reza amirnia

This research was undertaken to assess the impact of kinetin (Kin) and salicylic acid (SA) on alleviation of oxidative, ionic and osmotic stresses of different levels of salinity. the experiment with factorial arrangements based on randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted at the research greenhouse of Urmia University. The investigated factors included salinity (0, 4, 7 and 10 dS/m) and hormones (50 μM kintin and 1 mM salicylic acid). 20 soybean seeds (cultivar M7) were planted at a depth of 3 cm in each pot containing 1 kg of perlite. Hormones were sprayed in the vegetative and reproductive stages. One week after the final treatment, tests were performed. Salinity increased the contents of roots and leaves sodium, the amount of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, the activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, α-tocopherol, and the contents of soluble sugars and proline of soybean leaves, but decreased potassium, calcium and magnesium ions, chlorophylls content, leaf area index, membrane stability index, leaf relative water content and seed yield. Foliar spray of hormones, especially Kin + SA, reduced Na+ content, H2O2 and malondialdehyde and proline content, while enhancing potassium, calcium and magnesium ions, chlorophylls content, leaf area index, antioxidants avtivities, membrane stability index, soluble sugars and leaf relative water content. These superiorities of Kin + SA treatment led to considerable improvement in seed yield of soybean.

After being sprayed, nano-particles easily enter the leaves through the plant's stomatal system due to their small dimensions. Moreover, the significant increase in the molecular surface area of nano materials enhances their reactivity, consequently improving the plant's ability to utilize these compounds.

The present study was designed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the research farm of the Central Station of the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Tehran Province. The study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar application in the form of seven treatments on the quantitative and qualitative performance and yield of the Goldasht safflower cultivar. The seven treatments included no spraying (control), spraying with normal and nano zinc, spraying with normal and nano iron, spraying with normal and nano manganese, and seed priming at three levels of non-priming (control), osmo-priming, and hydro-priming.

The results showed that osmo-priming, followed by spraying with nano zinc and then with nano iron, had the most significant effect on increasing all the investigated traits, including yield components, seed yield, and oil percentage in safflower. Additionally, hydro-priming with nano zinc spraying could increase the thousand-seed weight to the highest statistical level.

The study suggests that seed priming of safflower with foliar application of micronutrients, especially nano zinc, and iron, can be recommended as a promising method for enhancing the quantitative and qualitative performance and yield of safflower seed and oil in similar weather conditions.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of fertilizer types on growth characteristics, essential oil content and element uptake of two savory species and to identify savory species compatible with regional conditions.

field experiment as a factorial study based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the north of Lorestan, Iran in 2017-2019. The first factor was assigned to three mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis, and G. fasciculatum), phosphate biofertilizer (Baravar-2), fish manure (800 kg ha-1), cattle manure (20 t ha-1), vermicompost (5 t ha-1), and control (no fertilization) and the second factor was assigned to two savory species including Satureja khuzestanica and S. rechingeri.

The results of the combined analysis of variance for the second and third years showed that the simple effects of fertilizers and species were significant on all recorded traits. The highest plant height (39.16 cm), number of lateral branches (29.58), leaf area index (0.79), plant dry weight (4.15 t ha-1), essential oil content (5.53%), essential oil yield (22.92 kg ha-1), leaf N, P, K and Fe contents (3.78, 1.91, 4.18, and 466.25 mg kg-1), were obtained from the foliar application of vermicompost.

Except for essential oil content and yield. According to the results, the foliar application of vermicompost at a rate of 5 t ha-1 can contribute to the sustainable production of both savory species and improving their growth and essential oil yield.

Water stress is the most important non-living factor in reducing plant growth and production. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation and manure on biochemical properties and nutrient uptake of chicory, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included moisture levels (50, 70 and 90% of field capacity moisture) and doses of rotten cow manure (zero, 10, 20 and 30 tons per hectare of manure). The results of analysis of variance showed that the content of phosphorus and potassium, soluble sugars, proline, glycine betaine, glutathione and ascorbic acid of chicory were affected by different levels of irrigation and fertilizer consumption at a probability level of 1 %. Interaction of experimental treatments (moisture levels× amounts of manure consumption) on the uptake of trace nutrients (zinc, copper and manganese) and relative moisture content at a probability level of 1%, catalase enzyme activity at a probability level of 5%, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase and forage yield of chicory were also significant at the level of 1% probability. The results showed that with increasing water stress, the content of phosphorus, potassium, glutathione and ascorbic acid significantly decreases. While the highest amount of total soluble sugars, proline and glycine betaine was obtained under conditions of severe water stress. Consumption of 30 tons per hectare of manure the amount of phosphorus, potassium, total soluble sugars, glutathione and ascorbic acid increased by 44, 42, 27, 26 and 41%, respectively, compared to the control. Increasing the consumption of livestock manure played an effective role in the absorption of micronutrients (zinc, copper and manganese with values of 2.57, 0.74 and 1.72 mg/kg, respectively) and improving the relative moisture content (83.54%) and yield of chicory biomass (250/83 kg/ha) at each irrigation level. Therefore, in different stress treatments, the use of manure by reducing the oxidative damage caused by dehydration improves the absorption of nutrients and some biochemical characteristics of chicory plant for sustainable agriculture.

