فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 118 (تابستان 1403)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate lessons from privatization in Iran. For this purpose, a case study method was utilized and four companies including Raja Passenger Train Company, Iran Airtour Airlines, Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Agro-industrial Company and Al Mahdi Aluminum Complex were investigated. The main idea of this research is that transition to market system is a systemic process rather than a mere assignment of ownership from government-owned parent companies to non-governmental owners. Based on the findings, privatization can be successful when  1. In classification of state-owned companies, paying attention to nature and functions of a company is more important than the place of the company or its activity in Principle 44 of the Constitution. 2. Cooperation between privatization organization and relevant parent companies is better than a contrast that has been predicted in clause 《1》article (18) of general policies of Principle 44. 3. Increasing companies’ commitment to assignment (such as imposing a new workforce on a company) should be criminalized, 4. The ceding board should be authorized, and 5. The implementation method of the transfer (such as issuing a transfer act before setting the price, issuing calls for transfer without ensuring transparency of financial statements, or disqualification of mangers of strategic and large-scale companies that transfer as a block) should be revised.

As the most important component in orienting governments toward citizens’ lives, economic governance has been paid attention by experts and citizens. On one hand, governments success and economic components should be measured in institutional context of each country considering social and political requirements. On the other hand, overlaps in economic issues have made it possible to utilize common metrics in international indicators to evaluate economic performance. Therefore, in the current study, among 13 basic indicators, four indicators including Legatum Prosperity index, ease of doing business index, competitiveness, and rule of law were selected and studied closely inspired by multi-case studies and experts’ opinions. Economic pillars of the mentioned indicators were investigated. Using the output of this stage and the quantitative and the qualitative results, relationship and significance of related metrics to Iran’s strategic goals from the experts’ viewpoint were explored and extracted among the above-mentioned indicators using a structural equation model in Lisrel software. Accordingly, the evaluation pattern of economic governance in five main axes including economic quality, economic infrastructure, investment environment, business conditions, and market has been designed in 20 pillars. Finally, the main model of the study for developing economic policies leads to four proposes to be implemented for policy making.

The social security is one of achievements of development and business activists bear an important part of burden of economic development. Hence, in long term both sectors (the social security and business activists)would encounter some problems. This issue necessitates the interaction between them. The purpose of this study is to recognize challenges of the interaction relying on entrepreneurs’ viewpoints. Experts in social security field and business activists were interviewed. The qualitative data were analyzed. The findings show that the main challenges for interacting with the social security organization are as follows: weakness of processes related to incorporation of a company, problems related to present list of insurance, lack of unity in procedure and transparency in calculating insurance premiums for contractual agreements, weakness of processes and structures related to insurance inspection, lack of enough attention to branches and votes by boards, reconsideration of votes by Administrative Court of Justice, weakness of administrative, financial, and legal structures and process of account settling. Therefore, it has been tried to consider both exogenous and endogenous factors in solutions.

The quality of higher education and research system to create necessary mechanisms to evaluate it is one of the main issues in this field. By investigating evaluation measures and activities done in the past and analyzing and pathology of the current situation, the current study was done to present strategies for modifying and completing the quality assurance system of higher education and research system. To identify the best experiences, a comparative study of quality assurance systems in four countries including the U.S.A, France, China, and Turkey was done, too. After that a survey on rules and upstream documents and then a pathology of done evaluation activities by institutions in charge of higher education were done. Validity and reliability of the study were confirmed using a comparative study and experts’ opinions. Nine main disadvantages were identified. Dispersion of evaluation and governmental activities, weakness of the scientific and professional approach, dominance of control approach , not continuity of evaluations, individualism in evaluations, low transparency of evaluation activities, paying not enough attention to different beneficiaries of higher education and research system, low effectiveness of evaluation activities. Finally, to address the above-mentioned disadvantages, some suggestions were put forward: establishing a national quality assurance system for higher education, contributing different beneficiaries, changing an input-based approach to an output-base one, public publication of evaluation results and utilizing them as a policy instrument, creating a national system for information on higher education and research and membership in international quality assurance systems.

Population aging is one of the important phenomena in demographic changes whose effects on social and economic variables are considerable. Accordingly, using the Shapley Value, the current study aimed at investigating the contribution of the effective factors on Iran’s population aging in 1970-2020. The obtained results show economic production, life expectancy, mortality rate, and fertility rate have the greatest contribution. Calculation of the contribution of the effective factors on population aging based on age structure transition indicate that in the first stage of transition (1970-1995) encouraging policies for having children and increasing trend of migration have made net rate of migration and fertility have the most contribution in population aging. In the second stage of transition (1996-2010) child mortality decreases by increasing in health level. As a result, infant  mortality rate has the most contribution in population aging. But implementing population control policy reduces the contribution of fertility rate in population aging. In the third stage of transition (2011-2020), net migration rate and child mortality rate have the most contribution in population aging due to migration and improvement of treatment methods. In this stage, the contribution of fertility rate and child mortality rate increases than the previous stage. Hence, adopting appropriate policies such as increasing fertility rate, creating socio-economic infrastructures, taking care of the elderly, and increasing the elderly’s health level to prevent adverse effects of population aging is necessary.

