ranji

In this article a new technique is proposed for detection of polymorphic malware based on image processing. With the proliferation of polymorphic malware, the efficacy of signature-based static analysis systems is greatly reduced. This survey is based on the comparison of the images developed from malware samples binary code. With the advent of image processing applications for binary code analysis, numerous features could be extracted for comparing malware isomorphs. Based on these features, we have been capable of detecting malware isomporphs with an unprecedented accuracy. Most often, malware samples binaries are packed. Using our proposed method, we have been capable of detecting the unique similarity between executables packed with a same packer.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a colorectal cancer caused by the mutation in the APC gene, inherited as an autosomal dominant. In patients with FAP, adenomas are formed after the age of 20, which develop malignant tumors one or two decades later. The aim of this study was to determine the mutation in a part of exon 15 of APC gene in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis in Gilan province.
In this study, a nonsignificant mutation (c.3184C > T, p.Q1062X) was identified in a person with a classic FAP with severe polyposis.
FINDINGS: In this study one nonsense mutation (c.3184C>T, p.Q1062X) was identified in a classic FAP patient with severe polyposis.
The results of the study showed that severe polyposis was associated with a nonsignificant mutation that resulted in the production of short APC protein in a person with FAP.

Silibinin (silybin) is an active component of silymarin with anti-bacterial activities. In drug resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been reported overexpression of mexB gene. The aim of this study was evaluation of mexB gene expression in silibinin treated and untreated isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
In this descriptive analytical study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were obtained from hospitals and laboratories of Guilan province. After determining several antibiotics susceptibility (disc diffusion and MIC), 5 ciprofloxacin resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated by ciprofloxacin (1/2MIC) only (group1) and in the combination with silibinin-encapsulated micelles (nanoparticles) (group2). After 24h, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis was performed in group1 and group2 and mexB gene expression was evaluated by quantitative-realtime PCR (Q-RT-PCR) and 2-ΔΔCT equation.
FINDINGS: In this study from 69 isolates, 33.33% by disc diffusion test and 37.86% by MIC test were determined ciprofloxacin resistant. Our analysis showed that silibinin -encapsulated nanoparticles (400µg/ml) induced death up t0 50% in ciprofloxacin (1/2MIC) treated resistant isolates during 24h. In treated cells with silibinin and ciprofloxacin revealed downregulation of mexB gene compared to treated cells with ciprofloxacin alone.
It seems that silibinin is cause of increasing ciprofloxacin effect on inhibition of growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through decreasing expression of genes implicated in efflux pomp systems such as mexB.