The present experiment has been conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research farm of Urmia for two years (2017-2018) to investigate the effect of green manure residues and fertilizer sources on physiological traits, biological yield, and seed oil content of linseed. Experimental factors include green manure in two levels: no green manure and red clover (Trifolium pratense), different sources of fertilizer in four levels: no fertilizer, mycorrhiza, vermicompost and mycorrhiza + vermicompost, both in full irrigation condition and irrigation terminationat the flowering stage. Results of the combined analysis show that the year has a significant effect on chlorophyll a, colonization percentage, grain nitrogen and phosphorus, biological yield, and seed oil. Irrigation termination treatment decreases all traits except proline and soluble carbohydrate contents. Green manure, mycorrhizae, and vermicompost significantly increase the studied traits at both irrigation levels, except for grain nitrogen, not affected by green manure. The application of mycorrhiza+ vermicompost, with or without green manure, is more effective than their individual applications. The dual application results in an increase of 68.98% and 61.34% for biological yield and 11.8% and 4.5% for seed oil, compared to the control in complete irrigation treatment, respectively. In general, green manure, mycorrhiza, and vermicompost can improve the quantitative and qualitative performance of flaxseed in irrigation terminationat the flowering stage.

Essential elements in animal manure are needed at sufficient levels to complete the plant growth cycle and have an important effect on improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of Chicory plant. Thus, this study was done to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation and animal manure on physiological characteristics of chicory.

A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University of Agriculture in 2017. Experimental treatments consisted of three levels of moisture (50, 70 and 90% of field capacity) and four levels of manure application (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton.ha-1).

The results showed that with delay in irrigation the content of photosynthetic pigments and DPPH radical scavenging were significantly decreased. However, the highest amount of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide was obtained under severe stress conditions. Application of 30 ton/ha of manure increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels. The amount of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde decreased significantly with increasing amounts of animal manure. Total phenol, flavonoid, phosphorus and potassium content increased by 39, 29, 25 and 27% in optimum irrigation conditions and 28, 25, 16 and 23% in moderate stress conditions and 22, 18, 14 and 20% in severe stress conditions, respectively, by application of 30 ton/ha of manure compared to the control treatment. Maximum protein percentage (19.66%), biomass yield (2506.83 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (493.04.04 kg.ha-1) were obtained at 30 ton/ha/ manure under optimum irrigation conditions.

Therefore, according to the findings of this study, in the condition of water deficiate, application of animal manure in the condition of water deficiate, improved Cichorium medicinal plant performance and stability.

The use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost is a major component of organic farming practices. Vermicompost can provide the essential plant nutrients and enhance crop productivity, but also leave a beneficial residual effect on succeeding crops. Intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops in such a way that they interact agronomically. Intercropping legumes with non-legumes is particularly important in organic farming because it enhances yield stability, concentrations and uptake of nutrients and on the other hand reduces disease and weed pressure. There is no information available about the effects of fertilizer source in intercropping system on the ecophysiological characteristics of linseed and chickpea in dry conditions. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to contribute to a better understanding of the eco-physiology responses of linseed and chickpea plants to fertilizer source and cropping pattern.

The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Experimental in a farm located in Naqadeh, West Azerbaijan, Iran (longitude 45°24' E, latitude 38°52' N, altitude 1318 m) in 2017. The first factor included six cropping patterns consist of 1 row chickpea + 1 row lineseed, 2 rows chickpea + 2 rows linseed, 4 rows chickpea + 2 rows linseed, 2 rows chickpea + 4 rows linseed and monocropping of each crop and the second factor was included four levels control (no use fertilizer), 100% chemical fertilizers (NPK), biofertilizers (Azoto Barvar -1+ PhosphateBarvar -2+ PotaBarvar-2+ Sulfur Barvar -1) and vermicompost (10 t.ha1-).  In order to measure different elements in seed of linseed and chickpea, dry ash method was used. Concentration of potassium (K) was analyzed by a flame photometer. Nitrogen measurements by Kjeldahl and phosphorus were calculated by yellow method, in which vanadate–molybdate is used as an indicator. Phosphorus (P) content was determined at 430 nm using a spectrophotometer. To measure the microbial respiration of the soil, the Anderson and Dumasuch methods were used and microbial biomass carbon was determined by fumigation- extraction method.

