reza barati

In many geographical and scientific phenomena such as hydrology and meteorology, where sampling is costly, observations are often sparse and pointwise. Selecting an appropriate interpolation method is crucial for water resource management, as it significantly impacts accuracy and cost reduction. Interpolation, utilized across various sciences, primarily aims to predict unknown values through a range of mathematical and statistical models. Ensuring the interpolation method and its correctness saves money and increases the accuracy of decision making. In general, a method that provides an optimal solution in all phenomena and locations is not found. Considering the environmental conditions of the region various methods should be assessed to determine the most optimal approach. 

The study area of Gonabad, with an area of 1805.6 km2, of which 1048.7 km2 are plains and the rest are highlands. In this research, the main goal is to evaluate the common methods of interpolation in the plains of Razavi Khorasan province. The plains of Gonabad and Sarakhs were studied due to their different hydrological and hydrogeological conditions; Also, in this review, inverse distance weighting (IDW) methods, kriging (simple, ordinary), cokriging, radial basis functions, and Thiessen's method were selected as interpolators for the study; and all these methods were evaluated by cross-validation. 

In the present study, two methods of interpolation, IDW and Kriging, produced much more appropriate estimates than the rest of the studied methods. In comparing these two methods, IDW, as a classic method, requires fewer parameters and is simpler to implement. However, since it does not take into account the arrangement of data and the correlation between them, it is less accurate than kriging. On the other hand, geostatistical methods such as kriging, while offering better accuracy, require statistical tests, data transfer, data distribution, and spatial structure analysis due to hypotheses such as normality of data. This complexity and time-consuming nature can lead to errors. In this study, to assess the groundwater level under different conditions, information from two months of the year was utilized in each time period as representative of wet (February) and dry (August) periods. Contrary to previous ideas, due to the dry climate and low rainfall in the plains of the province, no significant difference was observed between these two months. Contrary to previous assumptions, the dry climate and low rainfall in the plains resulted in no significant difference between these two months. 

Applying interpolation methods to two different time periods was conducted to investigate long-term decline. In the Gonabad Plain, the best methods were identified with RMSE values ​​of 11.96, 14.02 and 14.49 meters for IDW, ordinary kriging and simple kriging, respectively Simple and ordinary kriging methods as well as IDW with RMSE values ​​of 1.41, 1.58 and 11.83 m, respectively, were introduced in the Sarakhs Plain as the most optimal methods. In depicting the zoning of groundwater levels, as illustrated at the end of each plain by the aquifer map and changes in water level, it was found that height fluctuations corresponded to the information available in hydrogeological surveys of each region to a large extent. Analyzing the forecast results during the years 2012 to 2016, the decrease in groundwater level, based on the best and most optimal methods applied in the study plains of Gonabad and Sarakhs, amounted to a negligible four, seven, and five meters. In the province's plains, the Sarakhs Plain aquifer exhibited higher accuracy than others. This was attributed to the correct arrangement and density of sampling stations in this plain.

In the first part of this study, hydraulic modeling of failure of the Tabarakabad and Cahcahe dams in Khorasan Razavi province was analyzed and discussed. In the second part, the consequences of the failure of these two dams will be examined. In order to assess the risk, a method based on descriptive-analytical (quantitative-qualitative) approaches has been proposed and a questionnaire has been prepared in this regard. Risk assessment and analysis of these dams in the proposed method, which is consistent with passive defense approaches, was implemented with the help of experts in this field and with the help of a coded program. Finally, for different scenarios such as overtopping, piping and sudden failures (subversive actions), assets valuation of downstream dams, threats, vulnerabilities, risk zoning maps and drafting of emergency action plan is presented. According to the results, it was indicated that the risk of the Tabarakabad dam is higher than Cahcahe dam and in case of an accident, the villages adjacent to the dam and the city of Quchan will suffer serious damage. However, the correct operation of the Cahcahe dam overtopping can play an important role in stabilizing and preventing the occurrence of crisis.

In the present study, the hydraulic failure of two embankment dams (the Tabarakabad and Cahcahe dams, the Khorasan Razavi province) has been studied. By modeling the failure phenomenon of the dams, failure parameters, flood routing for different scenarios such as overtopping, piping and sudden failures, zoning maps of velocity and depth of flood wave, arrival time of the flood peak and areas that will be submerged have been considered. In this study, a computer program is developed in the context of the Mathematica software, which with the help of the BREACH software results to analysis gradual failure of the dams through an iterative process. Minimum and maximum roughness conditions have been considered in the analysis of unsteady flow dam failure in the HEC-RAS software. The results of flood zoning due to different failure scenarios have also been evaluated. It is worth mentioning that in the second part of this article, risk analysis and identification of vulnerabilities will provide.