From an economic viewpoint, tomato is considered as the second most valuable crop after potato. It is also preceded by the potato in terms of per capita consumption in the world. In 2008, the cultivation area used for the tomato as equal to 163,539 hectares in Iran and the production of it was equal to 5,887,715 tons with an average production of 117,887 tons in 4352 hectares in the provinces, respectively. Having high production volume and quality, costly hybrid seeds are currently used for the major planting areas of vegetable in Iran. Most of the used transplanted seedlings are 83%. Since the seeds are expensive, the percentage of seedlings and healthy and disease-free seeds should be used for maximized germination and be transferred to the fields of open space. Preparing seedlings in transplanting trays is a technology to respond to this need. Trays are covered with a layer of Peat and Miculite fertilizers. Then, one seed is manually placed in each cell after gauging and preparing a suitable field. However, manually placing seeds is time-consuming and requires hard labor. Sixteen working labors per hour are required for 15 × 7 cell in order to have 10200 seedlings grown in 100 trays. Due to lack of adequate labor, production capacity of greenhouses is reduced, especially in the farming season when finding labor for planting vegetable sprouts is laborious. Therefore, mechanizing tray seeding operations is essential to increase the capacity of the growing industry of greenhouses in Iran. Initially, the tomato seeds were examined in the laboratory. The most important parameters of the study included size, shape, weight, the speed of getting out of the tank and the minimum carrying speed. Then, a vacuum-based single seed picking unit was prepared to investigate the factors influencing the design, so that a single tomato seed can be harvested from the masses. The most important factors considered in the design and construction included: cost, ease of performance, portability, use of local equipment, the planter’s capacity as well as the style of picking single seeds (In Fig.1, the original scheme of the device is presented). The planter consists of several parts operating harmoniously to yield the desired results. These parts include a chassis and conveyor belt mechanism, primary and secondary fertilizer tanks, squashing unit, seed metering device and vibrating reservoir of the seed (The main text of modeling the device with SolidWorks software is shown in Fig.2). This device is designed in such a way that the position of the nozzle, the suction pressure, the height of removing seeds and the vibration frequency of the seeding tray are adjustable. Evaluation of the device was carried out by single seeding of tomato seeds in trays with 105 cells (7 × 15). Suction pressure and nozzle size were calculated for tomato seeds. Scaling distances were considered equal, based on the 30.5-mm intervals of the cells. Single seed picking efficiency of seeds was calculated by the system, as the single percentage of seeding and the total percentage of seeded cells. Seed consumption efficiency is the ratio of the total seeded cells to the total number of existing seeds in the cells. Seeding efficiency also refers to single, dual, and multiple harvested seeds. Furthermore, the device capacity is defined as the number of seeded tray cells per hour. In order to design and build a precise robot planter, an experiment including the designed planter and planting speed of workers in 10 repetitions was designed and implemented to estimate the seeding time and compare with automated and manual planting methods. Seedling trays with four replications were cultivated by the designed robot and the number of cultivated seeds per tray at each stage were correctly counted. After that, the spent planting time by a worker was determined with four replications. The planting rate of tomato seeds is different when comparing mechanized and manual methods. As it is known, the time required for cultivation in the mechanized method is at least one-tenth of the time required for cultivation in the conventional and manual method, which causes the planting rate to increase, and this robot is one of the components of cultivation in the mechanized method in cultivation and production of tomatoes. By assessing planting time using the mechanized method it was revealed that an average of 26.3 seconds is needed to fill a 7 × 15 centimeter tray of tomato seeds with 105 cells. The same planting procedure in the manual method takes an average of 357 seconds which is indicative of the high rate of the designed device. The planter capacity experimented using a seedling tray with the size of 15×7 cells, was calculated to be 17750 cells per hour showing that the suction pressure increases by a reduction in seed size. Thus, while working with small-sized seeds, fluctuations of the suction pressure must be carefully considered to be minimized and the seed being dual was only affected by the opening diameter. Therefore, the opening diameter should become the same in size in order to minimize the dual seed instances. In case of the tomato, the opening diameter had a great influence on the seeds being bulky. Manual planting takes a considerable time in comparison with the mechanized planting. Furthermore, using the designed device in addition to speeding up the planting process, caused regular and accurate cultivation of tomato seeds in order to produce seedlings. The results indicate that utilizing the device over time is highly economical for the major producers of tomatoes, and it is recommended to be used in agro-industry companies, and in the mechanized method of planting in large scales.

West Azerbaijan Province is a mountainous area in the North West of Iran that has a high potential for the production of grains/cereals. The diversity of active aphids species and their coccinellids predators in wheat farms of this province was studied for two years during 2010 and 2011. The present study identified six harmful species of aphids and five species of ladybird beetles being their main enemies at different wheat growth stages and different sampling dates. In 2010, Schizaphis graminun (Rondanii) species was the most frequently found species and was considered as dominant species in the area. The highest species richness of the collected grains/cereals aphids was recorded five species in the early of May in 2010. The highest degree of Shannon diversity index (1.81) was also related to 2nd of May, 2010 and the least amount of the same index (0.65) was found in 1st of July in the same year. In 2011, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) species had the most frequency rate and was regarded as the dominant species. The highest species richness of the collected aphids of the grains was observed during the mid-June in 2011. The highest degree of Shannon diversity index (1.25) was related to 15th of April 2011 and the least amount of the same index (0.81) was found in 11th of March in that year.

The paper presents the first contribution to the knowledge of the leaf miner flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) of the Urmia region in the West Azerbaijan province and a list of the 46 recorded species of agromyzid flies of Iran. During a three-year survey, 20 agromyzid species were identifiedbelonging to nine genera. The species Amauromyza (Cephalomyza) luteiceps (Handel 1920), Aulagromyza populi (Kaltenbach, 1864), Cerodontha (Poemyza) lapplandica Ryden, 1956, Liriomyza hieracii (Kaltenbach, 1862), Melanoagromyza aeneoventris (Falleh, 1823), Melanoagromyza albocilia Handel, 1931, Melanoagromyza nigrissima Spencer, 1976, Ophiomyia beckeri (Hendel, 1923), Ophiomyia curvipalpis (Zerterstedt, 1848), Ophiomyia orbculata (Hendel, 1931) and Pseudonapomyza europaea Spencer, 1973 werereported as new records for the Iranian insect fauna.

