reza khoshraftar

According to the dominant tradition, geomorphology is a field discipline and observation is one of the pillars of fieldwork. In any field of human knowledge, the element or observation may be different. Observing nature and its constituent elements, which is a part of epistemology in geomorphology, requires an active relationship with the observed reality. Seeing and observing landscapes, landforms and watersheds as an ancient tradition in earth sciences and especially geomorphology, in addition to being a sensory process, has a special place and importance in terms of different philosophical attitudes in the process of geomorphic research. In other words, knowledge is multi-generational like landscapes, and in attaining knowledge (cognition, knowledge, awareness) regarding the subjects investigated in each scientific field, the way of thinking has philosophical principles. Observing without a theory in mind (logical positivism) and theory-laden observations (in realism), are two approaches that have been examined in this paper. According to the philosophical approaches, concepts, goals and results will be different. However, in geomorphology, observation plays the main controlling role

Surface topography is involved with cultural values in some destinations, and Neyshabur and Firuzeh Counties constitute good examples. In this paper, we present the primary geosites with cultural geomorphology values and aims to investigate the appropriate solutions for promoting geotourism with an emphasis on cultural geomorphology. Thematic analysis as a qualitative method and observation was used, and the results demonstrated that Neyshabur and Firuzeh counties include 19 geosites with cultural geomorphology values. We propose the use of marketing, government support, research and identification, local empowerment, and development of new products and services to offer to tourists with geo-themes as key solutions to promote geotourism with an emphasis on cultural geomorphology.

One of the effective factors on coastal geomorphology is sea level fluctuations. In addition to sea level fluctuations, the excistence of Khazar fault causes uplifting Alborze Mountains and subsidence of Khazar trench floor. Because of heterogeneous morphology in coastal areas, the influence of sea level fluctuations is not equall in the whole of coastal areas. The study area is located in Gilan province, between eastern longitudes 37°-25ʹ to 38° and northern latitudes 48°- 35ʹ to 49° - 10ʹ The problem of this research is that the floor bed of channels of the west coastlines Caspian Sea show significant river incision(deepening). Rivers hydrodynamic data such as sediment and water discharge, data related to short, medium and long terms changes of sea level Caspian Sea, topography and geology maps, and satellite images are used. Geomorphic indices were used for Analysis of Cross and Longitudinal Profiles and evaluation of the region neotectonic. The aim of this research is identification of geomorphic evidences of sea level changes in the western plain of Caspian sea, survey of relation between incision rivers with sea level oscillations, Alborz morphotectonic and human activities.The result of geomorphic indices, field observation, and cross profiles indicated in some of the profiles in addition to Alborz uplifting, other factors (human activities ,south Caspian basin tectonic subsidence and sea level fluctuations) have an important role in incision of bed rivers. The results would be helpful in coastal management in future. Keywords: Coastal Geomorphology, Caspian Sea level changes, Morphotectonic, River Incision (Lisar,Karkanrod and Shafarod).

In this study, to investigate the disturbance drainage basin, 80 sub-basins were determined. The maps of geology, drainage, raster maps, fault basin was prepared. The performance area and perimeter of the basin, number and length of channels, frequency of drain, angle General, Internal angle faulting density, and angle of internal and public were calculated. The number of faults in the fault zone is about 10 to 15. These fault zone rock properties of marl, limestone, flysch, limestone, dolomite and limestone were Cenomanian. Analysis of variance based on lithology and density fault factors showed that there was a significant difference between the studied variables. Results of mean comparison with Duncan test showed that the sub-basins located on fault zones 2 and 3 are most disturbed drainage, respectively. Multivariate analysis results indicated that sub without fault in a category. Sub-basins of 73, 50, 51 and 72, however, the role of the effects of no-fault. But according to studies done on morphometric characteristics of a fault in the sub-groups, respectively. Sub basin of 2, 13, 4, 6, 14, 16, 23, 8, 39, 34, 70, 77, 80, 52, 67, 78, 7, 12 and 79 were the only sub basin that is likely to have undiscovered fault, was high.