Chickpea: According to the results of the experiment, intercropping and fertilizer source had a significant effect on improving nutrients uptake of linseed and chickpea plants. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were obtained from 1 row chickpea + 1 row lineseed and four row chickpea + two rows of lineseed, respectively and the lowest amount was related to sole cropping. The results of fertilizer treatments showed that the highest amounts of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and carotenoid were obtained from vermicompost treatment and the lowest amount of these photosynthetic pigments was obtained in non-fertilized conditions. In addition, the results showed that nutrients uptake were affected by cropping pattern and fertilizer treatments. Among the fertilizer treatments, the highest percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in chickpea were achieved from vermicompost fertilizer and these values were obtained from control treatment.Linseed: Mean comparison of data showed that photosynthetic pigments were affected by different fertilizer treatments. So that the highest amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were obtained from vermicompost treatment and the least amount of these photosynthetic pigments were achieved from control treatment. Among the applied fertilizer treatments, the highest amount of phosphorus and potassium were obtained from biofertilizer treatment and the lowest values ​​were recorded from control (non-usage of fertilizer. Soil microbial respiration and microbial soil biomass were only affected by cropping patterns and fertilizer source. The highest Soil microbial respiration and soil microbial biomass were recorded in two rows of chickpea + two rows of linseed with vermicompost application.

The use of fertilizer source plays an effective role in increasing the uptake nutrients of chickpea and linseed, which is probably due to the supply of water and improved activity of beneficial microorganisms in the soil. Soil respiration and microbial biomass increased under the influence of fertilizer treatments (both biofertilizer and organic fertilizer), however the activity of soil microorganisms was the main reason for the increased soil respiration under application of vermicompost fertilizer.

In order to investigate the seed yield, uptake of macronutrients and some properties of the biological soil indices in intercropping of linseed and faba bean under biofertilizers application, a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran, during growing season of 2017. The first factor included five intercropping patterns consist of 1 row linseed + 1 row faba bean, 2 rows linseed + 2 rows faba bean,  3 rows linseed + 3 rows faba bean, and solecropping of each crop and the second factor was included control (no fertilizer), and biofertilizers application of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mossea+ Glomus intraradices+ Glomus etunicatum) plus nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (Azotobacter vinelandii), P-solubilizing bacteria (the combination of Pseudomonas putida and Pantoea agglomerans, respectively), K-solubilizing bacteria (the combination of Pseudomonas koreensis and Pseudomonas vancouverensis,  and sulfur supplier bacteria (containing Thiobacillus, respectively)].The results showed that the effect of cropping pattern had a significant effect on the seed yield, absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium nutrients. The highest seed yield of faba bean (4280 kg.ha-1) and linseed (2230 kg.ha-1) were obtained from solecropping but nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium absorption in intercropping were higher than solecropping of both species. Also, the amount of absorption of these elements in the inoculation with biofertilizer showed a significant increase compared to control (no use of fertilizer).The highest soil microbial respiration, soil microbial biomass and nutrient LER were related to the two rows linseed + two rows of fababean with biofertilizer application. This cropping pattern (2:2) because of the high proportion of equality in the absorption of nutrients and improve the biological soil is recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on biochemical properties of fenugreek plant under stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Different levels of irrigation were considered at three levels (irrigation after 50, 100 and 150 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) as the first factor and application of biological fertilizers in four levels included as mycorrhizal + Azotobacter, mycorrhizal fungi, Azotobacter and control (no biofertilizer) as the second factor. The results revealed that the hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and glycine betaine in mycorrhiza + Azotobacter treatment decreased significantly in different levels of irrigation. The highest content of ascorbic acid (7.23 mgkg-1 fw) and glutathione (36.20 mgkg-1 Fw) were observed in combined mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter treatment in optimum irrigation conditions. Water deficit stress reduced significantly soluble sugars, so Mycorrhizal+Azotobacter treatment increased the amount of soluble sugars in Fenugreek. The maximum amount of proline was observed in control (without biofertilizer) and irrigation treatment with 150 mm evaporation from the pan. So that the activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the inoculated plants with microorganisms under drought stress conditions of 100 and 150 mm evaporation from pan compared to 50 mm evaporation from pan was decreased. On this basis, the increase of enzymatic antioxidants activity and the enhancement of non-enzymatic antioxidants production in combined treatment of mycorrhiza+bacteria, can reduce the activated oxygen vulnerability, and could increase the tolerance to water stress.

