reza arjmandi

Nowadays, rapid expansion of urban and inter city industrial areas together industries in adjacent areas are considered as one of the mahn factors affecting increase of environment contamination as well as air pollution.A basic alternatives to reduce and/or control air pollution probem seemed to be proramming a sterategical air pollution management. This study with the aim introducing sterategical air pollution management is conducted in the Isfahan city.The needed data were collected through the filed studies in relation to environmental characteristics affecting rate of air pollution and measured data in the existing air pollution stations.Questionary form were distributed between experts using Dephi method and the gained data were analyzed through the use of combination method of SWOT,QSPM and fuzzy network hierarchical analysis (F.ANP) techniques. Results show that launching the city with emphasis in reducing the use of private cars in combination of policy-making and planning of expanding the public transportation network in the first step and limiting the establishment of industrial units inside the city and gaing polution taxes as well as improving the condition of public roads are in the next step. Accordingly, the most appropriate and practical strategic strategy to control air pollution is reducing the use of private cars with especial emphases on combination of policy-making and planning of expanding the public transportation.

A SWOT-AHP model is employed to investigate the strategies of the renewable energy development and the management solutions in Iran. The governing factors were assessed and evaluated in four weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) groups. In addition, the negative and positive effects of internal and external factors were analyzed to bring out management strategies to develop the renewable energies. These strategies might be helpful in the protection of the environment and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Subsequently, the strategies were divided based on the most critical priorities by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model. The external matrix with the total score of 4.199 identified as the most critical opportunity factor of the renewable energy potentials in Iran. In addition, the results of the internal matrix with the total score of 4.866 were recognized as the main strength for therenewable energies development to generate electricity to reduce environmental pollution. According to the results, most important strategies included: increasing guaranteed electricity purchase tariffs (GEPTs) of renewable energies, establishment of the renewable energy fund and supply financial resources through shaping a competitive market for investors and suppliers and also increase financial security and electricity exporting, establishing and developing the infrastructures such as research, training, testing, certificating and standardizing centers of the renewable energy systems, and improving guaranteed electricity purchase contracts of renewable energies to encourage investors.

The purpose of the study is to investigate how urban environmental management in the district 22 of Tehran in order to provide a comprehensive model and improve it. The research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of method, so in collecting data from internal and external sources and in the survey phase, 20 elite expert managers in the field of bio-urban management were used through a questionnaire. Executive model of strategic research planning derived from individual Fred.R.David `s strategic management model and the QSPM matrix was used to execute the decision making process. Presenting a comprehensive and environmental model with the environment of the 22nd district of Tehran municipality, which is capable of determining the weak points of urban management and providing a solution to improve it, is one of the innovations of this article. According to the findings of the research and the final score of less than 2.5 determined in the environmental management of the municipality of district 22 of Tehran, the strengths and opportunities obtained to overcome the disadvantages and threats have not been properly used and the type of strategy, defensive. The results showed that three strategies, “Evaluation of Areas Requiring Protection”, “Reforming Legal and Organizational backgrounds, Reforming Organizational Structure and Integrated Urban Management are the most important Promotion strategies for urban management.

Today, women are present in society like men. But they do not have enough power to choose their desired territory and as vulnerable groups, their value and position in urban spaces are ignored and they do not have a favorable environmental territory to use and enjoy urban spaces. This research seeks to introduce the components that affect the creation of a desirable territory for women.
Material and The research method is phenomenological and has an explanatory-inferential approach. The type of study is qualitative and the studies have been done in both field and library methods and semi-in-depth interviews have been used. The sampling method is purposeful and we do not have a fixed sample size and sampling of people with different views after starting with the minimum number, continued until it reached theoretical saturation. Accordingly, the total number of interviewees in the three parks of Ail Goli, Valiasr Park and Shams Women's Park in Tabriz was 18 people.
Based on women's statements, general phenomena were identified and extracted and their relationship was determined. Finally, the most important indicators that cover the most components in their subset were extracted, which include 9 indicators of quality, interaction, vitality, security, privacy, determinism, mind-psyche, sense of belonging, choice.
Discussion and As a result, according to the research findings, eliminating the deficiencies needed by women in urban parks in terms of extracted components, will be of great help in improving the desirability of the environmental territory of this particular group.