Akhar-e Shahnameh (The Ending of Shahnameh) is one of the brilliant poems of Mehdi Akhavan Sales, which took on a form of despair and anxiety under the influence of the coup on 19 August 1953. Many personal and social conditions and factors influenced the formation of these two emotional categories, but in Akhavan’s poem, perhaps more influential than the death of relatives was the failure of the national movement due to the events related to oil, which revealed feelings of despair and anxiety in the mind and soul of the failed contemporary poet. Akhar-e Shahnameh has the potential to be studied with new literary approaches and especially with structuralist criticism due to its narrative aspect, old Khorasani dialect, syntactic anomaly, and coherent structure. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between and the structure of despairing and anxiety-provoking images and their contrast with happy and hopeful images in Akhar-e Shahnameh; because examining the image structure in this poem helps us understand the difficulties of Akhavan's poetry. This research uses an analytical-critical method. Adopting the approach of structuralist criticism, an attempt has been made to examine the anxiety-provoking and despairing images of this poem in two horizontal and vertical axes so as to explore the grounds for its glory and coherence by means of literary criticism. The findings of this research show that in this poem, Akhavan employs more than sixty-five despairing and anxiety-provoking images using imagery tools such as irony, metaphor, simile, symbol, paradox, etc., in the two axes of coexistence and substitution to draw the atmosphere of the 1950s, which was full of despair and anxiety.

With the development of cities and the increasing population and also the supply of water from outside of basins, an increase in the groundwater level occurs. In recent years, with the expansion of the boundary of the Mashhad city and increasing water needs of this metropolis, a large amount of water has been transferred from the surrounding area and catchment areas adjacent to the city. The transportation of the water and subsequent feeding of the water back into a limited area of the aquifer (in the Mashhad city) led to an increase in the groundwater level. In the present study, to analysis the delay time of the groundwater reaction, the data of the volume of transported water from the Doosti dam and the railway piezometer well data of Mashhad city has been collected from April 2005 to March 2013, then regression analysis has been used. Such analysis will help to manage water transmissions from adjacent areas and control the water level rising in cites. The results indicated that a 4-month delay exists for the observing the effects of the water volume entering the aquifer.

Corona disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that spread rapidly in the world and became a pandemic only a few months after the official announcement of the first reports. The purpose of this study is to determine the influencing factors on employees' compliance with health issues based on the health belief model.

This descriptive analytical (cross-sectional) study was conducted on 65 employees of Khorasan-Razavi Regional Water Company in 2019. Information was collected using an online questionnaire and the data was analyzed using SPSS software.

Examining the relationship between demographic qualitative variables and knowledge, attitude and behavior constructs showed that the average score of knowledge, attitude and behavior did not differ significantly in any of the gender, educational and occupational groups (p-value<0.05). There was a positive and significant relationship between the variables of awareness and attitude (p-value=0.009) and awareness and behavior (p-value=0.02). Other variables did not show a significant relationship with each other (p-value<0.05). Also, the results showed that the structure of awareness had a statistically significant effect on the behavior of the people studied (p-value=0.01). In general, the level of knowledge and attitude of employees in preventing corona virus is at a favorable level.

The results of this study show that providing the necessary facilities, including the standardization of the work environment, the provision of transportation services, masks and disinfectants will play an effective role in reducing the cases of corona.

