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In discussing Hume's view of causality, it has been generally focused on its negative aspects and skeptical results. Whereas, according to naturalistic interpretation, Hume's purpose is to illustrate the nature of human beings and to determine the limits of human understanding. Hume's aim is not to philosophically reject the belief in causally connected, but rather to criticize the sort of philosophical thinking that claim to rationalize them. In this paper, the author intends to provide first the naturalistic explanation of Hume’s causality discussion, relying on Kemp Smith's unprecedented interpretation. In explanation kemp smith provided for the functioning of human mind, the origin of the necessary connection idea is an inner feeling that is generalized to reality, and the belief in causality cannot be proved by any argument. The emotional origin of belief in causality, which is not based on reason, is a serious challenge in its acceptance and justification. Therfore the second and main purpose of this article is to examine the mental origin of the necessary connection, then the concept of reason is evaluated from Hume's view to clarify in what sense belief in causality cannot be based on reason.

A critical look at human scientific and intellectual achievements has played an important role in the development of empirical knowledge in the new era. But if the critical view leads to the denial of truth and reality, it finds a dogmatic nature that contradicts the nature of criticism and destroys trust in knowledge and reason. Ashtray by focusing on the views of Thomas Kuhn, shows that Kuhn is on such a path in his work. In this book, Morris, in addition to criticizing the content of relativism in Kuhn's work, also pays attention to the psychological and social consequences of denying reality. His ultimate goal is to show that relativists, by relying on ambiguous language and misconceptions of empirical knowledge, not only destroy the common human logic that is the rational basis of the experimental sciences, but also destroy moral principles. They justify continuity of war and killing. In contrast to relativism, he defends a kind of moderate realism that is equally distant from relativism and dogmatism, and builds trust in science with the possibility of critique. In his documentaries, Morris often critiques the prevailing worldview and seeks the truth. The philosophical point of view defended by him in this book is also in line with the common theme of these films.

Price's theory of sensory perception is based on sensory data and Russell's theory of knowledge by acquaintance. Price separates between knowledge of sense-date and perceptual acceptance. In his view, belief in the external world takes place during these two stages. Sense data are mantel states that are subject to direct intuition and are infallible and perceptual acceptance also is a pseudo-intuitive act. Price's theory is an example of the “prima facie justification” theory in internalist foundationalism that is comparable with the view of Chisholm and Pollack and BonJour. Many critics believe that this theory is very optimistic and an example of dogmatic foundationalism that accept external world as mere assumption. However, Chisholm tries to revises this view by relying on concept of “self-presenting”. BonJour too by reliance on passivity in sensory perception and best explanation argument provides a base for knowledge of the external world. The result of these defenses shows the necessity of attention to different knowledge from propositional knowledge i.e. knowledge by presence and rational argument in believing to the external world. The main point is that the nature of knowledge consists of showing its object and this showing is prima facie evidence for the external reality that appeared to us in assuming the health of the senses and by best explanation argument this prima facie evidence becomes a good reason for believing to the external world.

The internalism/externalism controversy has various expanding features in contemporary epistemology. In this article we try to show capabilities of philosophy of Sadra for interfering in this debate. The main goal is to rely on principles of Sadra and defend a kind of internalism that consider cognitive access to factors needed for a belief to be epistemically justified as a pivotal condition. It will be proved that for defense of any knowledge, we should accept immediate and direct knowledge to states of mind and this knowledge is superior from threefold propositional knowledge and merely with reliance on division knowledge to present knowledge and propositional knowledge internalism is defensible. Indeed, some ambiguities in internalism/ externalism controversy is due to inattention properties of present knowledge and its separation from propositional knowledge. After that as respects to those properties and also reliance on division knowledge to simple and compound we answer three main difficulties internalism face and display solution for internalist´s contra examples.

This article investigates and evaluates models of the unity of science in 20th century. In general, the models of unity of science could be divided into two parts and investigated separately. The first group are models which defend reductionism and eliminativism by relying on physicalism. The second group are the ones that by relying on methodology try to guarantee the unity of science. In evaluating the first group on the works of Thomas Nagle and William James it is argued that these models not adjusted to different ontological fields. The various methods of scientific research and different function of the values of preferring a theory in different contexts of comparison also undermine the claim of scientific unity in the second group models. Anyway, for avoiding the harmful result of the being incommensurable, relying on holism the possibility of giving a model of the unity of science could be defended which has provided possibility of interdisciplinary cooperation and defies any attempt for reductionism or ignorance of the plurality of methods.