The Shafarood dam can be considered as a symbol of dam construction and at the same time non-compliance with environmental considerations in the North of Iran. In this research, through strategic analysis of stakeholder interactions in the current situation of Shafarood Dam with the help of one of the non-cooperative models of game theory called graph model, the problem has been investigated in order to resolve the conflict. According to the results of this study, from a strategic point of view, the main cause of the conflict over the construction of Shafarood Dam is the behavior based on organizational interests of stakeholders. As of now, the Ministry of Energy's insistence on completing and constructing the dam and the Department of Environmental to preserve the forests and prevent further destruction have made it difficult to find a cooperative solution. The results shown that in the non-cooperative scenario (current situation), the point of equilibrium of the conflict is situation 16 (out of 18 existing situation). This means that based on the set of non-cooperative solution concepts used to analyze the conflict, no unilateral progression of this situation is conceivable for either party to the conflict. The choice of this situation as the point of equilibrium of the conflict indicates that if the current preferences of the parties continue, the conflict will be in a deadlock, in other words, there is no way to resolve the conflict in the interests of the environment.

Relationship between agricultural use area and fertilizer consumed with changes in groundwater nitrate concentrations is one of the direct methods of agricultural use on nitrate concentration and groundwater inflammation in each region that can manage managers in proper management. Help ground water resources. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between changes in agricultural and chemical area of consumed on the increase in nitrate concentrations in groundwater sources in Ray plain.

In this study, Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images for the years 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020 were used to monitor land use changes. After processing the images, the area of agricultural land was calculated. According to the statistics obtained from the amount of chemical fertilizer consumed and the qualitative laboratory results of nitrate concentration changes, the effects of these factors on each other and the mathematical relationships between the variables were tested with the Pearson correlation and linear regression method.

The results show that during the investigated period, agricultural land has increased and barren land has decreased. The consumption of chemical fertilizers has also increased. The level of nitrate concentration of underground water sources shows that during the period under review, the concentration of nitrate in underground water wells has increased. The analysis of the correlation coefficient also showed that at the error level of 1% (99% confidence level) there is a significant relationship between the concentration of nitrates in underground water with the area of agricultural land and the amount of fertilizer used. This means that as the area of agricultural use and the amount of chemical fertilizers increase, the concentration of nitrates in underground water resources also increases. In the presented regression model, the accepted square value (R2) is equal to 0.993 and it indicates a relatively strong relationship between the dependent variable (water nitrate concentration in underground water sources) and the independent variables (agricultural area and the amount of chemical fertilizer used).

The results indicate that with the increase in the area of agricultural land, the consumption of chemical fertilizers has increased in the research area, and due to the nitrate leaching process from the soil surface, the nitrate concentration in underground water sources has increased, which is one of the important reasons for the increase in nitrate concentration in the study wells.

Today, the use of pesticides somehow indicates just some of deterioration of agricultural standards. Due to the effects of the pesticide contaminants in animal and human life, our country's commitment to the implementation of related rules and regulations, Improve the quality and utilization of pesticides is much more accurate. In this Regard, the role of organizations such as the judiciary, the Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Health, Agricultural Jihad, Plant Protection Organization, it is clear in the formulation and implementation of rules and regulations related to pesticides. In this Study, Explanation the legal status and managerial governing the production and consumption of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, is considered legal aspects, environmental and executive management. Ahead cross-sectional study based on the principles and methods, and this research has been done on the basis of library studies and official statistics. According to the study about the legal status and managerial governing the production and consumption of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, legal, environmental, managerial and administrative aspects are mentioned. In the Light of what has been reached by this study, Exploration of Rules and regulations related to pesticides in Iran, as well as Effective approaches and strategies in the light of the existing procedures to control pests and pesticides has been Studied. Results, Shows the limitation rules in the excretion of toxins pests in Iran and it does seems that, these rules must be complemented through effective framework that can better model to be implemented.

Earthquake environmental issues can be generally assessed in the context of society and social issues. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine the main dimensions and key factors affecting the management of a possible earthquake crisis in the metropolitan city of Tehran with an emphasis on environmental resilience. This research has been done through documentary studies and a questionnaire in which 51 experts and researchers have presented their opinions on the importance of factors in the form of a questionnaire. The data extracted from the research have been analyzed by combining the methods of mean, correlation, and interaction analysis and the key factors of crisis management have been extracted. The results showed that 7 main dimensions, including 39 factors, have a decisive role in earthquake crisis management in Tehran. The dimension of institutional-managerial resilience with a weight of 7.03 is in the 1st rank and the resilience of environmental resources with a weight of 6 is in the 7th rank. The results showed that 5 factors include; Social capital, public participation, reconstruction, trust in government institutions and organizations, and management style are among the 39 important factors that play a driving role in managing the Tehran earthquake crisis and preserving the environment. Accordingly, the relevant authorities, in particular, need to pay attention to the two components of social capital and public participation and to overcome the possible earthquake crisis in Tehran, it is necessary to strengthen the dimensions of social capital among citizens, to provide public participation. Accelerate the reconstruction of earthquake damage, strengthen the city's physical infrastructure, and ultimately make the management body more efficient in managing the environmental consequences of the earthquake crisis in Tehran.

