes in the dependent variable (i.e. suicidal tendency). Besides, 9.55% of the remaining variance was explained by factors other than the variables included in this study.

The social context has a key and effective role in the present time, and the necessary conditions for its improvement should be provided.

Corruption as a disease exists in all countries, especially in developing countries and the international community in recent decades, while is aware of the harmful effects of corruption, is seeking to prevent and reduce its effects within this convergence which is created as the global anti-corruption movement. The countries while considering the bribery as a crime, they enforced anti-bribery laws, which have both positive and negative consequences, sometimes reduce the motivation of economic actors to enter corrupt host countries and make trade and investment flows so weak to the extent that if the government officials of the host country receive bribes in the executive actions of their country while participating with corrupt persons, if they are not identified and prosecuted, it will not have a fruitful effect on their domestic legal systems. The question of the present article is what effects the anti-bribery laws have on the foreign trade and investment of developing countries. This research has been carried out on the basis of descriptive-analytical method and legal-economic approach, and its result results show that these laws, in addition to deterrence, sometimes create benefits for the beneficiaries of corruption. In other words by taking an alternative measures, they change the type of investment and corruption, which may intensify inefficient methods in developing countries. On the other hand, the enforcement of anti-bribery laws in the home country of a trader can strengthen the general perception of bribery in developing countries and influence the movement of communities in a destructive cycle of corruption.

Considering the importance of interactions in families, as well as cultural factors related to them, the present research investigates the relationship between attitude towards power distribution and value orientations among 380 couples from Dougonbadan City. The sample was selected through cluster sampling method proportional to the sample size, which was determined using Lin’s sample size determination Table. Based on the research literature, attitudes toward the power distribution structure in the family were examined in two dimensions: authoritarian and consultative. According to the research results, the relationship between religious, fatalistic and traditional value orientations and authoritarian decision-making was directly significant. However, the relationship between modern value orientations and authoritarian decision-making was inversely significant. The relationships between fatalistc and modern value orientations and consultative power distribution were negative and positive, respectively. The most influential variables in reducing authoritarian decision-making and increasing tendency to the consultative one were found to be the modern value orientation and the level of eduction, respectively. Finally, it can be said that the dominant culture and "hegemony" of masculine vertical decision-making, at least expectionally, is changing to a kind of "transitional" situation that lead to a competitive and hostile relationship between traditional and modern value orientations and authoritarian and consultitative decision making

Almost in all WTO agreements, we are considering the promotion of some elements of good governance to prevent and combat corruption in international trade in order to create a fair competitive environment by creating a conducive business environment. Through meta-analysis, we learned to what extent the World Trade Organization, in addition to the provisions of the agreements, has been able to prevent corruption under the influence of block chain technology. In this regard, the provisions of the organization's agreements and its approach to corruption in international trade were explained and the impact of the use of block chain technology was examined. The study showed that the WTO in the provisions of the agreements obliges the members to observe some components of good governance that are indirectly associated with a preventive approach to combating corruption. It is shown that enjoying block chain technology to set single windows and make use of smart contracts have been considered and used by members according to the relevant agreements. Although the use of this technology has worked well to some extent in facilitating trade, government procurement, and the trade in services, it has led to inefficiencies and challenges in the absence of the necessary infrastructure, which in fact cannot be a viable alternative to powerful institutions that it is created to be replaced.

One of the dimensions of health is social health. Social health indicates, in a way, the inviolability of the identity aspects of individuals in the community. From among the factors affecting social health, a sense of social security both in its objective and mental dimensions has a particularly significant effect, and also a fundamental impact, on the efficiency of individuals in the society. In this study the relationship between the two variables ─ social security and social health ─ was investigated empirically.

This was a quantitative survey including a sample of 400 residents in Lende City, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran in 1398. Data were collected using questionnaires.

The findings showed that there were statistically significant relationships between the sense of social security and social health in most of their domains (P <0.05). Modeling of structural equations between these two variables also showed that the sense of social security with a regression weight of 0.54 had an effect on social health in a way that this variable alone explained 29% of changes in social health, while gender had no effect in this regard.

On the basis of the findings it can be concluded that the sense of social security has significant effects on social health and efficiency of people in the society. Therefore, if a society can protect the identity components of its citizens in its different ethnic, religious, linguistic and national aspects and increase their level of social tolerance, then it will be possible to create better conditions for promoting the social health of individuals in that society.

Nowadays, social trust, which has a great role in the development and health of societies, is considered one of the most important aspects of social capital and human communications. Therefore, this study aims to compare the patients' social trust (before and after hospitalization) toward the medical staff of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad hospitals.