In order to study the foliar application effects on yield and yield components and essential oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) an experiment  was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications and  twenty five treatment at the research farm of agricultural education center, Urmia, Iran during growing season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. First factor included five landrace of Fennel Gaziantep, Hamadan, Urmia, Yazd and Shiraz and the second factor included five foliar applications as Nano-nitrogen, magnetic water, urea, chicken manure and control. The result indicated that the highest height, umbel and number of lateral branches and umbel, were related to Y1A5B2 (first year, Shiraz landrace with magnetic water treatment), Y1A1B2 (first year, Gaziantep landrace with magnetic water treatment), Y2A4B2 (second year, Yazd landrace with magnetic water treatment) and Y1A1B2 (first year, Gaziantep landrace with magnetic water treatment), respectively. The highest essential oil, 1000-seed weight and number of umbellate per umbel were recorded in A3B5 (Urmia landrace with control treatment), A1B1 (Gaziantep landrace with magnetic water treatment) and a3b3 (Urmia landrace with urea treatment) respectively. The highest seed yield (1144 Kg.ha-1) and the lowest one (923 Kg.ha-1), respectively, were related to Gaziantep and Yazd landrace. The founding information's in the present study were elucidated that Nano-nitrogen in comparison of other treatment has highest effect on seed yield, weight of 1000 seed, umbrellas, essential oil percent and yield. Gaziantep landrace produced highest seed yield, 1000-seed weight and lateral branches and Urmia landrace has highest essential oil percent, essential yield and umbrellas. The highest height and umbel was recorded in Yazd landrace. Due to the importance of the essential oil, the Urmia mass along with the spraying of magnetic water and nano-nitrogen for the Urmia region is suggested.

Due to the high importance of using organic fertilizers in sustainable agriculture, the present research was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station in Khoy during growth season of 2015-2016. The first factor included foliar application time at three stages of six leafy, stemming and pre-flowering of sorghum, and the second factor included the foliar application of seaweed (seaweed extract 40%, N 8%, K 22%, P 18%, amino acid, Alginic, cytokinin 5cc/lit), HB-101(growth stimulus 1cc/lit), macro (NPK (20, 20, 20) 2cc/lit), water, and control. Through applying foliar at all three stages, the amounts of crude fiber, soluble fiber in acidic, and neutral detergents decreased, while digestibility increased. Compared to foliar application of water and control in all three stages, the foliar application with seaweed and Hb-101 increased digestibility (14%) and soluble sugar (105%) during the stemming. Seaweed foliar application (16/48) had the highest amount of crude protein during stemming. Foliar application of liquid fertilizers had the highest amount of leaf level index during six leafy and stemming stages in comparison with foliar application with water and control at all three stages, there was a 34% rise. During stemming, foliar application with seaweed and Hb-101 resulted in 54% and 46% increase in function, respectively, which was the highest statistical group. Apart from improving the quality and profitability of the farming, the use of organic fertilizers is an important step towards the realization sustainable agriculture and are recommended.

To study the effect of fertilizer and planting pattern on chickpea and linseed plant traits in dryland farming, a field experiment was conducted in factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Naqadeh, Iran during growing season of 2016-2017. Treatments were included six substitutive cropping patterns; sole cropping of chickpea, sole cropping of linseed, 1 row chickpea: 1 row linseed, 2 rows chickpea: 2 rows linseed, 4 rows chickpea: 2 rows linseed, 2 rows chickpea: 4 rows linseed and four fertilizer sources: control (without fertilizer; Control), 100% chemical fertilizers (NPK), biofertilizers (Azoto Barvar1+ Phosphate Barvar2+ PotaBarvar2+ Sulfur Barvar1) and vermicompost (10 t.ha-1).  Results showed that the effect of intercropping patterns and fertilizer sources on seed yield, biological yield, oil content and oil yield of lineseed and seed yield, biological yield, number of nodules and protein content of chickpea were significant. The highest seed yield of both species was obtained from sole cropping (linseed 945 and chicpea 629 kg.ha-1), but the mean seed yield of each crop in the same unit area was higher than sole cropping (linseed 161.5 and chickpea 128.5 kg.ha-1). The oil content of linseed (6.6%) and protein content of chickpea seed (20.2%) were higher in intercropping compared to sole cropping. Fertilizer resources, especially vermicompost, increased the plant traits of both species compared to control. The maximum LER (1.55) was obtained from 4 rows of chickpea + 2 rows of linseed in control (without fertilizer application) treatment that means 55% of profitability of intercropping compared to sole cropping. According to the objectives of sustainable agriculture concerning elimination in chemical inputs application, intercropping pattern of 4 rows of chickpea + 2 rows of linseed, without fertilizer application, was more suitable in this experiment.

