reza maboudi

Population aging is one of the important phenomena in demographic changes whose effects on social and economic variables are considerable. Accordingly, using the Shapley Value, the current study aimed at investigating the contribution of the effective factors on Iran’s population aging in 1970-2020. The obtained results show economic production, life expectancy, mortality rate, and fertility rate have the greatest contribution. Calculation of the contribution of the effective factors on population aging based on age structure transition indicate that in the first stage of transition (1970-1995) encouraging policies for having children and increasing trend of migration have made net rate of migration and fertility have the most contribution in population aging. In the second stage of transition (1996-2010) child mortality decreases by increasing in health level. As a result, infant  mortality rate has the most contribution in population aging. But implementing population control policy reduces the contribution of fertility rate in population aging. In the third stage of transition (2011-2020), net migration rate and child mortality rate have the most contribution in population aging due to migration and improvement of treatment methods. In this stage, the contribution of fertility rate and child mortality rate increases than the previous stage. Hence, adopting appropriate policies such as increasing fertility rate, creating socio-economic infrastructures, taking care of the elderly, and increasing the elderly’s health level to prevent adverse effects of population aging is necessary.

Today, arbitration has become the most popular means of resolving maritime ‎disputes. Arbitration as a binding dispute resolution method is proposed and ‎recognized in the seventh appendix of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the ‎Sea.‎‏ ‏One of the important requirements of arbitration is the observance of fair ‎proceedings, which according to the New York Convention of 1958 and the ‎European Convention on Human Rights, is under judicial supervision at the ‎stage of identifying and implementing arbitration decisions and at the stage of ‎protesting the arbitration decision.‎‏ ‏Considering that arbitration is a type of ‎private judgment, it is required to observe fair proceedings, as a human right, ‎therefore, identifying the fair arbitration and guaranteeing the implementation ‎of its non-compliance is of great importance.‎‏ ‏Identifying the principle of fair ‎arbitration as a human right and guaranteeing its non-compliance in various ‎cases, in order to violate the human rights of the parties, needs to be read.‎‏ ‏In the ‎current research, with the analytical and descriptive method and using library ‎sources and judicial procedure and according to the basics of human rights and ‎international documents as well as international judicial procedure, the ‎principle of fair arbitration to It has been recognized as an inalienable human ‎right‏.‏‎ And it can be said: the agreement on the cancellation of the right to object ‎to the arbitration award has no effect on the possibility of requesting the ‎annulment of the arbitration award due to non-compliance with the principles ‎of fair arbitration. The request to cancel the arbitrator's decision that is outside ‎the deadline can also be accepted by relying on the principles of fair arbitration, ‎and in case of a request to implement the arbitrator's decision, the arbitrator's ‎decision will not be able to be recognized and implemented.‎

Equality between man and woman rights has long been considered by jurists and human rights communities. It has been supported from the perspective of human rights and economic and social analysis. The Iranian legal system, following the well-known opinion of Imami jurists, has not accepted the idea of absolute equality between men and women. Going beyond the idea of the difference between man's and woman's Diya with the legislative approach in the Islamic Penal Code and the Compulsory Insurance Law has been adjusted. The criminal and civil judicial authorities have not reached a single procedure in dealing with the issue of compensating the excess of woman's Diya overpayment. The dispute in the judicial procedure for the insurer's sentence to compensate the excess of the woman's Diya requires a correct analysis of the nature of the ransom in the laws. Paying attention to the nature of the woman's Diya overpayment to the extent of the man's Diya and recognizing the judicial and legal requirements in the issue of woman's Diya overpayment by the insurer, will direct and regulate the judicial procedure in issuing verdicts against the insurer in accordance with Article 10 of the Compulsory Insurance Law approved in 2016 and the insurer will be aware of its rights and duties.

Descriptive – analytical method was used in this research. Some of the judgments issued in this area are used as study documents to address the differences in jurisprudence, and to clearly portray the challenge of jurisprudence. It is possible to present the result by analyzing these opinions and advisory theories.

