rasoul mazaheri kuhanestani

the legal solutions for confronting abuse of limited liability rule in companies, in Germany law with emphasizing on two fundamental subjects that are inadequate capital of the company and supervision and control in corporate groups is investigated. The result reveals that in Iran law the urgent confrontation with paper companies phenomenon, instrumental use of company and abuse of limited liability referring to jurisprudence and legal basics is a necessity , but in short time it only demands intervention of the legislator; and the case law at least in some problems such as increasing the amount of minimum legal fund for forming and managing company cannot play a role; however, in confrontation with such companies it can reject acquiring actual will behind forming company with at least present legal fund and know such company as factitious and instrumental in control of shareholder to benefit from limited liability. Because the nature of forming company with disproportionate fund regarding to the company’s aims and subject provides vivid statistic of shareholders’ intentions to abuse and make themselves as one of the parties in the company’s transactions.Using the documentary and analytic methad, and Comparative Study between Germany and Iran.

Cyberspace, such as the real space, has been used by perpetrators to commit crimes and they are exploiting other activists in this space. The widespread and transnational nature of this crime has resulted in the fight against cybercrime and the persecution of its victims. So far, no effective action has been taken by the countries. Given the prevalence of cybercrime attacks across the globe, the need for attention paid to the victims of cyber terrorism in international law and international law is seen. No specific regulation has been devised to support the victims of cyber terrorism in Iranian law. By imposing penalties on perpetrators of cybercrime, only custodial support for cybercriminals has been made, and other needs of the victim remain unpaid. Therefore, material compensation for cybercrime victimization is also subject to certain general rules, such as the Civil Liability Law, to compensate for material damage to cybercriminals. International documents, despite the special focus on terrorism in the form of binding resolutions and declarations on the criminalization of criminal criminal behavior, do not contain a specific document on cyber-terrorism, and in other documents related to terrorism, the criminality of cyber-terrorism and victim support has not been addressed.

In line with international rules and standards that call for family members to be completely independent of each other, Islamic law and jurisprudence (Article 1118) also seek to strengthen family ties with tools. Among these tools and mechanisms is the obligation of alimony for women on men; Islam has attached special importance to giving women financial rights, including alimony. According to verses and hadiths, alimony is obligatory on men. In this regard, except for minor issues such as the cost of treatment, there is a consensus among jurists. Therefore, this right can be claimed and enforced and if a man refuses to pay the alimony, it can be claimed as a legal issue with execution guarantee. In this study, what is examined comparatively using a descriptive analytical approach is the presentation of a clear and obvious model of the effects of alimony payment in the existing Islamic denominations.