In order to evaluate some agronomic and qualitative traits of forage in intercropping of triticale with annual legumes, a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran, during growing season of 2016. Treatments were included solecropping of triticale, replacement intercropping of triticale with faba bean (Vicia faba L.), peas (Pisum sativum L.), vetch (Vicia villosa L.), and bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.) in ratios 1:1. The results showed that the highest grain yield of triticale was obtained from solecropping and the lowest grain yield of triticale was achieved from intercropping of triticalewith vetch, respectively. Also, the highest forage yield of triticale was observed in solecropping. Cropping pattern had a significant effect on the nutrients absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, respectively. The amount absorption of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the vetch were higher in intercropping of triticale compared to other legumes. The highest amount of phosphorus absorption was achieved from triticale in intercropping with pea. Intercropping of triticale with legumes Showed a decrease in the percentage of NDF and ADF, an increase in crude protein and ash content, as well as increased digestibility of dry matter of triticale, compared to monocropping. Therefore, considering the lower of NDF and ADF of triticale in intercropping patterns, it can be resulted that intercropping improved the forage quality by reducing NDF and ADF compared to monocropping. Among legumes, peas in intercropping with triticale had the highest percentage of crude protein and ash and the lowest percentage of NDF and ADF. However, seed yield of triticale did not indicate any significant differences at mono cropping with intercropping of triticalewith peas. Also, triticale had a high quality forage in intercropping with peas, therefore, it is superior treatment for sustainable agriculture production.

In order to evaluate the effects of biofertilizers, organic and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of Dragon's Head (Lallemantia iberica) under dry farming, a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatments at the farm located in West Azerbaijan province - Nagadeh, Iran during growing reason of 2015-2016. Treatments included application of Vermicompost (10 t.ha-1), biofertilizers , Azotobarvar1 (Azotobacter) and Barvar Phosphate-2 (the combination of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus lentus), chemical fertilizer (N, P), Vermicompost+ biofertilizers, 50% chemical fertilizer+ biofertilizer, 75% Vermicompost + 25% chemical fertilizer, 75% Vermicompost + biofertilizers + 25% chemical fertilizer and control (Without any fertilizer). Different traits such as plant height, number of nut goal per plant, number seed per capitol, thousand seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, oil percentage and oil Yield, percentage of protein were recorded. The results showed that application of biofertilizers enhanced the seed yield, yield components and qualitative traits of balangu. Among treatments, combined usage of biofertilizers showed the greater increasing in studied traits than individual consumption. The highest seed yield, Essential oil content, mucilage yield and protein content were obtained from combined usage of biofertilizers (75% Vermicompost + biofertilizers + 25% chemical fertilizer). According to the results, it seems that integrated application especially triple combination under dry farming conditions had positive effects on seed yield, qualitative traits of Dragon's Head and reduction of chemical fertilizers in the recommended region.

Due to the high requirement of alfalfa to water, research on the role of organic-biofertilizer and chemical fertilizers in adjustment of low irrigation stress is important, thus, this experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research of Khoy in two years (2015-2016). Experimental treatments included irrigation {irrigation at field capacity (control), irrigation at 80% and 60% field capacity} and various fertilizer resources at six level {Mycorrhiza, Nitroxin, Vermicompost, Chicken manure, NPK chemical fertilizer and treatment without fertilizer consumption (control)}. The results of combined analysis showed that irrigation treatment had a significant effect on forage yield, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, proline, carotenoids, soluble carbohydrates and peroxidase enzyme activity. Regarding the importance of forage production in alfalfa, the results showed that the plant treated with mycorrhiza biofertilizer under full irrigation condition had the similar forage yield as the application of chemical fertilizer, but in both low irrigation conditions, mycorrhiza increase the forage yield by 10.18% in comparison to chemical fertilizer application. Other fertilizer treatments showed different trends in irrigation levels in terms of effect on forage yield, so that under irrigation at 60% field capacity, vermicompost, chicken manure, chemical and control treatments were in a same statistical group. Therefore, considering the disadvantages of using chemical fertilizers, mycorrhiza which has ecological and environmental benefits, can be used in alfalfa cultivation.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on the seed yield and chemical composition of essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications and twelve treatments at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of urmia, Iran during growing season of 2015-2016. The first factor included of three Landraces (Urmia, Hamdan and Germany) and second factor included of four biofertilizers as: complete biofertilizers (consumption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur supplier bacteria), mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices), integrated Bacterial biofertilizers with mycorrhizal fungi and control treatment. Results indicated that application of biofertilizers enhanced the seed yield, colonization percentage, nutrients absorption, essential oil content, essential oil yield and essential oil composition. Among treatments, combined usage of biofertilizers showed that great increasing in studied traits than individual consumption. Also, The effect of landrace on all studied quantitative and qualitative traits was significant except for seed nitrogen. Seed yield of the German landrace were higher than Hamedan and Urmia landrace. The main components of the essential oils fennel were; Anethol, Fenchone, Limonene and p-Allylanisole. The highest amount of anethole was found in Urmia landrace in inoculated with mycorrhiza and bacterial biofertilizer. In general, the results showed that the use of biofertilizers had a significant effect on the improvement of quality and quantity of fennel traits.