The main goal of this research is study of the internet addiction amount among students and its relationship between personality elements and anxiety The statistical population included all students of Urmia Medical Sciences University in which 300 individuals including (167 males and 133 females) and choosing by stratified sampling. They answered to three questionnaires such as Yang internet addiction (1998), Anxiety of Najarian (1375) and A & B personality type. Data analysis is performed by SPSS software and using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation, regression and independent t test. The results show that amount of males internet addiction is more than females (P<0. 005). There is positive and significant relationship between internet addiction and anxiety (P<0. 01). Also persons with A personality type be accustomed more than persons with B personality type (P<0. 005) and variables such as gender, anxiety and academic field can predict internet addiction significantly. In general it can be helped to make optimal use of the internet to susceptible individuals of internet addiction with the underlying factors.

To evaluate the effects of seed priming on inducing of water stress tolerance, an experiment was carried out under laboratory and field conditions in Satloo station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in West Azerbaijan province at 2008-9 seasons. A factorial experiment was formed, with the first factor including four cultivars Zarrin and Shahriar (irrigated cultivars), Sardary and Azar (rainfed cultivars) and the second factor, hydro-priming, osmotic solutions (10% polyethylene glycol (8000), 2.5% KCL, 5% NaCl, 10% Urea, 4/0% Micro nutrient), plant growth regulators (1000 ppm Cycocel and 20 ppm Auxin) and non priming as a control. Treatments were arranged at laboratory in Completely Randomized Design and two separate experiments with Randomized Blocks Design under normal and water stress at field conditions with five replications. Irrigation was held at booting stage in water stress experiment. Results of analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences for traits of plumule and radical lenghts and their dry weights, grain yield and its components, total dry matter and relative water content of lage feaf (P≤0.05). Pretreatment of Cycocel was allocated maximum plumule (17.8cm) and radical (17.2cm) lenghts and their dry weights (8.0 and 11.5mg, respectively). All priming treatments at four cultivars had more grain yield than control and at plant growth regulators were dominant and the highest variation percentage. Total dry matter (-10.7%), grain yield (-4.0%) and relative water content (-9.3%) at seed priming with potassium cholride had the lowest variation percentage under water stress than normal conditions. This pretreatment increased spike per squar meter in Shariar, Zarrin and Azar. Within cultivars, Azar with 0.89 susceptibility index was the most tolerance to drought stress. Traits of total dry matter, grain per spike and spike per squar meter observed positive significant correlations with grain yield at seed priming treatments, 0.91**, 0.92** and 0.79*, respectively. It seems that these traits could be used as an indirect criterion for selection of cultivars with high grain yield.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of oilseed plants that has caught the attention of Iranianfarmers. Cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) is one of the important pests of canola in Urmia region. Regarding to the importance of this pest, an investigation was carried out under both conditions of field and green house in order to evaluate the resistance of 21 canola genotypes against cabbage aphid during 2005-2008. Under field conditions, two separate experiments, each of three replications were performed based on complete randomized blocks designs under both natural infestation and no-infestation conditions to assess tolerance. Natural infestations occurred in all three experimental years. The evaluation of tolerance under field conditions was performed based on the indices as yield loss, 1000 kernal, the number of seed per capsule, and the number ofcapsules per main and accessory stems. Data analysis indicated highly significant differences (p%1) among different genotypes from the stand point of the studied indices. The genotypes Opera, Sahara and Okapi had the least index of yield loss, and the genotypes Geronimo, Talent and Celisius had the most highest index of yield loss. Based on cluster analysis, the genotypes Opera and Sahara were placed in tolerant group and the genotypes Talent, ARG-91004, Geronimo, Celisius and ARC-5 were classified as members of susceptible group. The evaluation of 21 genotype tolerance based on randomized plots design with three replications was carried out in two separate infected to aphid and control treatments under greenhouse conditions during two experimental years. Results indicated differences (p%1) among various genotypes from the view point of their disformation and stem growth decrease indices. Considering these two indices, two genotypes Okapi, and Opera were placed in tolerant group, and the genotypes Talent, Geronimo, Ebonite, ARG-91004, and ARC-5 were known as members of the susceptible group. The comparison of the results obtained through field and green house experiments illustrated that Geronimo was highly susceptible to cabbage aphid, and the genotypes Opera had an acceptable resistance applicable in the integrated management programs against cabbage aphid.