Reviewing the damage caused by landslide proves the need to examine the factors influencing the occurrence of this phenomenon and the prediction of its occurrence. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to improve the prediction of landslide occurrence in the Taleghan watershed using Shannon Entropy Theory. Among the factors influencing the occurrence of landslide, ten factors of elevation, slope, slope direction, geology, vegetation, land use, water congestion, fault, road, rainfall as independent variables and sliding zones were considered as dependent variables. Then, using the entropy index, weighing was calculated for each of these factors based on their effectiveness, and the value map of each parameter was calculated according to its weight. In the next step, by mapping these maps with the map of landslides, a risk zoning map for the basin was drawn up. After calculating the Shannon entropy index, it was determined that 86% of the landslide area is in three medium-risk, high-risk and highly hazardous areas, indicating that the final map of the zoning is based on the correct method. Also, the total quality index (Qs) in this method was equal to 2.3, which indicates that this method is more reliable and more suitable for zoning of landslide hazard in Taleghan watershed. The accuracy of the method (P) for the entropy model was equal to 0.24, indicating a more appropriate resolution of the risk zones in this method.

Shorelines are very dynamic geomorphic systems where continuous changes occur at differents spatial and temporal scales .Coastal sustainable management, need to know the trend of sea level changes, showing of shoreline changes can ensure coastal relative sustainable for performing plan coastal environmental management. Case study is shoreline of Karkanrod estuary that is located in the west of Gilan between eastern longitudes 48°-34ʹ to 48°-58ʹ and northern latitudes 37°- 42ʹ to 37°-57ʹ.The aim of this research is to extract shorelines from past to now, determine effective land and hydrodynamic processes in the morphologic changes of Karkanrod delta shoreline to assess the rate of shoreline changes and their reasons. Waves and wind data, hydrodynamic data such as sediment and water, sea level fluctuations ancient graphs, Landsat satellite images, Aerial photos were utilized to study shoreline changes that show progress and regress of karkanrod delta. The method used in this research, is a combinational of, descriptive and analytic method with field and library studies.In field observation, some Geomorphologic evidence in the study area such as: V-shaped valleys, fluvial terraces and loesses were identified, that rectify the effect of active tectonics and sea level changes in the region. DSAS method was used to extract shoreline changes in different times.The results of this study show that the shoreline of Karkanrod delta experienced the most erosion during 1985-2000 and the most accretion during 2008-2017. Relative sea level change plays an important role in the shoreline of karkanrod delta. Transects of 7, 8 and 9 that are almost in the center of delta, where the karakanrod estuary is located, have more accretion rate that it shows the effect of sediment rivers. The results and methods may be helpful in coastal management and understanding the evolution of the entire delta from the perspective of shoreline change.

Tectonic geomorphology is the study of the influence of active tectonics on the landscape. Geomorphic indices are known as a useful tool in active tectonic studies, and they have been tested in different areas around the world.The aim of this research is to examine tectonic activity in the eastern slope of the Talesh (Baghrodagh). Some geomorphic indices such as hypsometric integral(Hi), asymmetry factor (Af), valley floor width- to- height ratio (Vf), stream length-gradient index (Sl), transverse topographic symmetry factor (T), mountain-front sinuosity (Smf), sinuosity (S) have been used to evaluate neotectonic activity for study area. Karganroud basin is located in the west of Gilan, between eastern longitudes 48°-34ʹ to 48°- 58ʹ and northern latitudes 37°- 42ʹ to 57° to 37ʹ.

The method used in this research, is a combinational of, descriptive and analytic method with field and library studies. The geomorphic indices are used to evaluate the neotectonic of the region. This research used topographic maps on a scale of 1:250000 , geologic map on a scale of 1:100000, digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 30 meters and in combination with aerial photos. These data were then analysed in GIS10.1 to calculate the geomorphic indices and prepration river profiles and needed maps. The following geomorphic indices were determined: the asymmetry factor (Af) was used to detect possible tectonic tilting in the karganroud basin. In order to discriminate between V-shaped and U-shaped flatfloored valleys, the valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf) has been calculated for the selected mountain fronts of the region. The hypsometric integral (HI) is controlled by lithological and tectonic factors. A simple way to characterize the shape of the hypsometric curve for a given drainage basin is to calculate its hypsometric integral - HI. The integral is defined as the area under the hypsometric curve. Mountain-front sinuosity (Smf) has been employed to evaluate tectonic activity along mountain fronts, apart from its dependence of climate and lithology . In active mountainfronts, uplift will prevail over erosional processes, producing straight fronts with low Smf values. The SL index shows the variation in stream power along the river reaches and it is very sensitive to changes in channel slope. For this reason it allows the evaluation of recent tectonic activity and/or rock resistance. The sixth geomorphic index is the transverse topographic symmetry factor (T). The transverse topographic symmetry factor (T) estimates the amount of asymmetry of a river basin and the variation of this asymmetry in different segments of the valley.  The seventh geomorphic index is sinuosity(S). Straight rivers will show low values of S and indicate active regions.Finally we used (lat) index for final evaluation of active tectonism of the rigion.