The legislation requires observing some requirements among them the measure of justice as “ the spirit of the law” has an important place. Among the range of criminal laws, due to its effect on the application or non-application of punishment, the necessity of this measure in “ mitigating factors of criminal liability” is of double importance. Hence, observing the measure of justice in enacting these regulations is of high importance. Considering the significance of the measure of justice, this descriptive-analytical research using library data aims at addressing the examination of mitigating factors of criminal liability from the perspective of justice. Accordingly, mitigating factors of criminal liability as an example of criminal laws are put under the microscope of justice as a special legislation indicator and examine the foundations of the Islamic Penal Code 2013 critically. The obtained results prove that the performance of criminal legislators in cases such as “ not accepting ignorance of the law”, “pursuing and maintaining mentally ill patients”, the gender-specific difference in punishment”, and “ not accepting reluctance in murder” is far from what it should be.

Digital content and services are data that are concluded and offered in the form of content contracts and digital services between sellers and consumers. It should be noted that consumers of digital products are not meant to purchase online to be subject to the Electronic Commerce Rules. On one hand, regulations of Electronic Commerce  Law date back to a decade ago and certainly it cannot cover all new technical and legal aspects in this field. Online shopping is just one of methods to receive digital services and content. Accordingly, receiving digital services and content is not merely online shopping and there is an absolute generality and peculiarity relation between them. When a book is bought online, it is not a digital content but it is an online shopping. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the objective of this study is to answer the following question: considering novelty, what are the legal and technical dimensions of digital services and content contracts? In most modern legal systems such as the European Union, consumers of digital services and content are legally protected as the weaker contractual party. In this regard, Iran’s legal system should insert regulations in Electronic Commerce Law regarding the imperative responsibilities of producers of digital services and content to protect consumer rights as the weaker contractual party.

Some economists support the free market and list the advantages of the market such as high motivation, competition, and optimal resource allocation via price system, and the disadvantages such as inefficiency and corruption. Also, some economists support the government and express market failures and the necessity of government intervention. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the failures of the market and the state are explained and community is introduced as an institution that can be a complementary for the market and the state and in some cases it does not have their failure. There is a false duality in debates between the supporters of the  market and the state and the community as an economic organization has received less attention. This study investigates the importance of social groups (community) in promoting economic cooperation in situations that are instances of Prisoner’s Dilemma and are not self-interest in line with social efficiency. Considering social bonds in Iran and different types of active social groups in the public sector, this capacity should be paid more attention to and be used to promote economic coopetition.

Using co-word analysis, the current study aims to investigate the trend of published research in the collective decision-making method as one of the most practical methods in different contexts of participatory governance. This study makes it possible to investigate the main topics of studies by studying published documents, combining metrics, and determining subject trend in decision-making. Using a quantitative approach and scientometrics techniques, this study aims at investigating scientific production in collective decision-making field in Web of Science as a reference database until August, 2022 (53 years ago). VOSviewer software and Excel were utilized to analyze the data and to present the charts. The distribution of publications rate in different countries and how they are distributed in authentic journals were investigated. 5173 keywords were found by investigating 1494 publications. The findings showed that the number of publications in this field has increased and the published keywords have changed from insects (such as bees and ants) to humanities fields (such as governance, participation, coordination, and cooperation). Because of the multiple challenges of the world’s governance systems in effectively managing communities, tensions, and disorders created in the relations between people and the government, participatory governance has attracted a lot of attention from the scientific community. The findings show that applying collective decision-making is an important method in participatory governance.

Rivers are vital arteries on the earth and they are national properties. Factors such as illegal assignment of riverbeds and illegal change of land use cause the ecosystem to be a serious hazard. Currently, in the ordinary laws, in the form of lease contracts, exploitation of riverbeds for temporary cultivation is allowed. Constructing buildings and any encroachments in riverbeds are allowed with the permission of the Ministry of Energy. Transfer of ownership of riverbeds to individuals without any effective supervision cause many problems and crimes that cannot be overlooked. This study addresses a question: what is the place of the riverbed in the property laws system and what legal framework of transfer can be applied to analyze its criminal effects? Using library research and by investigating the nature of rivers in the property laws system, it was concluded that the exploitation of riverbeds as national properties should be done with the permission of the government and without transferring benefits by granting the lease.