Understanding the relationship between root yield and other traits in sugar beet may be a crucial step towards successful breeding of this important crop. Path analysis provides a useful method in analyzing the genetic and phenotypic coefficients of correlations. This method is able to effectively unveil direct and indirect effects among traits of interest. In this research, root yield, yield components, some morphological traits and their relationships were investigated. The study included 0 different sugar beet genotypes that were planted in field under normal (Ec=. ) and salt stress (Ec= ds/m) conditions. Genotypes were also screened in greenhouse under similar conditions. Data analysis was done by calculating the coefficients of correlations between root yield and other evaluated traits. Then, using regression analysis a model including significant traits was developed. Finally, path analysis was used to dissect root yield with traits remained in the model into determine direct and indirect effects. Our findings indicated that under normal condition, traits including canopy cover and number of plants per m together accounted for 56 percen of the variation in root yield. However, under salt stress condition, four variables including canopy cover, number of plants per m, Na and K content together accounted for up to 87 percentage of the variation in root yield. Using path analysis it was found that under normal condition, canopy cover had a considerable positive effect (P = 0.554) on root yield while under salt stress, in addition to canopy cover (P = 0.599) the K+ content (P = 0.659) also indicated a considerable positive effect on root yield. We concluded that traits including canopy cover and K+ content may be used to accelerate the selection process in breeding programs wherever a huge number of germplasm has to be evaluated.

Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is a serious pest of canola (Brassicae napus L.) in the world and host plant resistance is considered to be important. Therefore, 21 genotypes of canola were evaluated in a randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replications. The experiment was performed under natural field conditions in the West Azerbaijan province, in 2005-06. Evaluation of the genotypes was based on the infestation index calculated as follow: (Ii) = P×N×L in which P = percentage of infested plants per plot, N= average number of aphid population in one centimeter of infested plant stem, L= average infested plant stem length (cm). Than data of (Ii) was transformed by (Ii=0.5). The first aphid infestation was observed in mid may and continued till harvest time in late June. High trend of aphid infestation implied to the increase of aphid populations, however, a significant decrease of aphid infestation was observed in the last sampling at seed maturity stage. Different sampling data indicated significant differences in aphid infestation and the forth samples had the highest infestation index. Canola genotype: were classified into following four groups: 1-Resistant (Modena, Sunday, Opera, and sinatra), 2-Moderate resistant (Zarfam, Sahara, Okapi, ARG-91004, ARC-5, Orient Milena and ARC-2), 3- Moderate susceptible (SLMO46, Talent, Celisius, Elite, Dexter and Ebontie) and 4- Susceptible (Geronimo, Olpro and Licord).

Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is a important pest of canola (Brassica napus L.) throughout the world, and as the host plant resistance is considered as a useful method to control the pest, therefore twenty one genotypes of canola were evaluated from the view point of their resistance to cabbage aphid infestation in a randomized complete block design with three replications and under natural infestation conditions in Urumia during 2007-8. To evaluate the infestation rate of the genotypes, an infestation index indicator of the percentage of infested plants, the number of aphids per centimeter of stem length and the average length of the infested stems was used. The infestation to the aphid began in the mid May and continued till canola harvest time in mid-late June. In the last sampling synchronized to the maturity of canola seeds, the level of infestation was reduced. The different sampling dates indicated significant differences in the levels of infestation to aphid. Also from the stand point of the level of cabbage aphid infestation, canola genotypes were classified in four groups of resistant (including Sahara, Opera, Arc-2, Sintara, okapi and Sunday), semi-resistant (including SLM046, Modena, Milena, Arg-91004 and Regent Cobra), semi-sensitive (including Arc-5, Orient, Elite, Dexter and Licord), and sensitive (including Geronimo, Olpro, Ebonite, Talent and Celisius).

Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is a serious pest of canola (Brassicae napus L.) in the world. Host plant resistance is considered as a useful approach, and is recommended for its control. Therefore, resistance of twenty one canola genotypes to cabbage aphid was evaluated. The experiment was arranged in a split plot in time using complete raondomized blocks design with three replications under field conditions in West Azerbaijan province in two successive cropping seasons (2005-2007). Genotypes and five sampling dates were considered as main and sub plots, respectively. Aphid infestation occurred naturally. The first aphid infestation occurred in mid May in 2005-2006 and late May in 2006-2007 cropping seasons. With decrease in rainfal and increases in air temperatures in June, the rate of aphid infestation in the field increased. Combined analysis of variance showed significant (p≤0.01) effects of growing season, genotype and sampling times. Rate of infestation at first cropping season was greater. The highest infestation was recorded on 29 May in 2006 and 4 June in 2007. However, aphid infestation decreased in last samplings, as crop approached physiological maturity. Canola genotypes; Modena, Sunday, Opera, Sinatra, Sahara, Okapi and Zarfam with < 4 infestation index were classified as resistant where ARG-91004, Milena, Orient, ARC-2, SLM046, ARC-5 and Talent with 4-6.5 infestation indices classified as moderate resistant, and Celisius, Elite, Dexter and Ebonite with 6.5-9 infestation indices grouped as moderate susceptible. On the other hand, Geronimo, Olpro and Licord with > 9 infestation indices were identified as susceptible group.

For optimum utilization of saline soil and water resources, various methods have been proposed. Application of best management practices and selection of salt tolerant cultivars are two important issues. Selection and breeding for salt tolerant cultivars require potential genetic materials, screening and evaluation of them in laboratory and field experiments. Starting in 2000, 80 sugar beet genetic genotypes(Iranian Sugar Beet Seed Institute) were evaluated for salt tolerance in the greenhouse and field conditions. Each year 20 genotypes consisting of multigerm, diploid, tetrapolid, Otype and monogerm genotypes were evaluated in the greenhouse condition using split plot based on randomized complet block design with two replications, treated with 8, 16 and 24 ds/m irrigation water. The germination- rate was determined after 4 to 5 weeks and the genotypes were classified for salt tolerance.In another experiment, the genotypes were evaluated in two separate randomized complete block design with four replications, in Roudasht Agricultural Salinity Station in the field condition using 8 and 12 ds/m water for irrigation in a soil with initial ECe of 8±1 and 12±1 ds/m, respectively. At the end of growing season, traits such as root yield, sugar content, and sugar yield were determined. At the end of four years, data were pooled and the genotypes were evaluated based on Salt Stress Tolerance Index. To minimize the effect of year and environment, the relative amounts were calculated for each year yield and some quality traits. The results of greenhouse trials showed that there were significant difference for germination rate among genotyes only in 2001. Based on field experiments, there were significant differences among genotypes for root yield, sugar content and white sugar content in 8 ds/m or 12ds/m or both levels. Results showed that the most proper level for evaluating genotypes in the field conditions was 12ds/m. On the basis of STI, genotypes 9671-P.11, 9597-P.1 and OTYPE 231 for gemination, and 9669-P.24, BP KARADJ, 9671-P.10, BP MASHAD and 9597-P3 for white sugar content were evaluated as tolerant. Among them, BP MASHAD with the highest STI was the best genotype.

General combining ability of sugar beet parents were determined for different quantity and quality characteristics.Forty six sugar beet hybrids obtained from crosses of 23 diploid pollinators with two male sterile parents as tester together with three checks were evaluated for 10 important agronomic and technological characters at Kamalshar Research Station in Karaj in 2004.Experiment was carried out as a 7*7 lattice design with four replications. There were significant differences between treatments for root yield, sugar content, nitrogen, sodium, potassium, white sugar yield, extractable sugar, sugar yield, purity and molassed sugar at 1% probability level.The check varieties were excluded before the analysis of data for combining abilities. General combining ability of lines was significantly different for sugar content and extractable sugar at 1% and for root yield, sugar yield, white sugar yield, sodium, purity, and molassed sugar at 10% probability level and for potassium at 5% probability level. As the general combining ability was significant for the above traits it could be concluded that they are controlled by additive gene effects.In addition, specific combining ability of lines was significantly different for sugar content, extractable sugar and potassium at 1% and for nitrogen at 5% probability levels.Therefor, non-additive effects of genes are involved in the control of these traits.