Geomorphic analysis carried out by GIS techniques is considered to be a useful tool for evaluating the effects of active tectonics in an area.The asymmetry factor (Af) value of the karganroud basin is (Af=42/8).It indicates that the left of the basin has uplifted and the karganroud River has shifted to the right (to the west ) of the downstram of the drainage basin,which according to the classification of El Hamdouni et al. (2008)  is primarily of class 2 with moderately active tectonic. The mountain-front sinuosity (Smf) value of the karganroud basin equals 1/53 (smf =1/53) that belongs to class 2 with moderately active tectonic according to El Hamdouni et al. the valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf) has been calculated for the selected mountain fronts of the region. The mean value of vf for the basin equals 0/27 (vf = 0/27) that belongs to class 1 with the highest active tectonic according to El Hamdouni et al (2007) and Keller &Pinter (1996). The mean value of SL shows high value (sl = 627/29) that belongs to class 1 with the highest active tectonic according to El Hamdouni et al (2007). The mean value of  T  for the basin equals 0/20(t = 0/20) that belongs to class 2 with moderately  active tectonic. The hypsometric integral (Hi) value of the karganroud basin is (Hi =0/49) that belongs to class 1 with with highest active tectonic according to El Hamdouni et al (2008) and Strahler (1952) that shows mature topographic . Finally, the value of the seventh geomorphic index ( sinuosity) for the study area equals (s = 1/2)  that shows the karganroud river is straight and it still does not reach to its equilibrium, indicating the influence of tectonic activity in the study area.

The calculated geomorphic indices in this research indicate that the Karkaganroud basin is tectonically active. The lat index was used for final evaluation of tectonic activity of the region. According to results of Lat index, the karganroud basin belongs to class 2 with high active tectonic. Also, Geomorphologic evidence rectifies the effect of active tectonics.