Based on financial theories, capital structure is affected by different factors. Recognizing these factors is of high importance in evaluating and determining the optimal capital structure. Accordingly, the objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of macro-economic policies and their instability on capital structure of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchanges. Hence, macro-economic policies and their instability and the effect of each factor on financial leverage as the index of capital structure were investigated and tested. The sample consisted of 206 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchanges in 2011-2019. Static ( multiple linear regression) and dynamic (autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) )models were used to analyze the data. The obtained results from static models show that money supply, government spending and government spending volatility have a significant negative impact and rate of inflation and money supply volatility have a significant positive impact on financial leverage of companies. Considering the obtained results from dynamic models, money supply, exchange rate and money supply volatility have a positive impact and government spending rate of inflation, exchange rate volatility, government spending  volatility and inflation volatility have a negative impact on financial leverage of companies in the long term. In situations in which companies are uncertain about time, content, and the possible effect of the related decisions on economic policies and their instability, investigation of economic policy consequences and uncertainty seems significant. The results show the significance of the stability of economic policy in the business environment and decisions related to financing.

Historical monuments are one of the main sources in different cities of Iran that help ecodynamics. The public sector is responsible for conservation and exploitation of them. While this sector does not have enough technical and financial resource. hence according to other countries patterns public private participation has formed to conserve, restore, and exploit historic monuments in recent years. The motivations and approaches of both parties have not been specified. The current study aimed at investigating the experiences of four buildings in different cities In Iran to specify the purposes.  this can lead to make policies and approaches by both public and private sectors in participation contracts. In this case study, they were collected by investigating the documents, observations, and interviews.  the interviews. 27 individuals were selected purposefully were interviewed, the obtained data were analyzed using MAXQDA 10. Systematic review was also used to investigate the previous studies -as external experiences- accordingly, 40 articles were selected and their content was analyzed using thematic analysis and MAXQDA 10 software.The results show that providing cost of conservation and restoration,  providing tourism infrastructures, modeling for private sector,  conservation of building, regeneration of historical texture, Identity, economic benefit, and creating job or objectives of public sectors. , whereas social prestige, investment in tourism,, increasing social capital, creating tourist destinations financial benefits personal interests and showing Iranian hospitality are considered by the private sector. Considering showing an inclination to protect historical buildings as the national capital for the public sector and making an effort to provide public interest by the private sector, two key solutions should be considered: observing conservation and restoration standards by the private sector and starting supportive funds of investment by the public sector.

In developed judicial systems that are managed based on components of constitutional law, beneficiaries participation that helps resolving  the conflicts in judicial and legal institutions is one of important factors to prove governmental efficiency. But this participation encounters challenges that prevent people’s and elites’ participation. Using a mixed research method and at first by meta synthesis method, this study aims at presenting a comprehensive classification of main barriers to people’s and elites’ participation in judicial system and then these barriers are ranked using TOPSIS method. The data are cross-sectional. By collecting data from authentic scientific databases and sanitizing them, 78 articles were selected as main articles to extract the findings. By analyzing the findings, 27 barriers were identified and classified in 5 categories and two macro and micro levels. In macro level, the barriers include structural, managerial, attitude, cultural, and social barriers and in micro level, the barriers include managerial, attitude, legal, cognitive, and communication barriers. Based on their effects, barriers are ranked as follows:  lack of a clear definition of participation, superficial participation instead of meaningful participation due to a lack of control and balance in the government system, bureaucratic structures, paperwork, and hierarchical structures. Barriers with less effects include citizens’ unfamiliarity with new architectural technologies and courts’ environment, lack of space for interaction and learning, and intellectual barriers such as language used by judges and lawyers.

Religion is a type of tool for social control that reduces insecurity and increases the feeling of social security by training ethical and normal behaviors and binding groups with the same religion and beliefs in an ideal society. In this research, a quantitative meta-analysis was applied. The population consisted of 34 documents. 27 pieces of research in 2008-2021 were selected (articles related to meta-analysis) using purposeful sampling by observing inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings indicate that there is a direct significant relationship between emotional religiosity (%37), experiential religiosity (%36), belief religiosity (%30), ritualistic religiosity (%18), and consequential religiosity (%19), and citizens’ feeling of security. Religiosity has a direct significant influence on the feeling of security. Its overall effect is %37. With an increase in religiosity, the feeling of security increases.

In the current study, quantitative content was used to analyze all textbooks of preschool and elementary school for students with intellectual disability. 46 textbooks and 7664 pages were analyzed using MAXQDA 2020. Components for physical activity were extracted in three main categories including education for physical activities, education via physical activities, and sedentary behaviors. They include subcategory 1 (16 components), subcategory 2 ( 54 components), and subcategory 3 (10 components). Materials on physical activity has presented clearly and implicitly using course clusters. Despite these positive points, in the above-mentioned textbooks some gaps were identified regarding being active while staying at home during the COVID-19 epidemic, the disabled’s physical activity, physical activities outside of school, reducing sedentary behaviors, the optimal time for physical activities, etc. Accordingly, to provide information on physical activities and sedentary behaviors in textbooks for students with intellectual disability, experts in parasports should help. Subjects on physical activity should be dealt with in all educational grades and programs on physical activity should be used in course clusters.