Recovery of the nobel metals, platinum and rhenium, from a spent aromatization catalyst of naphta is reported, using ion exchange method by anion exchange resin.The catalyst is soluted in a mixture of some acids and the produced solution is passed through a column which contain the ion exchange resin. The platinum and rhenium that exist in the solution are absorbed by the resin, then the resin is washed by means of a suitable acid. platinum and rhenium thus leave the resin and come into solution again. Various parameters which affect the process of elution and absorption are also studied and the optimum conditions for maximum recovery are determined. The efficiency is 100 % in the absorption process and over 95 % in the disorption process.

In order to evaluate salinity tolerance in 20 sugar bee genotypes, an experiment was conducted in two fields with salinity (EC= 12 ds/m, pH= 7.6) and non-salinity stress, in the form of RCBD at Miandoab Agricultural Research Station. Different morphological and physiological traits such as root yield, sugar percentage, white sugar percentage, Molasses, N, Na, K, syrup purity and green cover percentage were recorded in salinity and non-salinity conditions. Germination percentage, seed vigor and establishment percentage were measured separately in a greenhouse experiment in karaj, using a factorial experiment based on CRD with two factors A (20 genotypes and B(two levels of salinity of 16 and distilled water). Arcsin transformation was used to analyze the data obtained from the greenhouse experiment. Results of the experiments showed a high variability among the genotypes and origins. Salinity stress caused 77% and 36% decrease in root yield and white sugar yield, respectively. The Na/K ratio was identified as a suitable criterion for selection of the tolerant salinity genotypes in field condition. The index of tolerance to stress was calculated for all of the genotypes and showed that the genotypes C3.3 (Tetraploid Multigerm) with index of 0.3 and 25.48 ton/ha yield had a good tolerance under field salinity conditions.In the greenhouse condition, genotypes C3.3 (Tetraploid Multigerm), 19669-p5 had a good tolerance under farm salinity conditions.

Saline and drought stress conditions are the most important factors in yield reduction of crops in the world. Breeding of cultivars with high tolerance to these stresses and satisfactory yielding are considerable. The aim of this study was to compare the means of selected generations in saline and drought stress conditions in order to calculate response to selection. In this study two populations (8001 and 7233) and their successive generations which were selected based on tolerance to salinity, as well as two breeding materials (BP-Karaj and BP-Mashad) and their generations which were selected for tolerance to drought stress were evaluated under stress conditions. The results showed that response to selection in 8001 sequential generation was higher than that of 7233 in saline condition and selection has increased the root and sugar yield. Also, selection for drought tolerance in BP-karaj and BP-Mashad has increased the tolerance. It seems that, this method of selection was useful for the improvement of these populations in stress conditions.

In this study three sugar beet genotypes were selected based on some physiological and agronomical characteristics and had determined to be resistant, semi resistant and sensitive to salt were studied to identify relationship between physiological indices and organic compositions and the best method for determining tolerance and sensitive gonetic resources in laborary and field conditions studying percentage of germination, initially seeds were planted in different osmtic pressure that were provided by mannitol solution and compared for seedling stability, and germination stability using randomized complete block design with two replications, and were grouped according to fisher and maurer index to tolerance, semi tolerance and sensitive. According to this grouping, tolerant genotypes had higher seedling stability and germination than semi- tolerant and sensitive genotype. These genotypes were also tested under natural salt stress of soil in Amir abad, Karaj. In comparison of genotypes for synthesis of proline, leaf soluable proteins, cytoplasmic membran stability, there was no direct significant relationship between accumulation of proline and relative tolerance of sugar beet. Tolerant genotypes had higher cytoplasmic membrane stability and relative water content than other genotypes. Chlorophyl a had a significant and positive correlation with root yield. It was concluded that chloryphyll b has no requirement to salt stress for synthesis and is not under effect of this stress. In study of leaf soluable proteins, genotypes were classified in separated groups. Positive correlation of this character with relative water content and root yield shows that this character can be used as selection index for salt tolerance in sugar beet breeding programs.