A total of 400 patients admitted to Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad hospitals were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and evaluated by a researcher-made questionnaire of social trust. The study includes patients who were (according to the decision of the treatment staff) hospitalized for at least one day and then were discharged.

The patients' trust toward nurses and operating room personnel is not significantly different before and after hospitalization (P> 0.05). However, patients' trust toward physicians before and after hospitalization is significantly different (P <0.05), with an increase of 0.27 percent in patients' trust toward physicians after hospitalization. It was also shown that patients' trust toward admission personnel has a significant difference before and after hospitalization (P <0.05), with a decrease of about 0.24 percent in patients' trust toward admission personnel after hospitalization.

Considering the decrease in patients' trust toward the operating room personnel and admission staff after the treatment process, it is expected that some measures be taken to increase the patients' trust toward this group.

Tax procedures that have extensive concepts and scope, fundamentals andsources of law, include, from tax legislation to determining, demandingcollection and settlement of disputes, filing legal and criminal complaints,decision making condition, issuing and performing all administrative, lawenforcement and jurisdictions authorities judgments including insourcingand outsourcing to realize distributive and social justice, procedural Justice,legal justice, criminal justice, tax administrative justice and even restorativejustice alongside with tax justice. Every legal systems requires to complywith principles of tax trial such as principle of taxpayer information privacy,publicity of tax trial principle, principle of peremptory norms in tax trial,principle of taking appeal to tax trial judgments and the adversary principlein tax trial to realize fair tax trial.The present situation of tax trial in Iran has numerous difficulties either inthe process or the trial on merits, including hearing in unofficial trial becauseof absence of the commissioner judge, issuing stereotype, irrational anddelegitimized judgments, enforcement delay in writ of expert opinion andprolongation of trial which interrupted fair trial and favorable and acceptablesituation. Therefore it is essential to transform the structure and functionalityof these authorities and also codification of administrative procedure law.

Today, the values ​​of various societies are subject to a wide range of changes. These values ​​include a range that varies according to the characteristics of each society. In addition, within societies, the degree of commitment to and following these values ​​among members of each society varies according to the division of gender, class, place of residence, generation, etc. One of these values, regardless of the type and level of commitment, is religiosity. In the definition of religiosity, it is said that religiosity has ‘religious endeavors’ in such a way to influence the attitude, orientation, and individual actions. This research sought to investigate religiosity among the youths of Sar-e-Pol-e Zahab city and its related factors.

The research methodology was a survey approach. The study sample consisted of 635 youths with the age range of 19-29 years in Sar-e-Pul Zahab. They were selected using stratified sampling. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire. The measured dependent variable was religiosity which had three dimensions: emotional, belief, and practical. Social capital as one of the two independent variables of the study had the dimensions of participation, solidarity, trust, socio-economic basis, and ethnic identity. Another independent variable of the study was media consumption. The results indicated that the level of religiosity among respondents was slightly higher than average. Among the dimensions of religiosity, the belief dimension had the highest average, and the practical dimension had the lowest average. Results in relation to gender differences indicated that in terms of emotional and belief dimensions, the level of religiosity of women is significantly more than men. However, there was no significant difference between men and women in practical aspects. But, in relation to the marital status, the results indicated that the level of religiosity of married people in all aspects was greater than that of single people. Pearson correlation test indicated that three variables of social capital, national identity, and ethnic identity had a direct and significant relationship with religious dimension. Media consumption also had a negative and significant relationship with all three dimensions of religiosity. But, the relationship between economic and religious aspects was not meaningful. Finally, the direct and indirect relationships between independent variables and religiosity were tested in the path analysis model.

The human resources training is a key factor in the process of technology end economic growth and development of societies, The provision of human capital requires the true education. The true education on one hand promote Man’s power features and on the other hand, it provides labor for better use of new technology and it paves the way for countries to growth and develop technology and economically. The purpose of this paper is to Investigation the Impact of human resources training on Technology and economic development of societies. Since the focus of this study is to survey three theories of human capital, theory of convergence and the theory of technical interaction with their adaptation in different societies including Iran. therefore, according to its been chosen for this article; The finding of this study showed the significant effect of all three theories on the development and economic growth of societies. Also, the seriousness of the impact of skilled manpower education and training is of the most important factors in the low level of developing technology in developing countries: therefore, it is worth noting that due to the growing population of the young in developing countries and the urgent need for these countries to grow and increase production, serious attention to the promotion of the level and quality of education.