There have been too many natural disasters around the world that have caused natural disasters. In this natural phenomenon of floods, special importance is used, through which loading is one of the most important factors that is involved in the hydrological cycle independently. Since precipitation has played an important role in rainfall-runoff development, the accurate estimation will be used to accurately estimate flood hydrographs. In this study, to analyze the results of hydrological models using morphometric models in the upstream of Dez Dam catchment, a rainfall-runoff model has been developed through ArcHydro and HEC-GeoHMS extensions in GIS. The Karun and Dez are the biggest rivers in Iran. The catchment's area of the Dez is 23250 km 2 which is nearly 1 percent of the land area of Iran. ... Talezang hydrometric station is located on the Dez River (15 km upstream of Dez Reservoir) and its upstream catchment area is 16130 Km2. This modeling was consisted of three Digital Elevations Model (DEM) of about 12, 30 and 70 meters. All three models has been developed with the same initial conditions in HEC-HMS. The Muskingum Routing unit models the flow of water in natural and man-made open channels using the Muskingum method to route the flow. The Muskingum Routing calculates the discharge within a river or channel reach given the inflow hydrograph at the upstream end. The unit is based on the continuity equation and the Muskingum storage relationship . A minimum of two Muskingum Routing sections are required for each end of the river or channel reach. SMA soil moisture method was used for losses, Muskingum method was used for river routing and return method was used for the basal flow. The occurrence of multiple floods in the catchment area of Karun River and the lack of hourly data justify the need for this research is a time-consuming step of daily use. Algorithm D8 in environmental modeling, as a well-known routing method, will find the flow to the output point based on cell density. This method uses the extracted waterways as a criterion for the demarcation of catchments. The basis for comparison of the results with different boundaries was the least error in the initial step. The results show that the 30-meter DEM is superior to the 70-meter model in terms of the higher accuracy in the model coefficients. Specifically, the 12 meters and 70 meters DEMs with the error of -3.66 and -3.79 is much higher than 30 meters DEM error of -0.079 in the initial output. Using 12-meters DEM, due to the large area and the increase in the computational costs, the amount of demarcation done to extract the sub-basins has been done with a statistical deviation. As a result, the 30-meter DEM was implemented to perform the calibration and the validation in a continuous period of hydrometric statistics. Finally, the developed model has been used to determine the limitations of events in the range of Dez dam. This results show that the Nash error in the first stage of the model implementation was -0.079 and after the implementation of the calibration stage in the long period has decreased to 0.5

The fast industrialization and urbanization in the world have led to increasing heavy metal pollution in the water supplies. Here, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution and contamination of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters in the drinking water sources of Mashhad in Iran. In this survey, 432 samples of drinking water were collected from 5 zones and 36 stations from August 2017 to May 2018. The results of heavy metal measurements showed that the average concentrations of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chrome (Cr), nickel (Ni) and Pb were 0.198±0.11, 0.018±0.04, 5.80±7.87, 1.695±2.16 and 0.574± 0.22 µg L-1for arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chrome (Cr), nickel (Ni) and Pb, respectively. This result showed that the concentration of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters were comparatively lower than the threshold values throughout the study period; however, some stations showed metrics values above the acceptable limit. Thus, there is still potential contamination in drinking water due to potential heavy metal interactions and long-term exposure. Results of this study showed the current pollution status of drinking water in Mashhad needs remediation efforts to protect human health in urban regions, which highlighted a basis for decision-making in the future to take the main action on contamination control.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between nutritional knowledge and practice with nutrition counseling and education in adult athletes in Ahvaz, 2017 In this cross-sectional study, 550 male and female athletes were randomly selected from 4 regions in Ahvaz, Iran. A questionnaire, including demographic information, sport information sources, nutritional knowledge and practice level, was filled by athletes. Chi-square and Pearson tests were used to examine the relationship between the qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. Independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the mean differences between two or several groups, respectively. Of the 11.8% of athletes who received nutrition counseling, 43.2% actively obtained nutritional information, including the contribution of coach (19.2%), internet (12%), nutritionists (9.2%), and family 3.8%. The mean score for knowledge and nutritional practice were 29.5 ± 5.36 and 10.69 ± 2.04 in men and 29.65 ± 3.96 and 10.95 ± 1.8, in women respectively. The mean score for knowledge and practice were significantly higher in subjects who received nutrition counseling (p <0.001). The highest score for knowledge and practice were reported among bodybuilders. There was a direct and positive correlation between nutrition knowledge (P = 0.01, correlation coefficient = 0.1) and nutritional practice (P = 0.003, correlation coefficient = 0.12) and educational level. The knowledge level and practice increased positively with increase in age (p = 0.001, correlation coefficient = 0.15). The findings of this study suggest that the knowledge and practice of athletes may be increased through providing appropriate nutritional counseling and increasing of the education level.

In the present research, the developed 3D Eulerian-Lagrangian model of the sediment transport in Part A of this series is used to predict the effects of the bed-roughness height, water temperature (viscosity) and density of sediment grains. The selected parameters for the analyses are important both for sediment transport hydraulics and also uncertainties of experimental data. The results indicated that increasing bed-roughness height causes decrease in the saltation characteristics and consequently bed-load transport rate. The effects of water temperature (viscosity) are significant in the range of sand size, and it is necessary to keep it in the control for reducing uncertainties of experimental data. The sediment density has significant effects in both sand and gravel ranges, and thus the use of grains with different density compared to natural sediment can impose significant effects on experimental results.