The river route has different patterns, such as straight, meandering and braided, and these changes have always been of interest to geomorphologists. A river along its path can have different patterns; the Meandering rivers are part of a single-channel river, the river has only one flow. One of the important issues in geomorphology is to consider changes in the shape and pattern of flow channels in the course of the river. The morphology of the rivers depends on several factors such as water flow changes, bed slopes, river cross section, geology, tectonics or morphotectonics of the area, as well as the time needed for formation and change of river plan forms. The spatial displacements of the meanders cause changes in the dimensions of the bedding stream and the flood plain. Due to their many dynamics, this phenomenon also causes major problems. In many parts of the world, numerous studies have been done on the phenomenon of rivers 'meandering, and more than 30 theories have been presented on the process of rivers' meandering. [Maghsoudi et al., 2010, 276]. The meanders can be sinusoid, regular or compact, very irregular, crumpled, and even other forms. The shape of the meander is a function of the characteristics such as slope and flow rate, river width, and the material of the bed [Rezaei Moghadam et al., 2012, p. 86].
The Mahneshan County with a total area of 2,786 square kilometers is located at 47 degrees and 15 minutes to 48 degrees and 10 minutes of Greenwich and 36 degrees and 20 minutes to 37 degrees and 10 minutes north latitude, northwest of the province Zanjan. The entire length of the Ghezel Ozan route is from the Chehel Cheshme mountains of Kurdistan to the Manjil Dam Lake, 550 km, about 91 km lies within the Mahanshan county. The Mahanshan area comprises mountain ranges stretches the northwest-southeast that lies between them, plains and valleys. In this study, topographic maps or scale of 1.50000 and geology of 1.100000 were investigated for the study of drainage network and geological formations of the region. A geological map was used to investigate the relationship between meanders with formations and geological structures. Using the GPS during fieldworks, probable meanders were positioned. IRIS satellite images with a resolution of 2.5 m in 2007, 1389, 1394 and Google Earth in 1373 were used to study and investigate the process of changing the direction of the Ghezel Ozan. By digitizing the route, the amount and position of the river changes were detected. Based on data on length of arc, valley length and radius of circles on the river arch, bending coefficient, central angle and sinusoid index, were calculated. Then, according to the calculation of the bending coefficient of each arch and the central angle of the arches, and the Korins classification, the percent of frequency of the central angle of the meander arches were determined. According to calculations of the bending coefficient and the central angle of the arches of the Ghezel Ozan River in the Mahneshan County, the dominant river pattern over the course of four years is meandering and their coefficient is between 1.25 and 2. While the sinuosity of 55% of the meanders was more than 1.5, the bending coefficient of the arches 1 to 10 is high, indicating that they are in the category of highly developed meanders and the rest are underdeveloped to advanced meanders.
Using the Korins central angle index), the development rate of meandering was calculated for four periods. Calculated values shows that in 1996, about 60% of the course of the river had a developed meandering pattern. The central angles of the arch were in 1373, 136, which illustrates the highly developed meandering pattern. This amount was reduced to 131, 96.5, and 106.5 in 1386, 1389, 1394, respectively, reflecting a developed meandering pattern. The decline in the highly developed meandering pattern and the increase in the developed and undeveloped meandering pattern show that the numbers of arch rivets have gradually decreased.
The mean radius of arches in the studied boundary was calculated for four years 1994, 2007, 2010, 2015, respectively, 506, 254.5, 166, 229 m. It is seen that the mean radius of the circles of 1994 is higher than in other years, which is often due to erodibility of the river banks, which causes the radial development of meandering rings. The geometric parameters of the studied sections were analyzed in four periods of 1994, 2007, 2010, and 2015. The distance between the two alternating meanders in 1994 is much higher than in 2007, 2010, and 2015. The increase in the longitudinal distance of two successive meanders is somehow indicative of an increase in the meandering conditions.
After plotting the longitudinal profile of the Ghezel Ozan in the Mahneshan County, the mean slope of the river was 0.07 percent. The longitudinal profile of Ghezel Ozen shows that the river at first has a slight slope and the meanders are formed. Down the river, increasing the number of effective faults, increases the slope of the bed at the end of the stream Meanders are the main causes of erosion and changes in flood plains, and if these changes are high and severe, it leads to lateral erosion. Findings of the research indicate that in four periods, there is a large variation in the course of the river; by examining the parameters and field observations, it can be said that the Gezel Ozan River is a developed meander. The bending coefficient of years 1994, 2007, 2010, and 1394 was calculated between 2-1.25. Also, with respect to the values obtained, the center angle is in the range of 158-85 degrees, is related to the developed meanders. In this study, there was no evidence that tectonics affected the river route directly and, and thus led to a redirection of the river. Mahnashan County is active tectonically. The right part (look in the direction of the Gezel Ozan stream) is more uplifting. Consequently, the behavior of the small streams affects through the formation of alluvial fans and rapids in the Gezel Ozan River.