A split plot experiment was conducted to investigate the seed and essence yield of borage (Borago officinalis L.) under the influence of type and method of application of nanofertilizers based on a complete random block design with arrangement of split plot-factorial in three replications at Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2013. Fertilizers at 11 levels (Iron sulphate, nano-iron %10, Zinc sulphate, nano-zinc %20, urea and nano-urea, sulphate-potash, nano-potash %23, complete micro fertilizer, nano-complete micro-fertilizer, and control) along with different methods of application including (soil application, foliar application, and soil + foliar application) were considered. Results showed that use of urea fertilizer increased dry weight of shoots and plant height compared with the control group. The use of Nano-urea fertilizer could also significantly increased leaf area, harvest index, flower essence and essential oil yield compared to the control. Application of chemical and nanofertilizers of urea and potash had the most increasing effect on shoot dry weight and flower essential oil. Application of nano-urea increased essence production. Considering the desirable effects of nanofertilizers in comparison with chemical fertilizers, the use of nanofertilizers is suggested as an effective step toward sustainable agriculture.

ntroduction:Moldavian balm is an herbaceous annual plant belonging to the Lamiacea family (Gholizadeh et al., 2010). The whole body of this Plant contains essence, however, the flowers, leaves and young stems contain the highest amount of essence. Essence contains Geranial, Neral, Geranyl acetate and Geraniol. An essential element of sustainable agriculture is the use of organic fertilizers in crop ecosystems with the aim of eliminating applications Chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers provide human health and the environment. Spraying improves nutrint deficiency in shorter time than the soil application. In this method, nutrients are directly absorbed and there is no problem of sediment accumulation in soil and its ability to use. (Yongzhen et al., 2017). In order to investigate the effect of spraying organic fertilizers extracts on morphological traits and quantitative and qualitative yield of six Moldavian balm ecotypes, a factorial experiment was conducted Based on randomized complete block design with three replications and 30 treatments at Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University in 2015 and 2016 was cultivated in spring. Ecotypes included (Urmia, Salmas, Ajabshir, Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz) and spraying treatments (control, cow manure, poultry manure, vermicompost and compost). Sowing of seeds was carried out on April 15th. The dimensions of the plots were 2 × 2 meters. The blocks were spaced one and a half meters apart. The plots were irrigated regularly until the germination of one day in between. weed control was carried out manually and mechanically during the growing season in two stages.Sampling was done at the end of flowering stage in August. the purpose of extraction of the essence with a clevenger apparatus. MSTAT-C statistical software was used to analyze the data. To compare the means, LSD test was used at the 5% probability level. Excel software were used to draw charts. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that application of spraying treatments on plant height,the number of flowers, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, yield and essence percentage were significant at 1% probability level. The effect of ecotype on plant height, the number of flowers, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, yield and essence percentage were significant at 1% probability level. The interactions of ecotype in spraying on leaf length and leaf area were significant at 1% probability level and on yield and essence percentage at 5% probability level. The interaction of ecotype in spraying on plant height, leaf number and leaf width was not significant. The highest percentage of essence was obtained from Urmia ecotype treatment and spraying of chicken manure with an average of 0.99%, followed by Urmia ecotype and spraying of vermicompost extract with an average of 0.95%. Finally, according to the results of this experiment, the application of spraying of chicken manure and vermicompost and ecotype of Urmia in fodder plant is recommended. The results of this study showed that spraying of organic fertilizers extracts had a significant effect on the growth parameters of Moldavian balm. Spraying of chicken manure increased plant height by 79% compared to control. Spraying with chicken manure and vermicompost fertilizer resulted in 45% increase in the number of flowers and 9% increase in leaf length compared to control. Given that the native ecotype (Urmia), the top ecotype was introduced, the cultivation of native ecotypes of the Moldavian balm in each region is recommended. In general, it can be stated that spraying of organic fertilizers extract, in addition to reducing the nutrient and fertilizer losses and reducing environmental pollution, due to fast absorption of leaf, improves plant traits.
Keywords: Foliar feeding, Essence percentage, Medicinal herb, Secondary metabolites.
References
Gholizadeh, A., Amin, M. S. M., Anuar, A. R., Esfahani, M., and Saberioon, M. M. 2010. The study on the effect of different levels of zeolit and water stress on growth, development and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica L. American Journal of Applied Science. 7 (1): 33 - 37.
Yongzhen, D., Yongjiu, W., Xiangqun ,Zh., Weimin, Ch., Rongguang. Sh., Renwei, F. 2017. Effects of foliar dressing of selenite and silicate alone or combined with different soil ameliorants on the accumulation of As and Cd and antioxidant system in Brassica campestris. Volume 142, Pages 207-215