In the present research, a 3D numerical model of the sediment grain movement has been developed based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian perspective. The forces which act on sediment grains are non-linear drag force, the shear lift force, the rotational lift (Magnus) force, the buoyancy force, the added mass force, the Basset history force and torque. Second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations have been used to calculate linear and angular velocity vectors and also the position of sediment grains. Two parts including turbulent fluctuations in 3D space and a stochastic bed-particle collision model have been considered in the modeling procedure. The verification of the developed model has been examined for two important issues including the minimum number of jumps for statistical convergence and the appropriate value of the time step. The validation of the model has been performed using reliable experimental data in terms of the saltation height, length and streamwise particle velocity for the ranges of fine sand to coarse gravel. To evaluate the qualification of the conceptual model, the effects of the elimination of some forces and turbulent fluctuations, where do not exist consensus on the use of these factors in the previous researches, have been studied. The results indicated that the developed model can be considered as a numerical lab to study different aspects of the sediment transport in the prediction step, which will be performed in the part B of this series.

Economic growth and development of each country، in addition to relying on domestic resources or role of the state، it depends on the way that state interacting with the international system، and the potential for the development of a country in the interaction between domestic and international sphere is prosperous. The rise of china''s stunning economic growth in the first decade of The 21st century، and becoming a powerful influencing country in the world has been introduced as one of the most important changes in international system. China’s extraordinary economic growth has led to interpret it as a miracle of century. Now the question is that، what causes has been effective in the rapid development of china''s economy? Hypothesis of this article is checked as follows: first، theorical introduction of china''s foreign policy is expressed. Then، china''s pragmatic foreign policy objective criteria are determined. Finally، the impact of pragmatic foreign policy on promotion of china''s economy position is investigated.

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the photocatalytic processes for cadmium (Cd 2+ ) and lead (Pb 2+ ) removal at continuous and batch system. 

 This study was performed at laboratory scale. The reactors used in this study consisted of three parts: Ultraviolet (UV) source, reaction cell, and mixing chamber. The experiments were carried out in a batch and continuous reactor for synthetic wastewater. The concentration of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ was constant (25 mg/L) in all experiments and effect of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) dose, pH, and air dispersion was investigated on the removal efficiency. 

 The results showed that with increasing TiO 2 dose and pH, the cadmium and lead removal increase. The maximum removal of cadmium and lead was obtained in TiO 2 dose 0.9 g/L and pH: 11 that were equal to 99.8 and 99.2% respectively. Furthermore, when air dispersion increased, the removal efficiency increased; while in the air dispersion 2 cm 3 /L the removal efficiency was maximum (88 and 93.2% at the contact time 56 min for Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ , respectively). 

 According to these results the TiO 2 has been considered as photocatalyst is the separable and recyclable, so UV/TiO 2 process is an environment friendly process for toxic metal removal.

The primary purpose of this research is : '' examining the relationship between reliability components of the earning and earnings persistence. The comparison of the persistence of components of the earnings.'' So the main question of this research is as follows: Is the persistence of different components of earnings the same ? In this research we have made use of operational earnings and the information of Accrual items of 113 firms which were stock exchange members between 1378- 1386. To test the hypotheses of the research, we have made use of the multivariant linear regression method. To examine the meaning fullness of the differences between regression coefficients , we have made use of vald test and complete and decreased models of regression. Accounting earnings are divided into two parts of cash and accrual sections. The accrual section is divided into three more parts of current operational activities, and non cash operational activities , accrual items of finance activities. First we compared the persistence of cash section of earnings with the persistence of accrual section of earnings then we compared the persistence of cash section of earnings with the persistence of accrual components. Finally the persistence of accrual section of earnings have been compared with each other. The persistence of accrual element of earnings is lower that of cash element of earnings the reason for this is that the larger amount of the subjectivity of accrual items and their reliability is lower than cash element to the results of this research show that the persistence of cash section has a meaningful difference with the persistence of accrual section and its components. On the one hand when the accrual section of earnings is unusually high or low the earning have less persistence. On the other hand the difference between the persistence of accrual components of earnings is not high and statistically , none of these differences are meaningful the results of this research show that the earnings of the firms in which the cash section of earnings is higher than that of the whole earnings the earnings will have more persistence.