The surplus of the woman's Diya up to the man's Diya has a compensatory nature and the scope of the insurer's payment in Article 10 of the Compulsory Insurance Law is limited to traffic accidents. The idea of gender equality and economic efficiency of men and women in society and the irregularity of the payment of the fee for criminal proceedings implies the exemption of the request for compensation of the surplus of the woman's Diya from the civil proceedings in the criminal authorities. Also examination of judicial procedure and legal requirements raises the need to claim such damages from the insurer but simply requesting a surplus of Diya from the insurer without filing an independent lawsuit and paying the court fees in accordance with the financial claims is sufficient for the lawsuit to be considered by the insurer and a ruling issued. The method of issuing a criminal court and legal court order varies depending on how the lawsuit is filed. The conviction of an insurance company to pay excess of the woman's Diya requires the observance of certain court procedures. Asking the insurer for excess of the woman's Diya or not requesting it creates an independent obligation for the judge, which needs to be analyzed depending on the method of filing the lawsuit and the claim.

Despite the unity of the nature of excess damages on the Diya in the Islamic Penal Code and the Compulsory Insurance Law adopted in 2016, the origin of the insurer and the bodily injury insurance fund to compensate this amount are not the same and the scope of the insurer's obligation to pay the surplus of the Diya in the Compulsory Insurance Law is specific and limited. The method of filing a lawsuit against the insurer and the guarantee of the notification of the court hearings and the court decision to the insurer depends on his role in the lawsuit. It is possible to include the surplus of the woman's Diya in the court judgment, and the ability to enforce the verdict against the insurer depends on the method of filing a lawsuit and issuing a sentence. The injured party's request for payment of the surplus of the woman's Diya by the insurer before the end of the trial indicates the obligation of the criminal judge to issue a sentence against the insurer, but if the injured party neglects to demand his right directly from the insurer, the court has no obligation to issue a sentence and while writing the sentence of Diya, it only refers to the insurer's responsibility to pay the surplus based on accident insurance, which is not enforceable directly against the insurer.

One of the most common methods in dispute resolutions is arbitration and online arbitration is an emerging method in this area. The specific features of this arbitration method have led to many legal debates. Due to the lack of physical location in online arbitration, the way of determining the seat of this type of arbitration should be analyzed. The seat of arbitration is fundamental in defining the legal framework for arbitral proceedings. The basic question of the present research is how and by what criterion the seat of arbitration in such type of arbitration can be determine? The article concludes that if the disputing parties determine seat of arbitration, the parties’ agreement is valid, according to absolute delocalization theory, in spite of the lack of physical location in online arbitration. If the seat is not clearly identified by the parties’ agreement, arbitrator must choose seat of arbitration. Various criteria have been studied in this regard, but it seems that suitability of national legal framework of seat, procedural governing law and party’s choice of judicial forum, are useful for detection of implicit parties’ intention. In spite of suggestion of the abovementioned criteria, the analyses and findings of this article show that explicit regulation by the legislator on this issue is essential

Energy law has always been important for governments. The energy market has significant issues, such as security of supply. Therefore, governments have entered this field and have regulated this market. This article attempts to examine the European Union's experience and Iranian one in answering the above questions. The EU has made efforts to achieve the objectives of competition law and energy law, which the most important is the application of liberalization packs. Studies have shown that it is possible to apply the rules of competition law in the field of energy. At the same time, the application of these rules should be suitable to the structure of such markets and inevitably there are limits to the application of the rules of competition law. In Iran, despite the establishment of Stock Exchange of Energy and the possibility of selling electricity to major consumers by private power plants, the Iranian energy market can not yet be regarded as a competitive market. Therefore, this article concludes that Iranian legislator and the competition policy makers in Iran need to apply specific rules and regulations to develop competition in our country`s energy market.