Land use change due to human activities is one of the important issues in regional and development planning. Lack of attention to land use changes in recent decades has created many environmental problems such as pollution of water resources, soil, etc. Therefore, the study and analysis of land use at different scales with the aim of sustainable development in the proper management of the environment and natural resources is essential. Remote sensing and GIS provide the necessary and sufficient facilities for extracting and updating land use maps and determining its amount. This study aims to investigate changes in land use conversion using remote sensing technology and satellite images for four periods It has been done for 3 years, from 2008 to 2020 in Rey plain.

TM and OLI satellite images of Landsat 5 and 8 satellites were used to prepare land use maps for the studied years. Then the satellite images were monitored by classification method and were classified using the maximum neighborhood probability algorithm with an overall accuracy of 87.39 to 95.78% and a kappa coefficient of 85 to 93% in four user classes.. In the next step, land use maps were compared.

Based on the analysis, it was found that in the period under study, 26.07 square kilometers of Barren lands in this area has changed to agricultural, industrial and residential lands. As a result, the area of Barren lands has decreased and other uses have increased during the studied years. , So that the area of land with agricultural, industrial and residential use has increased by 14.66 square kilometers, 9.77 square kilometers, 1.64 square kilometers, respectively.

The results of the research show that the most important factor in land use change in the region is human activities that have caused many changes in land use. Analysis of the area of these uses showed that the level of agricultural land has increased significantly, mainly this increase. The result is the conversion of agricultural land use. Finally, the results of this study indicate that the combination of remote sensing techniques and GIS in the implementation of models for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use, in order to know the type and percentage of land use and the extent of their changes, is very effective. The title of a management parameter can help planners of different executive departments in monitoring and managing the environment.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission due to the fossil fuels combustion in the world's manufacturing industries with a share of 30% of emission is considered as one of the important potentials for GHG emission reduction. In this study, using the logarithmic mean of Division index (LMDI) method, in combination with Kaya model, the factors affecting the emissions of Iranian manufacturing industries, including activity factors, industry structure, energy intensity, fuel composition and emission coefficient during the years 1378 to 1398 is identified and studied. According to the results, the effects of the level of industrial activity is the most important drivers for emissions in the industries of manufacturing factories, so that the amount of emissions has increased from 33.22 million tons in 1378 to 67.35 million tons in 1398. The drivers of the industrial structure acted in the opposite direction and decreased from -3.85 million tons in 1999 to -29.73 million tons. Also, greenhouse gas emission in chemical and petrochemical industries, cement factories and non-ferrous metal products increased by 60.38, 55.29 and 37.9 million tons, respectively. Changes in greenhouse gas emission in the oil and coal refining industries have also been almost constant during the period of this study.

Consumption of organophosphorus pesticides in agriculture causes many environmental problems. Water and soil pollution and disruption of the balance of natural ecosystems, the emergence of new pests and diseases, the presence of pesticide residues in agricultural products and the resulting health effects have made the consumption management of organic phosphorus pesticides an unavoidable necessity. Despite the low per capita consumption of pesticides in the country on a global scale, the unfavorable use of organophosphorus pesticides in some parts of the country, including the Northern provinces and the resulting pollution, is one of the most important environmental issues in the country. In this study, according to the EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient), diazinon pesticide was evaluated as hazardous to the environment of the study area due to its widespread use against Chilo suppressalis in water and soil of paddy fields.

Detection of diazinon pesticide in water and soil of paddy fields in Mazandaran province was done by determining fixed stations for sampling in accordance with spraying paddy fields. A total of 50 soil and water samples were gathered for the first cultivation and 30 soil and water samples were gathered for the second cultivation and were measured by Gas Chromatography after being transferred to the laboratory. Sampling was done from late June to mid-August for the first cultivation, and from the first week of September to late October for the second cultivation of rice. Sampling was done in three seasons: spring, summer (before transplanting or during harvest) and autumn (for the second rice cultivation).

