reza farahmand

α-Amylases catalyze the hydrolysis of starch and are widely used in various industries, especially in the food industry. Despite the high demand for the use of α-amylase in various industries, most α-amylases do not have the temperature and pH stabilities for use in industrial processes. Ionic liquids are broadly used as co-solvents to improve the activity, stability, and selectivity of enzymes. In this study, the effect of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate on the activity, temperature and pH optimum, thermal stability, and structure of an α-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae were investigated. The activity of α-amylase was decreased with increments in [EMIm][Ac] concentration. Vm of α-amylase in the presence of [EMIm][Ac] was increased while Km was decreased. Same as the absence of [EMIm][Ac], the optimal pH and temperature in the presence of [EMIm][Ac] were 7.5 and 45 °C, respectively. The inactivation rate of α-amylase at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C in the presence of both 0.4 and 1 M [EMIm][Ac] is less than in its absence. Intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy revealed structural changes in the presence of [EMIm][Ac]. These results indicate the improvements in the activity, optimum temperature, and thermal stability of α-amylase due to the structural changes induced with [EMIm][Ac].

Corporations and states in the international arena violate rules and regulations by means of different measures such as hiding behind the corporate veil in limited liability companies and gaining fake treaty protection. International tribunals to act against such misuse of rights pierce the veil between the parent company and the subsidiaries and consider their personality as one so that there will be no escape from justice for them. Tribunals in treaty shopping apply veil piercing and disregard the nationality the company gained. In addition, arbitration agreements can be extended to third parties under some conditions using the veil-piercing principle. Thus, applying the corporate veil piercing principle which is an iconoclast principle that puts an exception to those legal structures without which it results in breaching the laws and lack of justice. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical. The main question of this paper is how does the principle of the corporate veil affect the development of international law? The result indicates that this principle developed the legal personality of the corporations, arbitration clause, nationality, and control rule in international law.

α-Amylases catalyze the hydrolysis of starch and are widely used in various industries, especially in the food industry. Despite the high demand for the use of α-amylase in various industries, most α-amylases do not have the temperature and pH stabilities for use in industrial processes. Ionic liquids are broadly used as co-solvents to improve the activity, stability, and selectivity of enzymes. In this study, the effect of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate on the activity, temperature and pH optimum, thermal stability, and structure of an α-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae were investigated. The activity of α-amylase was decreased with increments in [EMIm][Ac] concentration. Vm of α-amylase in the presence of [EMIm][Ac] was increased while Km was decreased. Same as the absence of [EMIm][Ac], the optimal pH and temperature in the presence of [EMIm][Ac] were 7.5 and 45 °C, respectively. The inactivation rate of α-amylase at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C in the presence of both 0.4 and 1 M [EMIm][Ac] is less than in its absence. Intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy revealed structural changes in the presence of [EMIm][Ac]. These results indicate the improvements in the activity, optimum temperature, and thermal stability of α-amylase due to the structural changes induced with [EMIm][Ac].

α-Amylases catalyze the starch hydrolysis reaction and are widely used in starch processing industries. Despite the high demand for the use of α-amylase in various industries, most α-amylases do not have the required functional characteristics such as proper activity, temperature and pH compatibility, as well as temperature stability. In this regard, ionic liquids are widely used today as co-solvents to improve enzymes' activity, stability, and selectivity.

Activity, optimum temperature, optimum pH, and thermal stability of B. subtilis α-amylase were investigated in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Structural changes in the presence of [EMIm][Ac] were examined using intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy.

The activity of α-amylase and Vm increased in the presence of 0.4 M of [EMIm][Ac] while Km decreased. The optimum temperature and pH did not change in the presence of [EMIm][Ac] compared to its absence. At 40 and 50 °C, the inactivation rate of α-amylase in the presence of both concentrations of 0.4 and 1 M of [EMIm][Ac] is the same as in its absence. However, the rate of inactivation at 60 and 70 °C is higher than that in the absence of [EMIm][Ac]. The results of intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed the structural changes in the presence of [EMIm][AC].