Karst or solution landforms are of great importance from different aspects. These landforms are in almost all geographic areas and have a great variety. The development of karst terrain depends on several factors such as: lithology, topography, climate, hydrology, vegetation, structure and time. Alborz mountains is one of the big areas of karst in north of Iran. Karstification in northern and southern slopes of the Alborz are different. Dorfak Mountain, a part of the western Alborz Mountains, situated in coordinates 53° 3' north latitude and 42° 49' east longitude, in the southern part of Guilan province. Dorfak is the most important part of western Alborz Mountain which has not only immense environmental values but is a subject of interest for geomorphologists for its karstic landforms. This paper aims at describing Dorfak's physical geography and geology and to investigate its karstic landforms on the basis of such a description emanated from field-work studies. Material and In order to identify karstic landforms of Dorfak mountain, preliminary studies and field works, topographic maps with a scales of 1:25,000, 1: 50,000 and geological maps with a scale of 1:100000 were used. In early reviews and inventories of karstic landforms, four times the northern and southern slopes of Dorfak, field visit of different routes using the global positioning system were done. Then, coordinate of identified karstic sites overlay on digital topographic and geological maps and spatial relationships between geology, topography, and karstic sites, were analyzed. According to the importance of climate data in formation of karst landforms, rainfall data was examined. Finally, the field works data was combined with geology and topography maps and geomorphological map of Dorfak karstic landforms was drawn.
Intensity, extent, degree of development of karst landforms according to the thickness and the purity of lime and spatial differences in climatic conditions different.The northern slopes of Dorfak Mountain to about 2000 m, wet and temperate climate with abundant rains, and from there to the summit, cold mountain climate with low rainfall prevails. In each of these areas, specific mechanisms of weathering and erosion take place. Due to these differences, Dorfak karst landforms can be divided into two groups:
Karstic landforms in forest area
In northern slope of Dorfak, green dolines and karren (Lapias) are covered by soil and plants. Above the tree line, karstic landforms include two huge Dolines, many little dolines, and ponors. Among all these varieties, karrens are noticeable in terms of numbers and extensions. Karren depths are approximately 10-15 cm.
Karstic landforms in non vegetation area
In Dorfak mountain, altitudes more than 2,200 meters are lacking forest vegetations. Great doline(kaseye Dorfak), is the most characteristic karstic landforms in this part of Dorfak Mountain. Floor of doline is covered by fine sediments, thus, in the spring and summer season, shaped lake in doline. Another karstic landforms in this area is Dorfak small karstic cave. Dorfak mountain slopes to the summit, especially after the forest limit, are covered by karrens with different sizes and shapes. Linear karrens and karren fields can be seen in these slopes.
According to the evidence and degree of development of karstic landforms, Dorfak karstic landforms are one of the most complete in the western Alborz, from Sepidrud valley to Chalus River. Pure limestone formations such as gray limestone of fossiliferous Jurassic, Cretaceous gray limestone of orbitolina and the northern and southern Dorfak trust, have provided infiltration in rocky limes. At elevations less than 2,200 meters, limits in the development of karst forms are due to changes in gross limestone or other formations. In southern slopes and higher parts of Dorfak mountain, several small canyons, Rashe karstic cave around the Seedasht village and a great canyon were formed respectively.
Due to the importance of karst landforms such as the pursuit of water resources, all identified landforms, geomorphological map of Dorfak mountain was provided.

Geology and geomorphology have influenced society, civilization, and the cultural diversity of our planet. The influences in each community will be different based on the level of development. In the past, men had close relationships with their natural environment and in trying to identify and understand landscapes and processes. They have used myths, legends and stories. In fact, using names like Devil, Dragon and Chimney for, valleys, mountain and caves have seen in different parts of the planet and in different cultures. Moreover, men attempted to explain processes and forms based on their understanding of nature. In fact, the names used for non-living elements and processes, are in framework of geocultural contexts (cultural geology). Part of the folklore about geological phenomena and landforms, are related to religious beliefs and metaphysics. Some of these names use relative static structure (mountains), dynamic processes (travertine spring) and fossils. Sometimes this myths and stories give very valuable information about old earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, etc. and provide important data for for understanding the geological history, geomorphologic evolution trends and climate change. In this study,the geomythological values of three limestone springs in North West Iran (Takab, Zanjan and Qorveh cites) have been studied. Use of dragon name for Rocky Mountains revealed that in the past, in these areas have warm and cold springs existed some of which were probably Artesian. Such sites, especially in rural areas have important role in geotourist attraction.

Temperature is one of climatic components which has significant role over other climatic elements. Analysis of its change trend in environment planning is import solution for many environment problems. In this research, in order to analyze the trend and temperature condition in Kermanshah, the average and monthly temperature applied during the statistical period (1957-2005). There for by using the statistical parameters and SPSS software, various kind of diagram is drawn and analyzed. The result from statistical analysis indicated that annual temperature of Kermanshah station ranged from 14/46 to 14/53. Based on test, although the temperatures of Kermanshah have fluctuated toward the average temperature in some years, but generally it indicates the normal trend. Analyzing the probability of temperature occurrence in different level based on webule’s experimental formula and table method indicated that, with 90-80 percent possibility, annual temperature of Kermanshah will be between 15 – 15/5.