The results of measuring the target pesticide show a significant difference in the amount of diazinon in the water of the first cultivation compared to the second cultivation and the soil of the first cultivation compared to the second cultivation. Also, the average of diazinon in the water samples of the second cultivation was 7.8 times higher compared to the first cultivation and 1.66 times higher in the soil samples of the second cultivation compared to the first cultivation, which indicates high and alarming amounts of diazinon in the second rice cultivation. Stability and solubility of diazinon, as well as the environmental conditions of Mazandaran province, especially the high groundwater level, extend the life of this pesticide and consequently cause serious environmental hazards.

Sustainable use of cultivated lands with a focus on improving production efficiency and increasing crop efficiency, creating a strategic center and a single regulator in the country to manage pesticide consumption, develop general and specialized training for groups of stakeholders in the production, supply and consumption of pesticides, registration and application of pesticides based on environmental impact factor, gradual removal and replacement of high-risk pesticide diazinon and the use of new methods and technologies to deal with important pests of rice are among the most important things that should be considered as strategies and executive policies resulting from research.

Rapid and uncontrolled expansion of cities, increased traffic, industrial enterprises and low-quality fuels, as well as urban morphology parameters and climatic conditions are among the factors affecting air pollution in urban areas. In Iran, the metropolis of Isfahan, which is the third largest urban area in the country, has increased air pollution with the extensive development of industrial enterprises, population growth and urban growth. Therefore, in order to find the factors affecting the trend of air quality changes, trend analysis and evaluation of the relationship between land use parameters, industrial development and traffic situation with air pollution indicators were studied.

In order to evaluate the trend using measured periodic data and simple correlation and regression methods of seven air pollutants including PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO, NO2 and NOX as dependent variables and meteorological parameters, type of land use, industry development and vehicles were analyzed as independent variables. Also in the computational method, SPSS software was used to test the normal distribution of data sets including the concentration of air pollutants and meteorology from 1387 to 1394, in 10 air pollution measuring stations and 3 meteorological stations in Isfahan metropolis.

The results of the study show that the average annual concentration of PM (PM10 / PM2.5), NO and CO decreases and the average annual concentration of SO2, NO2 and NOX increases. In addition, the average annual rainfall, temperature and wind speed increased while the trend of relative humidity in the study area did not change significantly. It was also found that the trend of residential, educational, commercial, public services, transportation and the number of industrial units and vehicles has increased significantly. However, the amount of agricultural land, green space and industrial areas has significantly decreased in the study area. The results of stepwise regression analysis show that changing the use of agricultural land to residential areas and increasing wind speed can be the reasons for the decreasing trend of NO, CO. And suspended particles in the study area. In addition, the increasing trend of transportation can be the most important reason for the increase in NO2 concentration. On the other hand, due to the increasing trend of NOX emissions and significant negative correlation with green space and positive correlation with transportation and industrial areas and the result of stepwise regression model, it can be concluded that reducing green space and an increase of 99.5% in the area of transportation use increases the NOX concentration in the study area. In addition, the size of utility centers increases the concentration of SO2 and there is a negative relationship between the concentration of PM2.5 and SO2 (as the concentration of SO2 increases, the concentration of PM2.5 increases).

It is noteworthy that the relationship between air quality indicators as dependent variables with independent variables in urban areas is complex and it is not clear which specific factor or parameter is the most important scenario of air pollution in an urban context. Therefore, more detailed research is needed.

Currently, the environmental management of wastewater sludge is a major challenge in environmental engineering. New effective solutions for wastewater treatment lead to improved final effluent quality but significantly increase the volume of wastewater sludge produced. This study investigated the environmental management status of the sewage sludge of the sanitary treatment plant of the Mahmoudabad Cultural, Recreational, and Sports Complex affiliated to the National Oil Company to produce compost and compare it for replacement with conventional chemical fertilizers.The present study is descriptive-cross-sectional. The required sludge was prepared from the sludge dryer beds of the wastewater treatment plant of Mahmoudabad Cultural, Recreational, and Sports Complex, and the method used was aerobic sludge compost by the wind. Windrow size was 1/2 m high, 1.5 m wide, and 2.5 m long and was performed in 3 stages of 20 days.This study showed that the percentage of organic matter in the compost obtained from the municipal sewage sludge of Mahmoud Abad is of good quality. Changes in temperature, pH, percentage of carbon and nitrogen in the samples were in the acceptable range. Considering the environmental conditions and nutritional needs of plants, it can be said that bio fertilizers and especially compost from wastewater treatment, can play a positive role in plant growth and yield under drought stress.

Fresh and processed vegetables, in particular leafy vegetables are main sources of nitrate in the diet. The growth level and absence of contamination matters of these vegetables, particularly their cultivation in farm lands, in the suburb which may using sewage, is so critical. The primary target of this research is to determine nitrate concentration in the edible parts of radish, mint and parsley, and compare them with allowance limits and then introducing the most nitrate intaking herbs of the southern region of Tehran , in 2015.