Phenotypic coefficient correlation is a relation criteria for traits. This coefficient can be used to differentiate insignificant traits of varieties in selection programs. This survey was carried out with 10 breeding populations and susceptible controls in normal and stress conditions. The drought field was irrigated when plants reached wilting point. Traits such as leaf length and width, petiole length, root yield and length, white sugar yield, N, K, Na/K, root dry weight and shoot wet and dry weight were studied in stress and non stress conditions. The data were analyzed and correlation coefficients were determined using, Pearson’s method. The results showed that in normal condition correlation between RY and WSY, K, Na/K and RDW was significant. The relation between RY and WSY, RDW and SDW was significant in drought conditions. The correlation between RY and WSY, RDW and SDW was significant in saline conditions. The results also showed that the morphological traits measured in this survey were very important, particularly in stress conditions. In drought stress conditions, selection for small and few number of leaves and in saline conditions, the low amount of storage of sodium in root is very important for breeding programs.

A field experiment was carried out during 2001 in the experimental fields of Sugar Beet Seed Institute in Karaj. The objective of this study was to determine the response of some quantitative and qualitative traits of three sugar beet lines subjected to continuous water stress and normal conditions. Three sugar beet lines 7219-P.69, BP-Karaj and 7112 as tolerant, semi tolerant and sensitive to water stress, respectively, were subjected to continuous water stress gradient using a line-source irrigation system. Three irrigation treatments (full irrigation, slight and severe stress) were applied after complete plant establishment. That these treatments received 1274, 1133 and 740 mm of water and produced root yield of 58.6, 45.8 and 34.7 t/ha, respectively. In severe water stress, the concentration of k+ and α-amino-N increased, but the concentration of Na+ decreased. Thus, in the stress conditions white sugar yield (WSY) was reduced. The comparison between sugar beet lines showed that the line 7112 had greater WSY under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, the WSY loss of the sugar beet lines due to water stress was 36, 32 and 24% for BP-Karaj, 7112 and 7219-P.69, respectively. In conclusion, the line 7219-P.69 demonstrated the less WSY loss when subjected to continuous water stress conditions. This phenomenon is an indication of different responses of sugar beet lines to type and severity of induced drought stress and possibly it is due to complexity of plant tolerance to drought stress.

Drought stress is one of the limiting factors in crop producton. In order to estimate drought stress effects on ABA accumulation and stomatal conductivity of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves, an experiment was conducted in Karaj and Mashhad, in 1999. Research was carried out in factorial experiment based on RCBD with 3 replications. In this experiment 9 genotypes of sugar beet were tested. Treatments were water stress (50 days non irrigation in early growth period) and non stress. Results showed that drought stress significantly affected the ABA accumulation in leaves, and genotype × stress interaction was also significant. White sugar yield genotypes decreased as ABA increased in drought stress treatment. The correlation coefficient between root yield and ABA accumulation was low and non-significant. It is concluded that genotypes had enough time after drought stress to compensate for their yields. Stomatal conductivity decreased when ABA increased. It was due to stomatal closure and decreasing the transpiration.

This research was to find the effects of low temperature during seed maturity on vernalization and it’s relationship with Bolting and yield and quality of sugar beet in Dezful. In a 5 years period of time. Seeds from one multigerm bolting resistant variety were produced in Karadj, a temperate region, and Ardebil, a cold region, every year and evaluated in Dezful area for Bolting, root yield, sugar content, white sugar yield, sodium, potassium and nitrogen.Results showed that the average of Bolting percentage was 5.6% and 8.12% in Karadj and Ardebil, respectively and there was a significant difference in 5% level of probability. Average root yield was 62.9 and 60.67 t/ha in Karadj and Ardebil, respectively. There was no significant difference between them in 5% level of probability. There were significant differences between seed production years, sowing dates and sugar content. The average of sugar content was 14.75 % in Karadj and 14.5 % in Ardebil. White sugar yield was 7.77 in Karadj and 7.25 t/ha in Ardebil and there was a significant difference in 5% level of probability. Considering bolting rate, sugar yield, sugar content and white sugar yield, the seed produced in Karadj was better than that of Ardebil. Therefore, it may be stated that the rate of bolting and its quantitative and qualitative traits were affected by the environmental conditions in each area.