In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on the photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC) and grain yield in medicinal pumpkin plants under drought stress condition, experiments were perfumed across two years at research field station of Zanjan University. This experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The experiment treatments consisted of drought stress as a main plot in four levels (i.e., control, mild stress, moderate stress and severe stress and biofertilizers as a sub-plot (i.e., no inoculation (control), nitroxin, mycorrhizha and thiobacillus). Results of combined analysis of variance showed a significant association between irrigation regimes and biofertilizers in terms of chlorophyll a, b and grain yield. Under severe stress condition, nitroxin induced 15.78% and 40% growth in terms of chl a and chl b contents and mycorrizha treatment induced 21% and 47% growth in terms of chl a and chl b contents in comparison with the control, respectively. Only mycorrizha treatment had a positive effect on the RWC and carotenoid content (increased 19% and 5.58% in comparison with no inoculation). Regarding positive effects of nitroxin treatment on increasing of grain yield (under moderate and severe stress condition, caused to 13% and 12.6 % increases in grain yield in comparison with the control, respectively), low cost and easy application, use of mentioned treatment can be recommended.

In order to study the relationships among traits and grouping genotypes of wheat, 11 promising lines of winter wheat along with Orum, Zareh, Mihan, Zarrin and peshgam cultivars were evaluated under two levels of irrigation (complete irrigation and cutting irrigation from flowering to maturity) at Agricultural Research Station of Miandoab during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 growing seasons. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that the correlation of grain yield was significantly positive with stem weight, peduncle weight, spike weight and harvest index in both conditions. In normal moisture conditions correlation of grain yield with source limitation and limitation of sink by removing the leaves was significantly negative while in water stress conditions its correlation with remobilization rate and contribution of remobilization was significantly positive. Results of regression analysis showed that in normal conditions spike weight, sinks limitations by removing flag leaf and other leaves and in water stress conditions remobilization rate, stem weight and contribution of remobilization justified 61 and 65 percent the variations in grain yield, respectively, and they were identified as traits affecting grain yield. Based on the result of Cluster analysis the genotypes were divided into five groups in normal conditions and into four groups under stress condition. In factor analysis through principal component analysis, three factors were identified in both conditions that explained 71.40 and 65.79 percent of data variations in normal and water stress conditions, respectively.

In order to evaluation the pattern of assimilates distribution to seed under late season drought stress, 11 promising lines of winter wheat along with Orum, Zareh, Mihan, Zarrin and pishgam cultivars were evaluated in two levels of irrigation (full irrigation and cutting irrigation from flowering to maturity) at the Agricultural Research Station of Miandoab during 2013-2015 growing seasons. Experiments were conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that water deficit stress significantly increased remobilization rate, contribution of remobilization and source restriction and decreased the amount of spike weight, peduncle weight, sink restriction by removing leaves other than flag leaf, sink restrictions by removing flag leaf, grain yield and harvest index, So that terminal water deficit stress increased remobilization by 45.45 percent and the total yield contribution of remobilization of 18.30 % in normal conditions increased to 43.33 percent under stress conditions. Among the genotypes, Zarrin and Mihan under normal moisture conditions and Mihan genotype under terminal drought stress conditions produced the highest grain yield. In this study under terminal drought stress conditions there were significant positive correlations between grain yield with remobilization rate and contribution of remobilization. It can be concluded that the varieties and genotypes afforded adequate remobilization and contribution of remobilization in grain yield in both conditions, are appropriate for cultivation in optimal conditions, as well as areas that are faced with terminal water deficit stress.

In order to evaluate allelic diversity of microsatellite markers in QTL regions associated with salinity tolerance and to assess relatedness of these markers with yield performance of Iranian wheats under normal and salt stress conditions, twenty-five wheat genotypes (comprising tolerant and sensitive Iranian landraces, commercial cultivars and breeding lines), were studied using 45 microsatellite primers. Results of yield mean comparison showed that there were significant differences among genotypes in both environmental conditions. Under stress conditions, genotypes no 25 (Pishtaz/Karchia) and 16 (Sissons/3/Alvd//Aldan/Ias58) had the highest and lowest grain yields, respectively. Based on grain yield mean under both stress and non-stress conditions as well as tolerance and susceptibility indices, the genotypes were classified into tolerant, moderately tolerant and sensitive groups. From 45 microsatellite primer pairs used, 27 markers were polymorphic. In total, these markers generated 95 alleles, from which 89 alleles were polymorphic, possessing 2-7 alleles with the average of 3.52 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.077 to 0.454 with the average of 0.258 and the Marker Index (MI) ranged from 0.151 to 1.19 with the average of 0.79 for different primers. Cluster analysis based on molecular data, could completely separate sensitive and tolerant genotypes and relatively was concordant with grouping of genotypes based on field results. Principal coordinate analysis (PCOA), mostly confirmed the results of cluster analysis. Results of molecular data demonstrated that SSR markers: gwm291, gpw345, wmc249, barc353.1, cfa2170.2, gwm339 and wmc326 had higher PIC & MI values and can be considered as suitable microsatellite markers to assess the genetic diversity among the wheat genotypes in salinity stress breeding programs.