Demanded products have been collected during three times sampling from Ahmadieh agricultural complex located in south of Tehran, in August and September of 2015, and the examinations have been repeated in three times for each sample. Eventually 90 samples were tested. The examinations carried out based on instruction provided by Iranian National Standard Organization

The results showed that mean concentration of nitrate in radish, radish leaves, mint leaves, mint roots, shoot mint, parsley leaf and parsley stem are respectively 19.02 ±1.342, 11.00±0.895, 17.70±1.369, 26.69±1.936, 20.82±1.261, 22.43±1.00 mg/kg, and also is indicative of the highest nitrate concentration is related to the mint and the lowest concentration in the radish, among all tested samples.
Discussion and

By considering vegetables watering with sewages in this region which could increase nitrate concentration in the products, Then it is necessary to check nitrate concentration of more samples to achieve an accurate result.

Today, due to water stress Caused by reduced rainfall and drought in the country on the one hand and the growth of uncontrolled consumption of limited water resources on the other hand, formulating and developing strategies to improve planning, management, sustainability of water resources and consumption patterns in The country is a necessity. One of the most practical methods in this regard is to determine and estimate the effectiveness of effective factors in the resilience of water resources in the country. After reviewing related researches, it was concluded that most of the researches done in this regard have been in order to identify the effective criteria in the evaluation, planning and sustainability of water resources systems and So far, no separate research has been conducted to identify the effective criteria and sub-criteria in the resilience of Iran's water resources; However, relying on the results of articles and authoritative references, it was found that achieving the most effective factors in determining the resilience of water resources, using the Delphi method (due to scientific validity and usability at different levels) is possible. Accordingly, the present study has been written with the aim of identifying, screening and prioritizing resilience criteria and sub-criteria using the Delphi method. According to the first step of the Delphi method, first a list of criteria and sub-criteria was selected by reviewing the research background and then evaluated by a group of 24 environmental and water resources experts (called experts) in two stages. The result of this evaluation is to determine 3 ecological, socio-cultural and economic criteria as the main criteria and to extract 9 criteria and 18 sub-criteria. The result was that after prioritizing the sub-criteria based on two factors of degree and percentage of importance, surface water sub-criteria (spring and river) and precipitation with a coefficient of importance of 2.62 and 2.28 as the most important and permeability sub-criteria (drainage) and temperature, respectively. Significance coefficients of 1.23 and 1.31 were identified as the least important sub-criteria, respectively. Also, by normalizing the obtained coefficients for each of the sub-criteria, a linear formula was proposed to estimate the resilience of water resources.

The present research has been performed to investigate the opportunities and challenges facing the Iran’s renewable energies development to reduce climate change and improve health and represent managerial solutions in power generation sector by SWOT-AHP analysis models.

Using literature reviews and survey, the SWOT was applied to identify internal factors includeding strengths (S), and weaknesses (W), and external factors includeding opportunities (O), and threats (T). The strategies were drived to develop renewable energy in Iran. The proposal strategies were ranked by using the SWOT matrix and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model.

According to the SWOT matrix calculations, total scores of internal and external factors were found as  4.1 and 4.4 of 5, respectively, which show high potentials of internal factors and opportunities. The most importannt factor of strengths (S) was found to be the great potentials of solar energy sources in Iran. The main priority of opportunities (O) is supportive laws to encourage the private sector. The most important weakness (W) was lack of comprehensive knowledge of managers and politicians about the benefits of renewable energy. The main threats (T) were low tendency of private invests, unpredictable inflation in Iran, and low prices for fossil fuels.

The results of this research represent in four categories of SO, ST, WT, WO strategies. The important SO strategy is increasing guaranteed electricity purchase tariffs (GEPTs), and creating the renewable energy market. The most important strategies of ST were establishment of the renewable energy fund and assessment of exporting electricity by the private sector. The most dominant strategy of WT was modifying guaranteed electricity purchase contracts. The strategies of WO were found to be as following; convincing government agencies to provide the necessary infrastructure and support for knowledge-based companies.