[EMIm][Ac] can be used to increase the activity of B. subtilis α-amylase without affectingthe optimal temperature and pH parameters. Moreover, [EMIm][Ac] relatively improves the thermal stability of the α-amylase

The study was is aimed at identifying and explaining the factors that hinder the implementation of the administrative reform in the HR area. This mixed research is descriptive in terms of purpose and cross sectional in terms of time dimension. The statistical population in qualitative Delphi section of the research comprises of thirty academicians and organizational experts who were selected on purposive sampling method. The statistical population of the quantitative section covers all employees of the executive agencies of Kerman in 1398, from which 450 people were selected on a stratified random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Structural equation modeling (SEM)and SPSS and AMOS software was used for analyzing the data. The results show that the factors that impede the HR reforms initiatives in HR include: nepotism, inadequate education, Lack of welfare, inadequate retirement benefits, inadequacy of performance management, politicized  bureaucratic behavior, , technical and administrative incompetency, favoritism, inadequate ICT skills, ,organizational goals  ambiguity, lack of continuous improved thinking, having anti-regulatory spirit, lack of effective motivational system, favoritism and inefficient leadership.

 Given the importance of the evolution of the administrative system, the need to examine the current situation and identify its issues and problems This article predicts the evolution of the administrative system in the field of human resources based on deterrents.The existing research in terms of purpose, application and development has been done by library and survey method.The statistical population of this study is all employees of the executive apparatus of Kerman that 450 people have been selected as a sample using stratified random sampling method. Data collection tools, two researcher-made questionnaires used to prevent the implementation of administrative system transformation in the field of human resources and administrative system transformation questionnaire were used. The results showed that lack of meritocracy, inadequate education, value and structural factors, ambiguity of goals, lack of dominance of continuous improvement thinking, relationalism and inefficient leadership, Factors hindering the implementation of the transformation of the administrative system in the field of human resources, which simultaneously explain 0.332 of the variance of the implementation of the transformation of the administrative system.

The aim of this study was to design a model for predicting the evolution of the administrative system in the field of human resources. The existing research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose and a mixed exploratory research in terms of method. The statistical population of the study included all employees of the executive bodies of Kerman in the number of 23,270 people who were selected as a sample using stratified random sampling method of 450 people. To collect data, two researcher-made questionnaires were used to prevent the implementation of administrative system transformation in the field of human resources and administrative system transformation. The results showed that the conceptual model of the research has an acceptable fit and the factors hindering the evolution of the administrative system in the field of human resources are: Inadequacy, inadequate education, lack of welfare, inadequate retirement benefits, inadequate evaluation, high degree of politicization, bureaucratic domination, institutional, technical and administrative incompetence, Lack of attention to the simultaneous implementation of public interests and administrative rights, weakness of information and communication technologies, lack of effective causal conditions, cultural, political, managerial, judicial, value and structural factors, ambiguity of goals and lack of dominance of continuous improvement thinking, These factors explain 0.35 of the variance of the administrative transformation system in the field of human resources.

The greater the ability to accurately estimate the amount of blood loss during surgery, the greater the readiness to deal with possible risks during surgery. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the visual estimation and accurate measurements of the amount of blood loss during surgery in order to make better management of the bleeding during surgery and make proper cares in proper time. 31 patients undergoing surgery who referred to Firoozgar hospital in Tehran, Iran, in 2017 were entered this clinical trial study using simple sampling method. All patients underwent posterior spinal fusion (PSF) surgery. Then, the amount of bleeding during the operation was calculated in two ways: visual estimation and also using a sensitive scale. Data were analyzed via SPSS software using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon test. The mean age of the participants was 41.4 years old, and the mean weight was 65.2 kg. There was a significant difference between the amount of bleeding calculated as a visual bleeding amount and the bleeding calculated by sensitive scale at the first hour of operation (P < 0.0001), and also at the second hour of operation (P < 0.0001). The amount of blood on the gauzes calculated by visual estimation was significantly lower than the actual estimation. In order to reduce this error, it is recommended that, in assessing the amount of blood on gauzes, in addition to the amount of gauze to be impregnated with the blood, the amount of moisture (moisture) of the gauzes should also be taken into account.

Research-Centerdness in teaching has entered the literature on teaching methodology in recent years. Research is now used as the most important instruments in teaching. The present study is an attempt to measure the practical research in Iran police faculty of intelligence sciences benefitting from Ahrens, Brant and Lee’s proposed model. Based on the research method, the researchers presented the model to the intelligence students for a course.Observation, interview, and document analysis were used to collect the required data. Content analysis was performed to analyze the collected dat. The findings of the study showed that the presented model was in accordance with the physical features of the educational environment, learneres’ characteristics, and the curriculum objectives.