To evaluate effected of supplemental irrigation and seed priming on yield and some quantity and quality characteristics of vetch (Vicia dasycarpa) rainfed maragheh cultivar, an experiment was carried out at the Research Farm of Faculty Agriculture of Urmia University, West Azarbaijan province, Iran, during 2011. The experimental design was split-plot, laid out in Randomized Complete Block with three replicates. The main plots were without supplemental irrigation (I1), one times supplemental irrigation (I2), two times supplemental irrigation (I3) and three times supplemental irrigation (I4). The subplot included four levels of seed priming: Control (C), Water (W), Phosphate (P) and Nitroxin (N). Plant height, Pod number in stems, 1000-grain weight, biological yield (6.83 t/ha) and harvest index were influenced by the supplemental irrigation. Plant height, 1000-grain weight in second and third harvest and harvest index were influenced by seed priming. Maximum and minimum 1000-grain weight was observed in N (40.66g and 14.72) and C (37.05g and 10.36) seed priming, respectively. As a result, applying two times supplemental irrigation and seed treatment with phosphate and nitroxin had positive effects on quality and quantity yield of vetch.

In order to study genetic diversity and some of the quality and agronomic traits in saffron, six cultivated ecotypes were collected from different regions of the Khorasan province (Mashhad, Torbat-Jam, Gonabad, Torbat-Heydarieh, Qaen and Birjand) and they were evaluated during two cropping seasons in 2011-13 in the research farm of the agricultural faculty, Urmia University, Urmia-Iran. The farming results showed that there were significant differences between the ecotypes in the studied agronomic and qualitative traits. Thus,, the cluster analysis grouped ecotypes Torbat-Heydarieh, Mashhad and Torbat-Jam in a cluster and ecotypes Birjand, Qaen and Gonabad in the other cluster. The results of mean comparison also showed that ecotypes Torbat-Heydarieh and Mashhad were the best saffron ecotypes in the Urmia condition. On the other hand, the genetic results showed that 22 of 30 SSR primers (73%) detected a total of 44 polymorphic alleles (average 2). The average of Shannon index (I), genetic diversity (h) and polymorphic information content (PIC) were estimated to be 0.688, 0.424 and 0.402, respectively. These results not only clarified the existence of genetic diversities among saffron ecotypes, but also, the genetic diversities were proven with other analyses such as analysis of molecular variance. The results of cluster analysis of Darwin grouped each ecotype of Birjand, Mashhad and Gonabad in a cluster and three ecotypes. Torbat-Heydarieh, Qaen and Torbat-Jam were placed in the same cluster because of their high genetic similarity. This grouping was confirmed by principal coordinate analysis. It was notable that high genetic similarities were estimated between saffron ecotypes (65-90%). Overall, the results of this research not only introduced microsatellite molecular markers as useful tools for evaluating genetic diversity and grouping of saffron ecotypes, but also confirmed that saffron is not a monomorphic plant and we can identify useful genetic diversities for breeding programs.

Several saffron ecotypes (Mashhad, Torbat-Jam, Torbat-Haydarieh, Gonabad, Birjand, Ghaen) were evaluated in Urmia for stigma yield and yield components using different maternal corm weights(6, 8, 10, 12 g) in 2013 cropping year. The experiment was arranged as factorial based on randomized complete block design. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among saffron ecotypes and maternal corm weights with respect to all studied agronomical traits. However, there was no interaction between ecotypes and corm weights for the majority of these characters. Torbat-Haydarieh and Mashhad ecotypes, and Gonabad and Ghaen ecotypes had the highest and lowest saffron yield in the Urmia condition, respectively. The yield and yield components of saffron improved when the greater maternal corm weight was used. There were positive relationships between saffron yield and all its components. Based on the stepwise regression analysis, dried stigma weight, stigma length, fresh flower weight, dry leaf weight and leaf length were the main components of saffron yield. We can conclude that maternal corm weight has a very important role in saffron performance. Furthermore, in order to establish a new saffron cultivation, it seems essential to take into account the climate condition of areas from which the corms were selected.