The special importance of the Karaj River and Dam in the establishment of sustainable security of water supply in Tehran and maintaining the ecological stability of the aquatic environment and human activities related to water play a prominent and vital role. The aim of this study was to identify sources of pollutants. Quality of surface water resources for 8 water quality parameters (sulfate, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total solute, electrical conductivity and sodium uptake ratio) in 10 Karaj-Amir dam dams It was great. In this study, the effect of changes in hydrological parameters on pollutant sources as well as the spatial origin of these pollutants and the appropriateness of watershed management measures during the 40-year period from 1347 to 1398 were investigated using Convik correlation analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that the application of factor analysis in evaluating surface water quality parameters is one of the important cases for source and elimination of information noise. Focal variables 1 and 2 with correlation coefficients of 0.98 and 0.81 have potential ability especially for changes in environmental variables such as rainfall (H) and The volume of annual sediments (W) has a direct effect on the three elements of water quality, namely calcium, total salts and total hydrogen ratio, respectively, and they establish a direct relationship. The results showed that the share of incoming pollution load from the tributaries of the Karaj River due to the uses located in them in the pollution of the dam reservoir is more than the main tributary of the river and its uses. In particular, the sub-basins of Velayatrud, Shahrestanak and Sira have a total of more than one third of the share of pollution entering the reservoir.

Ports as one the most important parts of the maritime transport system play a paramount role in world trade. The set of designed and implemented processes in ports can significantly impact the surrounding environment. Therefore, the environmental consequences associated with a variety of activities and processes in ports can threaten sustainable global development. Thus, this study was designed and conducted with the aim of developing a tool for environmental performance evaluation in ports. Twenty-five experts in the field of environment and marine sciences participated in the present study. The study was conducted in three rounds based on the Delphi technique in the years 2019-2020. The index of coefficient variation (CV) and acceptance criteria for each of the parameters in this study were considered <20% and 4≤, respectively. The validity of this tool was evaluated using the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR). In addition, its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. CV index in the third round of this Delphi was 0.08. Therefore, the green ports performance evaluation questionnaire was developed with six factors and 32 parameters after three Delphi rounds. These six factors of environmental performance included reactive performance (5 parameters), proactive performance (5 parameters), sustainability (5 parameters), socio-cultural (6 parameters), economic (5 parameters), and governance (6 parameters). The results of the validity evaluation showed that the CVR and CVI of this developed questionnaire were 0.875 and 0.906, respectively. In addition, based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the reliability of this tool was estimated to be α=0.92. The findings indicated that the developed tool for evaluating the environmental performance in ports had good validity and reliability. Therefore, this tool can be used as an acceptable estimator of the ports’ environmental performance in the maritime transport system.

In this study, the cultivation pattern in Kerman province and Qaleganj County has been compared. While considering production of crops, the results of this study have been adjusted in order to prevent the export of virtual water by decreasing the cultivation of low yield and water intensive crops in the county. A comparison between the main crops of Qaleganj County and the same crops in Kerman province, based on cultivation area, production and the calculation of crop yield, blue and green virtual water, and water dependency index has been presented in his study. Among the studied crops, wheat has the highest area of cultivation in Kerman province (90145 hectares) and Qaleganj County (15159 hectares). The lowest areas of cultivation in Qaleganj County belong to potatoes (95 hectares) and onions (134 hectares) and in Kerman province belongs to onions (5738 hectares). Potato yield in Qaleganj County is 41 tons per hectare and its virtual water content is 0.321 cubic meters per kilogram, which has the lowest virtual water content among these products after onions. Due to the limited water resources in Qaleganj County and to reduce the pressure on groundwater resources, it is recommended to increase onion and potato cultivation in Qaleganj County and to limit the development of water intensive crops. Increase in Alfalfa cultivation in Qaleganj County is also recommended according to the crop yield (32.70 tons per hectares in Qaleganj County compared to 10.59 tons per hectares in Kerman province) if the livestock value chain is completed.

To address the optimal use of available water resources, a revisit of water resource allocation and management is needed. Water use and water footprint of every product varies in different geographical areas due to various climate, agricultural operations and water efficiencies. Thus, more productive management schemes are to be developed. The goal of this study is to assess the virtual water and the water footprint of agricultural products in Qaleganj County between 2011 and 2016 in order to optimally exploit the available water resources. Using the cultivation area and the amount of production, the yield of each product was calculated and then according to the presented relationships, the amount of virtual water, blue and green virtual water, water footprint and water productivity index in the studied products were calculated separately. This study shows that the highest area of cultivation in Qaleganj is related to cereals and date, which covers more than half of the 48,000 hectares of total cultivated land and more than 60% of total water footprint, while their crop yield is low. On the other hand forage maize, onions and melons are accounted for 38.5% of the Countychr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39')))s agricultural product with the highest water productivity. This paper investigates the changes in water footprint versus production and total crop area. It seems that providing training services on the use of modern irrigation methods would encourage farmers to cultivate more productive crops with less water footprints. In proposing alternative cultivation patterns, economic issues and land capability should also be considered.