Marketing techniques and methods of eliminating commercial competitors have attracted considerable attention. One of these techniques is using predatory pricing by which the predator undertakings gain control over a great portion of the market and strike a probably heavy blow to the rivals abroad through supplying products with a lower price than home. In a broad classification, predatory pricing may occur domestically or internationally. The latter is known as dumping. The most important legal document in this regard in Iran is the “Regulation of Predicting Protective, Compensatory and Anti-Dumping Expedients and Measures for Protection of Domestic Producers” 1386 [2007].Since the mentioned Iranian provisions have not been analyzed by Iranian lawyers yet, the purpose of this study is the comparative review of this Regulation and the Anti-Dumping Agreement in order to discern the deficiencies of the Iranian Regulation in regard to determination of dumping. Therefore, the main and specific question of this paper is that what are the exact deficiencies of the aforementioned Regulation, as the most important legal document of Iran, in regard to determination of dumping and what is the solution? Thus, firstly, we will review the main elements of determination of dumping and after introduction of the key issues, the important deficiencies of the Iranian provision such as determination of the ordinary course of trade, concealment or untrustworthiness of the export price, comparison with regard to the price in the country of origin, simultaneous evaluation of the effects of importation from different countries, the prerequisites of investigation in regard to the quantity of the applicants and the price comparison criterion with respect to quantity of sales, will be illustrated and consequently, this paper shows that the current provisions of Iran concerning the determination of dumping face serious deficiencies, the elimination of which requires amending the aforementioned Regulation.

The important role of savings in economic growth and development has been always a crucial issue for developing economies. The main purpose of present study was to investigate the factors affecting domestic national savings in Iran, during the period from 1343 to 1392 with emphasis on changing the government budget deficit. In order to to analyze the long-term and short-term relationships between the variables responsible, an auto regressive distributed Lag model (ARDL) was used. The results show that short-term and long-term impact of variables such as economic growth, interest rates and social insurance on national saving rate is statistically positive and significant. While, the effects of Government budget deficit and inflation rate is statistically negative and significant on savings rate. The results also indicate that, one percent increase in the rate of budget deficit, eventually leads to a decrease of national saving rate in long-term and short-term respectively, 0.0058 and 0/004 respectively. That means, the government deficit in the long term, has a greater impact than short-term shocks, on the reduction of national savings ratio to GNP. Furthermore, the coefficient of error correction is equal to -0.34 which indicates, in each period of the study, 34 percent of imbalances in national savings level is adjusted to long-term relationship.

This paper investigates the inequality of consumption expenditures caused by transference of income dispersion to consumption expenditures distribution. In order to calculate the rate of income inequality and consumption expenditures inequality the Lorenz ratio and the specific concentration‘s ratio have been used respectively. Iranian Households’ Income and expenditures data during 1966 - 2009 has been reviewed in this paper. In order to analyze the relationships between variables we have employed panel data methodology. The results of Panel Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (Panel ARDL) test show that there is a long-term relationship between income and consumption expenditures distribution. Estimations show that income inequality has significant impact on consumption expenditures distribution. The results also indicate that all of the fluctuations of income inequality do not transmit into the consumption expenditures distribution. So، consumption has a smoother behavior than income during the time. These results are in accordance with macroeconomics debate in consumption.

Dominance of arid and semiarid climate in a vast area of Iran along with the water consumption growth necessitates a more sophisticated planning، a more efficient operation towards an optimal allocation and conservation of water resources in the country. In recent decades many countries، including Iran، have adopted increasing block tariffs for domestic water management. This policy is based on a progressive tariffs applied to control and manage the residential water consumption. In this paper، we developed a panel data model to investigate the impact of increasing block pricing on the residential water consumption during 2004-2008. The average and marginal price models of demand for residential water have been estimated to examine the effects of households’ income and the climate conditions on the residential water consumption. Results show that the increasing block pricing system has not efficiently controlled the residential water consumption in Iran.