Although Kant, in the history of philosophy, is introduced as the main architecture of modernity and as a philosopher supporting rationalism, morality and principality of the man, many works have been published on his role in promoting extreme racism in the last decades. In the present article, we have investigated the racist aspects of Kant’s view as well as its foundations and results. Materialism and relativism are two main foundations of racism in the modern age. Nevertheless, Kant is, in his racism, more influenced by philosophers such as John Locke and Hume who have defended racism in a legal and empirical framework. Of course, since he defends racism in a more detailed manner and justifies it as a necessity, he has the greatest role in promoting racism in the modern age and, thus, has been introduced as the founder of racism. We will argue, in criticizing Kant’s view, that his perception of the conception of ‘race’ is incoherent and non-scientific. The evidences Kant presents to show the essential difference of human races are invalid and tendentious, and finally racism, as one of the main factors of spreading aggression in the modern world, is not reconcilable with morality.

The eliminative materialism does not accept behavior explanation based on mental states and puts emphasis that human behavior should be explained just based nervous events. The supporter of this view, for the rejection of belief in mental states, call folk view which is against neuroscience. The following article, through the analysis of the epistemological basics of eliminative materialism, shown that this view is somehow an unreasonable monopoly of ontology. It will also be arguing that with defying the existence of mental state, not only there will be no space for psychology as a scientific and practical section, there is also no place for the key concepts of social sciences. Scientific psychology goes forward with assuming the existence of individuals in the social world of life and assumption which is the formation of psychology is scientific cannot interpreted in a physicalist way.Theaffirmative claim of this article is the fact that human nature can be understood deeply just through the interaction of psychology and neuroscience. Belief in immaterial mental states is not against neuroscience or other experiments sciences and definition based onimmaterial soul is an unmatchedand coherent ontological basis to defend scientific psychology.

The present paper aims tostudy the role of TV in making the TV football spectators committed to the sport sponsors. In this research, five important variables, including brand awareness, corporate image, interest in sponsors, purchase intention, and loyalty to the sponsoring organization or company and its products or services, were studied. The data-gathering instrument was a questionnaire, validity of which was confirmed by a panel of experts. Reliability of the questionnaire was established by calculating Cronbach's alpha (=α0.80). The statistical population included the TV spectators of the most popular teams in the Tenth League. 460 subjects were selected as the sample population. Using the binominal test method, the effect of sport sponsorship on the five mentioned variables among the TV spectators of the popular teams was examined. The results showed that sport sponsorship increases brand awareness, enhances the positive image of the sponsoring organization, and increases the interest in and loyalty to the sponsor. However, it has no significant effect on purchase intention. The sponsors have to note that making the spectators committed to them is a long-time process, which requires persistent support to finally achieve capital return.

Kuhn’s philosophy is known as the beginning of thpost-positivistic period. In this essay by reviewing Kuhn's critiques on empiricism well see that by weakening and justifying the epistemic roles of experience he tries to support and expand the relativism to the realm of natural sciences. Although Kuhn seriously criticizes the Vienna Circle, he at the same time maintains some of positivist principles. Thus, according to some interpretations Kuhn’s relativism is the logical consequence of some positivistic foundations and therefore his view is the continuation of positivism. Evaluation evidences of this claim would be the end of this essay.

Materialism is a kind of exclusivism in the realm of existence; it was first put forward, in the modern era, in the framework of mechanical philosophies and by relying on atomism. Although this version of materialism has little adherents due to the dogmatism governing it, materialist presuppositions are still strongly present in epistemology. The present article uses a critical perspective to investigate the implications of these presuppositions in relation to two parameters of awareness and free will. In this way, we will discuss the physicism, bahaviorism, computer model of mind, and naturalized epistemology as materialistic approaches present in contemporary epistemology, and finally we will review the common implication of these approaches, that is determinism and the possibility to predict individual and collective behaviors of human beings. The method of discussion is analytical, and the findings of this study stress the inefficiency of materialistic approaches in the realm of humanities.

Realism is one of the main concepts of the philosophy that has several meanings and there is no standard application for it in the philosophical texts. Issues and problems concerning this concept are numerous and belong to the several contexts such as ontology, semantics, epistemology, logic, methodology, and ethics. Therefore, in the definition of this concept you can find several criterions as regard to the context at issue. In this article after considering main criterions that is used for defining this concept, I will try to defend the ontological standard as a common criterion which is necessary in each context.