Appropriate environmental performance is considered one of the most important indicators in the sustainable development of organizations and industries. Evaluating the environmental performance in ports as one of the two main parts of the maritime transport system is of particular importance. Therefore, the current study was designed and conducted to develop a method for evaluating the environmental performance of ports based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). In the present study, 22 experts in the field of environment and marine sciences were selected in 2020. Firstly, various studies on the factors affecting the environmental performance of ports were reviewed. Secondly, a questionnaire was designed to assess ports’ environmental performance. Thirdly, this questionnaire was developed using the Delphi technique. Finally, by determining the weight of each parameter, the method of environmental performance assessment in ports was developed based on the FAHP. The final normalized weights for six environmental performance factors including reactive and proactive performance, sustainability, socio-cultural, economic, and governance were estimated 0.202, 0.241, 0.226, 0.070, 0.080, and 0.182. Additionally, it was found that each of the parameters had a different weight and impact on these factors. The highest and lowest impact on the environmental performance index belonged to environmental risk assessment (weight=0.217), cultural effects, and justice (weight=0.107). In the current study, a new method was developed for evaluating the environmental performance of ports based on six factors, 32 parameters, and FAHP. Therefore, this method may provide an effective step in reducing environmental impacts and improving the level of environmental performance in ports to achieve the goal of green port.

One of the most important outcomes of dam construction is changing land use and investigating its effect on changing water quality and disturbing ecosystem balance of rivers in dam`s downstream.this study was conducted in the downstream watershed of the Karkheh dam locating in the south-west of Iran to analyze influences of land use change resulting of construction of Karkheh dam on water quality of Karkheh river as one of the indicators for destruction of ecosystem balance of the study river.

In order to conduct the study periodical Land Sat TM and ETM+ images were used to assess land use change before and after construction of the dam. Comparative water quality data collected. Hydrometric station was also used to analyze possible existence of correlation and relationship between land use and water quality changes.

Results of the study indicated that there is a significant correlation between land use change and water quality of the river in the low land of the Karkheh dam at confidence level of 95 and 99 per cent(p-value=0.05 and 0.01) Application of regression models to formulate relationships between area of different types of land use and amount of each one of the observed parameters of water quality indicated that increase in area of irrigated land  due to the providing water is the main factor that tended to deterioration of water quality of rive trench in downstream of the Kharkheh Dam. While allowcated land for irrigated land in the study area is about 76%.

This study indicated that the allowed area allocated to irrigated agriculture was 46% of total basin of Karkheh dam`s downstream. Therefore, increasing irrigated agriculture use was the main reason for reducing the quality of river`s water.

Evaluating portschr('39') environmental performance as one of the two main parts of the maritime transport system is of great importance. This study was designed and conducted to develop a method for evaluating portschr('39') environmental performance based on the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process.

The present study was conducted in 2020 with the participation of 22 experts in the field of environment and marine sciences. The study steps included a comprehensive review of the literature, design of an environmental performance evaluation questionnaire, development of a questionnaire in a Delphi study, and a method for evaluating environmental performance in ports based on a fuzzy hierarchical analysis process.

Based on the results of the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process, the final normalized weight for six factors of environmental performance, including reactive performance, active performance, sustainability, socio-cultural, economic, and governance, were estimated to be 0.202, 0.241, 0.226, 0.070, 0.080 and 0.182 respectively. Besides, it was found that each of the parameters in the factors affecting the environmental performance has a different weight and impact. The highest and lowest effects on the environmental performance index in this study belonged to the environmental risk assessment parameters with a weight of 0.217 (active performance factor) and cultural and justice effects with a weight of 0.107 (socio-cultural factor).

In this study, a novel method for evaluating portschr('39') environmental performance has been developed based on 6 factors and 32 parameters, and the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process approach. Therefore, using this method can be a practical step towards improving the level of environmental performance in ports to achieve the goal of "green port."

Timed breeding programs are essential to implementing extensive artificial insemination (AI) programs in sheep.

This study aimed to evaluate whether application of pre-synchronization and controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) before and during fixed time AI protocol, respectively, could enhance estrus synchronization and fertility of ewes.

A total of 120 ewes were randomly assigned into four experimental groups (n=30 in each group) considering age, weight, and body condition score (BCS). All ewes received GnRH (25 μg of alarelin acetate), and five days afterwards, PGF2α (75 μg d-cloprostenol) plus eCG (400 IU). In the control group, ewes received no additional treatment. In Pre-synch group, ewes received two injections of PGF2α at 9-day interval three days before GnRH administration of main estrus syn-chronization protocol. In CIDR group, ewes received 5-day CIDR between GnRH and PGF2α of main estrus synchronization protocol. In Pre-synch-CIDR group, ewes received both two injections of PGF2α at 9-day interval and 5-day CIDR. Blood serum progesterone concentrations were measured in all ewes prior to injection of PGF  2α (day 5). All ewes were subjected to fixed time laparoscopic AI 48 hours after administration of the last PGF  2α.

No interaction was found between CIDR and pre-synchronization protocols (p >0.05). Progesterone concen-tration was higher in the CIDR groups than in groups without CIDR (p <0.0001). Estrous cycle was not affected by pre-synchronization and CIDR (p >0.05). The estrus was earlier in ewes with pre-synchronization compared to ewes without pre-synchronization following the last injection of prostaglandin (p =0.022). Pregnancy rate, lambing rate, prolificacy rate, fecundity rate, lamb weight at birth, and lamb gender were not significantly different between the treatment groups (p >0.05).

In our study, estrus rate and reproductive parameters showed no significant differences between dif-ferent groups, although pre-synchronization advanced onset of estrus expression.

One of the main issues in regional planning and development is land use change by human activities. It can be argued that human actions can lead to significant changes in current state of earth’s surface. Changes in surface cover (land cover change) may in turn lead to alternations in balance of energy, water, and geochemical fluctuations at local, regional or global levels. Land use mapping using remote-sensing data is one of the newest and most widely used methods for the provision of land use map, and making a comparison between the existent usages.Therefore, Considering the benefits and potentials of satellite data, this technology can be of great help in identifying and detecting these changes.

Processing satellite images and performing supervised classification helps to extract information from these images. This study was carried out for assess changes in  land-use from 1999 to 2019 in the Qazvin plan’s Aquifer. Qazvin plan’s Aquifer is located at the North West part of Iran and the Qazvin province. The land uses observed in visit the area included: 1-irrigated agricultural lands, 2-residential and industrial areas, 3-rangelands, 4-dry and abandoned lands and 5-salt-marsh and barren lands. In this study, ENVI 5.3 software was used for processing five selected imageries in this project (1999,2004,2009,2014 and 2019).For this purpose, Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (1999, 2004, and 2009) and Landsat-8 Operation Land Imager Sensor (2014, and 2019) satellite images were used for the land use change analysis with 30-m spatial resolution, which were taken from the United States Geological Survey (USGS; https://glovis.usgs.gov/), and after correcting geometric and radiometric in the pre-processing stage, Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm as a supervised classification method has been used to identify and detect land use changes. Also, The overall accuracy test used to determine the accuracy of produced maps.

Detection of land use change is one of the most important applications of remote sensing data. The ability to periodically repeat over time, this data can be used to identify and investigate variable and dynamic phenomena in the environment. Different land use classes had been recognized and used as the base map. The result showed that, the area of rangeland lands has decreased from 1999 to 2019 and other uses have increased. so that the area of irrigated agricultural lands, residential and industrial areas, dry and abandoned lands and salt-marsh and barren lands have increased by 14.24%, 38.8%, 25.37% and 8.37%, respectively, but rangelands decreased by 21.16%. Overall accuracy and Kappa statistics were extracted from the error matrix. supervised classification accuracy for the 5 different time frames (1999,2004,2009,2014 and 2019) found from accuracy assessment showed that the highest accuracy was found for 2019 supervised classification (96.28% accuracy). Kappa value is also used to check accuracy in classification and having a Kappa value (0.81–1.00) denotes almost perfect match between the classified and referenced data. The Kappa coefficient for land use in 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014 and 2019 were 87%, 86%, 91%, 89%, and 94%, respectively. Also,The results showed that the extraction of adequate samples from different classes of land use would increase the possibility of correct distinction of image pixels received from the satellite and accurate extraction of land use classes. Thus, obtaining accurate results from the classification of images via the maximum likelihood method is depending on adequate and appropriate training samples.

The present study confirm that remote sensing is an important technology for extracting land use maps and detecting land use changes. Changes detection is made possible by this technology in less time and with better accuracy. Land use changes is one of the most important factors of environmental changes. Such changes is often the result of human intervention, in addition to the negative effects on the environment, will increase the damage to natural disasters. The quantification of land use changes is very useful for environmental management groups, policy makers and for public to better understand the surrounding. Hence, the researchers emphasize the need for the planning to managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes.